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NUTRITIONAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA-CHALLENGED SORGHUM AND ITS FERMENTATION PRODUCT
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Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacteria isolated from the urine of dogs in Ibadan, Nigeria
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CHARACTERIZATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCI ISOLATED FROM MAN AND ANIMALS IN NIGERIA
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- A combination of physiological, biochemical and molecular characteristics was used in the study of 291 strains of staphylococci isolated from man, goats, sheep, poultry and other animals. Novobiocin-resistant strains were more prevalent amongst the coagulase-negative staphylococci examined. Of the 110 caprine strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci, 91 (87.7 per cent) were novobiocin-resistant. The strains identified to species level were found to be Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus gallinarum, Staphylococcus cohnii and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Staphylococcus sciuri and Staphylococcus lentus were easily differentiated from other novobiocin-resistant staphylococci by a positive-oxidase reaction. Morphologically, Staphylococcus sciuri and Staphylococcus lentus appeared indistinguishable. Staphylococcus lentus appeared more biochemically active than Staphylococcus sciuri and indeed other coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from goats with the exception of Staphylococcus gallinarum. Differentiation of Staphylococcus sciuri from Staphylo coccus lentus was facilitated by the inability of several strains of Staphylococcus sciuri to produce acid from melibiose. Novobiocin-resistant staphylococcal species were the only ones isolated from sheep and they had almost identical physiological and biochemical characteristics with those of caprine origin. Staphylococcus gallinarum, a new species of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from animals was found amongst the present collection of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Staphylococcus gallinarum resembled Staphylococcus lentus in its acid production from several carbohydrates used but its oxidase-negative reaction was used in its differentiation from Staphylococcus lentus. Staphylococcus gallinarum strains commonly produced acid from fructose, maltose, D-(+)-mannose, D-(-)-ribose, sucrose and D-(+)-trehalose. Most of the novobiocin- resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci from animals were physiologically active as they produced a variety of extracellular products. Weak desoxyribonuclease activities were commonly found amongst Staphylococcus sciuri and Staphylococcus lentus and the strong reaction produced by Staphylococcus hyicus was found to be of diagnostic use. One strain of Staphylococcus sciuri produced thermostable nuclease and another strain of Staphylococcus lentus produced staphylokinase. Whilst intense protease production was commonly associated with Staphylococcus sciuri and Staphylococcus lentus, none of these strains produced lipolytic effects on egg-yolk medium whilst lipolytic effects were seen in strains of Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococcus cohnii. The characteristics of the novobiocin-resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from humans did not differ from those of animal strains. The strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from humans and animals had similar physiological and biochemical characteristics. The production of hyaluroni-dase and acetoin from glucose was helpful in differentiating Staphylococcus aureus from other coagulase-positive Staphylococcus intermedius and Staphylococcus hyicus strains isolated from various hosts. The strains of Staphylococcus intermedius isolated from a man having a pet dog had similar characteristics as the other strains of Staphylococcus intermedius of canine origin. The human strain of Staphylococcus intermedius produced proteinase, phosphatase, desoxyribonuclease and thermostable nuclease but it failed to hydrolyze Tween 80 and did not produce hyaluronidase and acetoin from glucose. Acid production from a variety of carbohydrates by the human strain of Staphylococcus intermedius was however similar to that of Staphylococcus aureus of human origin but the strain did not produce acid from D-(+)-turanose. In the course of phage typing Staphylococcus aureus strains, a caprine phage was isolated from one strain (UI 150). Three caprine strains of Staphylococcus aureus that were untypable by using the International sets of phages for typing human strains of Staphylococcus aureus were susceptible to this caprine phage Gl. Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from humans and goats which were susceptible to the phage 80/81 complex had similar antibiograms. Whilst several of the human strains of Staphylococcus aureus were found to be of human biotype, the caprine strains of Staphylococcus aureus belonged to biotype C. Resistance to tetracycline was found in some strains of Staphylococcus aureus of caprine origin whilst a higher percentage of human strains of Staphylococcus aureus produced penicillinase. Sensitivity to the cephalosporins was commonly found amongst all the Staphylococcus aureus strains examined. With human factor sera, all the Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from humans were serotypable. Of the 14 caprine strains of Staphylococcus aureus examined, 10 were serotypable. Agglutinogens a5, b1, o and h2 were found amongst the Staphylococcus aureus strains of human and animal origins. Two Staphylococcus intermedius strains isolated from humans and dogs were serotypable and they had agglutinogen in common. All the 3 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from giant rats (Cricetomys gambianus) were serotypable with a5 and p agglutinogens being common to them. Some isolates were obtained which could not be identified the application of chemotaxonomic and molecular characterization procedures however provided a relationship to some of the newly-described species of staphylococci. Some relatively uncommon teichoic acids were found amongst some strains. A caprine strain of coagulase-positive, staphylococcus had glycerol and glucosamine teichoic acids whilst a strain of coagulase- negative staphylococcus of caprine origin possessed glycerol, glucose, galactose and N-acetylglucosamine teichoic acids. The guanine plus cytosine (G + C) content of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of some of the strains tested ranged between 32.7 and 34.6 per cent. DNA-DNA hybridization values amongst some of the coagulase- negative staphylococci revealed some relationships to Staphylococcus gallinarum, Staphylococcus lentus and Staphylococcus sciuri. 1 results 1
