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ANTI-MOSQUITO PROPERTIES OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF Clerodendrum polycephalum Baker
Published 2018-02Subjects: “…malaria control…”
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MOSQUITO AVOIDANCE PRACTICES AND CORRELATES AMONG CARE-GIVERS OF UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN AT SOMOLU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, LAGOS STATE.
Published 2014-08Subjects: “…Malaria control…”
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- ABSTRACT Mosquitoes are vectors of various diseases of public health importance and their control has been premised on the use of synthetic insecticides. However, these insecticides are laden with problems of high cost, environmental hazards and development of resistance in many species of mosquitoes. Alternatives to synthetic substances are the natural products. Plant species, Clerodendrum inerme, have been found to inhibit the growth of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. However, there is paucity of information on the anti-mosquito properties of the Nigerian species, C. polycephalum Baker. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the anti-mosquito properties of the methanol extract of the leaves of C. polycephalum. Fresh leaves (1.4 kg) of C. polycephalum were harvested and brought to the laboratory. The leaves were air-dried, powdered, extracted with methanol and concentrated to dryness using rotary evaporator. The crude methanol extract was subjected to phytochemical analysis according to standard method and separated into n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions using vacuum liquid chromatography. The most active fraction (ethanol), was subjected to column chromatography. Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) was used to analyse the subfraction which was ultra-violet active. The crude methanol extract and fractions (250–8000 ppm) were tested for larvicidal activity. The methanol extract was further tested for anti-oviposition, effects on growth and development on Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes together with corresponding positive (lambda-cyhalothrin) and negative controls (dimethylsulfoxide) using World Health Organisation procedures. Toxic effects, determined by mortality, on representative non-target organisms was evaluated on adult Biomphalaria glabrata (snail) and tadpoles of Bufo regularis. Ten each of the organisms were used per concentration. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and student’s t-test at α0.05. Tannins, flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids were identified from the crude extract. Seventeen compounds were detected from ethanol subfraction, with quantities varying from 0.0 to 23.7%. Prominent compounds include 4-((1E)-3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxyphenol (7.5%), 2-Hydroxy-5-methylbenzaldehyde (6.1%) and Ethyl iso-allocholate (23.7%). Larvicidal activities of crude methanol extract and fractions were in the order ethanol (100.0%) > methanol (96.6%) > n-hexane (7.5%) > DCM/ethyl-acetate (0.0%) at 2000ppm after 24h. Susceptibilities of mosquito larvae to methanol extract were also in the order A. aegypti > A. gambiae > C. quinquefasciatus. Mortality of the larvae was significantly different from the positive control. Anti-oviposition index increased (46.4-89.9) with extract concentrations. Morphological deformities of larvae and pupae were observed at the higher doses of 2000 ppm (A. aegypti), 5000 ppm (A. gambiae) and 7000 ppm (C. quinquefasciatus). Mosquito adult emergence inhibitions (24.0-100.0%) were recorded at 1100–5600 ppm concentration levels. The crude extract had no effect on the tadpoles at 250–1000 ppm, but the mortality of the snail at 250–2000ppm, varied from 10.0–95.0%. Clerodendrum polycephalum leaves contained biological components capable of inhibiting the survival and development of mosquitoes and could be exploited in the control of mosquitoes. 1 results 1
- Care-givers 1 results 1
- Clerodendrum polycephalum leaf extract, larvicidal effect, anti-oviposition, malaria control 1 results 1
- Malaria control 1 results 1
- Malaria control efforts currently lay emphasis on reducing transmission by limiting humanvector contact. Meanwhile, Mosquito-Avoidance Practices (MAPs) have been shown to be sub-optimal in urban areas especially among under-five Children (U-5C) resulting in high child morbidity and mortality. More studies have been carried out on MAPs in rural areas leaving urban areas understudied. This study was therefore designed to investigate MAPs among care-givers of U-5C living in Somolu, an urban Local Government Area (LGA) in Lagos State. A cross-sectional survey involving 394 female care-givers of U-5C selected using the Lot Quality Technique sampling method was conducted. The LGA was stratified into three based on the level of planning and drainage using Geographic Information System: well-planned well drained stratum (S1), well planned poorly drained stratum (S2) and unplanned and poorly drained stratum (S3). Data were collected using a semi-structured, intervieweradministered questionnaire, which elicited information on socio-economic characteristics, number of times U-5C had suspected malaria in the preceeding year, MAPs, bednet ownership and usage. Principal component analysis was used to calculate the household wealth index by listing household assets owned and categorized into five quintiles (poorest, second, third, fourth and richest quintiles). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test at p=0.05. Age of respondents was 33.6±7.7 years. The proportion that earned ≥₦60,000 monthly in all strata were: S1-5.1%, S2-5.3% and S3-4.3% while those with tertiary education were: S1- 78.0%, S2-10.2% and S3-11.9%. Malaria transmission was attributed mostly to mosquito bites in all strata: S1-58.3%, S2-56.1% and S3-61.4%. The proportion of U-5C who had two episodes of suspected malaria in the preceeding year by strata were: S1-40.1%, S2-38.6% and S3-30.0%. The proportions who mentioned the mosquito net as a MAP by strata were: S1- 59.3%, S2-80.7% and S3-64.3%. The most reported MAP among U-5C was bednet: S1- 64.4%, S2-68.4% and S3-62.9%. Other MAPs reported included: spraying insecticide: S1- 20.5%, S2-26.3% and S3-17.1%, shutting door after sunset: S1-9.6%, S2-10.5% and S3- 11.4%, and clearing surroundings: S1-2.9%, S2-5.3% and S3-2.9%. Ownership of bednet was: S1-76.0%, S2-75.4% and S3-68.6% and out of these, S1-73.1%, S2-70.7% and S3- UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY vii 72.4%, reported that their child slept under the net the night before the survey. The MAPs across strata were not significantly different. Overall, 22.4% were in the richest quintile comprising: S1-79.5%, S2-9.1% and S3-11.4%. Majority of the respondents used just a single measure to prevent mosquito bite: S1-86.5%, S2-84.2% and S3-90.0%. Monthly earning ≥₦60,000, being in the richest wealth quintile, having tertiary education and knowing mosquito breeding site to be stagnant water were significantly associated with the use of multiple MAPs. The most common mosquito-avoidance practice among care-givers of under-five children was the use of bednet and this did not differ by level of planning and drainage of the study site. Therefore, strategies to improve and sustain the use of bednet and promote the use of other effective mosquito-avoidance practices should be encouraged. Keywords: Malaria control, Mosquito-avoidance practices, Care-givers, Under-five children Word count: 471 1 results 1
- Mosquito-avoidance practices 1 results 1
- Under-five children 1 results 1
- anti-oviposition 1 results 1
- larvicidal effect 1 results 1
- malaria control 1 results 1
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