- Antiniicrobial resistance 1 results 1
- Bacteria exist as part of thè norma! flora of thè urogenital tract of animals. However, some of them may cause severe opportunistic infections in immuno-suppressed host requiring antimicrobial chemotherapy. Antìmicrobial resistance may lead to therapy fatture and protracted tllnesses. This study investigated thè diverse reservoirs of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in thè urogenital tract of dogs in lbadan. A total of 114 urine samples from male (42) and female (72) dogs were examined for thè presence of bacteria by inoculation onto cultural media. Bacteria identification was based on cultural, microscopie and biochemical characteristics. Bacteria isolates were tested for susceptibility to amoxicillin, amoxillin/ clavulanic acid, cefixime, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin/cloxacillm, erythromycin, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, ofloxacin, perfloxacin, ceftriaxone, streptomycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethozoJeand cefuroxime. Overall, 184 bacteria isolates were identified from thè 64 (56.14%) of thè 114 urine samples examined. The remaining 47 (41.2%) of 114 samples did notyield significant bacterial growth on thè various bacteriological media. The bacteria detected in thè urine samples inciuded Escherìchia coli (59); Staphylococcvs aureus (40), Slreptococci spp (32), Klebsiella spp (22), Pseudomonas aemgìnosa (12), coagulase negative staphylococcus spp (7), Enterobacter spp (7) and Proteus mirabilis (5). The organisms showed varying degrees of susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Many of thè organisms demonstrated resistance to at least three antimicrobials from different classes. Forty-twò resistance groups were observed among thè Gram-positive bacterial isolates while eleven resistance groups were observed among thè Gram-negative isolates. ‘APX-CRX-AM-CET-S-SXT-E-PEF-CN’ and ‘CAZ-CPR-NITAUG-OFL-CXM-GENV CRX ’ were thè predom inant resistant pattems for Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates respectively. This study revealed a diversity and high level of multidrug resistance bacteria in thè urogenital traets of dogs. These bacteria maybe important as primary or opportunistic aetiological agents of infection in die affected host with thè possibility of zoonotic transmission to human companions. 1 results 1
- Bacterial 1 results 1
- Dogs 1 results 1
- Fermentation 1 results 1
- Lactic acid bacteria 1 results 1
- Malted sorghum 1 results 1
- Profiles 1 results 1
- Sorghum is one of the major cereals malted for the brewing of beer. The conditions of transport and storage of this cereal predispose it to contamination by microbes thus affecting the quality of the end products. The contamination is usually controlled by treating the sorghum with chemicals, which however alter the chemical constituents of the sorghum. Therefore, the need to seek alternative functional methods of control of microbial contaminants becomes imperative. This study was aimed at investigating lactic acid bacteria as biocontrol agents against microbial pathogens of stored cereals for beer fermentation. Sorghum were obtained from Bodija market and from the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) were isolated from spontaneously-fermenting sorghum and identified using classical techniques. The abilities of the LAB strains to produce antimicrobials and their antagonistic activity against known cereal pathogens were used to select the best three strains for further work. The selected strains were applied singly and in combination at inoculum concentration of 2.3 x 104 cells/mL for five days to challenge sorghum seeds prior to malting and wort production. Sorghum wort was fermented for five days with Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. Physiological and nutritional characteristics of the unchallenged and challenged sorghum, and fermentative characteristics of the wort were determined using the European Brewery Convention methods. Data were analysed using ANOVA. One hundred and twenty seven strains of LAB were isolated and identified as Lactobacillus plantarum (32), Lactobacillus brevis (31), Lactobacillus fermentum (25), Lactobacillus delbrueckii (8), Lactobacillus casei (12) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (19). Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus casei produced high antimicrobial lactic acid (2.5±0.5g/L, 2.4±0.3g/L and 2.5±0.5g/L respectively) and had high inhibitory activities (17mm, 14mm and 17mm respectively). Lactobacillus brevis produced antimicrobial lactic acid with the highest mean concentration of 2.7±0.5g/L from local sorghum but was not used for further work because the inhibitory activity was low when tested against pathogenic organisms. All the LAB produced bacteriocin with antagonistic effects on all the pathogens tested, and Lactobacillus plantarum had the highest zone of inhibition (17mm) against Bacillus subtilis. All the LAB grew at temperature of 30oC, pH 5.0-5.5, high glucose and peptone concentration (1.5-2.0mg/ml). The malted untreated -sorghum had 13.2 % protein, 3.0 % crude fat, 1.9 % ash, 1.8 % crude fibre, 42.5 mg/g phytate, 36.0 mg/g tannin, 2.0 mg/g protein inhibitor and 16.0 IoBunits diastatic power. Fermentation of the unchallenged wort (pH 6.2) yielded ethanol content of 2.2 %. With LAB treatment, there was a reduction in protein (12.2 %), crude fat (2.1 %) and crude fibre (1.1%); and significant (p<0.05) reduction in antinutrients (phytate 32.7 mg/g, tannin 22.4 mg/g, protease inhibitor 0.0 mg/g and wort pH 4.2). There was also an increase in diastatic power (24.0 IoBunits). The subsequent fermentation produced 4.8 % ethanol. The microbial profiles of the challenged malted sorghum showed a steady decrease in Bacillus, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas count compared with the unchallenged where they showed steady increase. Lactobacillus starter cultures reduced spoilage pathogens, antinutritional factors of sorghum during malting and improved the end products. 1 results 1
- Starter cultures 1 results 1
- Urine 1 results 1
- Wort 1 results 1
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