Full Text Available
Access Repository
Search Results - "reduction"
Search alternatives:
- "reduction" »
- Go to Previous Page
- Showing 21 - 21 results of 21
-
Impact Evaluation of Ogun State Bureau of Employment Generation Intervention Programmes
Published 2012Subjects: “…Poverty reduction…”
Call Number: Loading…
Located: Loading…Thesis Loading…
Search Tools:
Refine Results
Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- Poverty reduction 7 results 7
- Rural households 3 results 3
- Community pharmacists 2 results 2
- Employment generation 2 results 2
- Farming communities 2 results 2
- Income diversification 2 results 2
- Nigeria 2 results 2
- Obesity 2 results 2
- Smoking cessation 2 results 2
- Tobacco harm reduction 2 results 2
- Weight Reduction 2 results 2
- Agroecological zones 1 results 1
- Background: As frequent viral outbreaks continue to pose threat to public health, the unavailability of antiviral drugs and challenges associated with vaccine development underscore the need for antiviral drugs discovery in emergent moments (endemic or pandemic). Plants in response to microbial and pest attacks are able to produce defence molecules such as antimicrobial peptides as components of their innate immunity, which can be explored for viral therapeutics. Methods: In this study, partially purified peptide-rich fraction (P-PPf ) were obtained from aqueous extracts of seven plants by reverse-phase solid-phase extraction and cysteine-rich peptides detected by a modified TLC method. The peptide-enriched fractions and the aqueous (crude polar) were screened for antiviral effect against three non-polio enterovirus species C members using cytopathic effect reduction assay. Results: In this study, peptide fraction obtained from Euphorbia hirta leaf showed most potent antiviral effect against Coxsackievirus A13, Coxsackievirus A20, and Enterovirus C99 (EV-C99) with IC50< 2.0 μg/mL and selective index ≥ 81. EV-C99 was susceptible to all partially purified peptide fractions except Allamanda blanchetii leaf. Conclusion: These findings establish the antiviral potentials of plants antimicrobial peptides and provides evidence for the anti-infective use of E. hirta in ethnomedicine. This study provides basis for further scientific investigation geared towards the isolation, characterization and mechanistic pharmacological study of the detected cysteine-richpeptides. 1 results 1
- CPE reduction assay 1 results 1
- CROPWAT-8 Model, 1 results 1
- Circular peptides 1 results 1
- Classification is the process of finding a set of models that distinguish data classes to predict unknown class label in data mining. The class imbalance problem occurs when standard classifiers are majority-biased while the minority class is ignored. Existing classifiers tend to maximise overall prediction accuracy and minimise error at the expense of the minority class. However, research had shown that misclassification cost of the minority class is higher and should not be ignored since it is the class of interest. This work was therefore designed to develop advanced data sampling schemes that improve the classification performance of imbalance datasets with the view of increasing the recall of the minority class. Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) was extended to SMOTE+300% and combined with existing under-sampling schemes: Random Under-Sampling (RUS), Neighbourhood Cleaning Rule (NCL), Wilson’s Edited Nearest Neighbour (ENN) and Condense Nearest Neighbour (CNN). Five advanced data sampling scheme algorithms: SMOTE300ENN, SMOTE300RUS, SMOTE300NCL, SMOTENCL and SMOTERUS were coded using JAVA and implemented in WEKA, a data mining tool as an Application Programming Interface. The existing and developed schemes were applied to 886 Diabetes Mellitus (DM), 1,163 Senior Secondary School Certificate Result (SSSCR) and 786 Contraceptive Methods (CM) datasets. The datasets were collected in Ilesha and Ibadan, Nigeria. Their performances were determined with different classification algorithms using Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC), recall of the minority class and performance gain metrics. Friedman’s Test at p = 0.05 was used to analyse these schemes against the classification algorithms. The ROC metric revealed that the mean rank values for DM, SSSCR and CM datasets treated with the advanced schemes ranged from 6.9-13.8, 3.8-12.8 and 6.6-13.5, respectively when compared with the existing schemes which ranged from 3.4-7.8, 2.6-12.6 and 2.8-7.9, respectively. These results signifies improved classification performance. The Recall metric analysis for the DM, SSSCR and CM datasets in the advanced schemes ranged from 9.4-13.0, 6.3-14.0 and 7.3-13.6, respectively when compared with the existing schemes 2.0-7.5, 2.5-8.9 and 2.1-7.4, respectively. These results show increased detection of the minority class. Performance gains by the advanced UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY vii schemes over the original dataset (DM, SSCE and CM) were: SMOTE300ENN (27.1%), SMOTE300RUS (11.6%), SMOTE300NCL (15.5%), SMOTENCL (8.3%) and SMOTERUS (7.3%). Significant difference was observed amongst all the schemes. The higher the mean rank value and performance gain, the better the scheme. The SMOTE300ENN scheme gave the highest ROC and recall values in the three datasets which were 13.8, 12.8, 12.3 and 13.0, 14.0, 13.6, respectively. The developed Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique 300 Wilson’s Edited Nearest Neighbour scheme significantly improved classification performance and increased the recall of the minority class over the existing schemes using the same dataset. It is therefore recommended for classification of imbalanced datasets. Keywords: Imbalanced dataset, Receiver operating characteristics, Data reduction techniques, Data reduction techniques Word count: 445 1 results 1
- Climate change 1 results 1
- Community-Based Organisations 1 results 1
- Community-Based Organisations (CBOs) are known to contribute to development especially at the grassroot level. However, the contribution of households in CBOs’ poverty alleviation has not been given adequate attention in the literature. This study, therefore, examined households’ level of participation in CBOs’ poverty reduction programmes in Oyo State, which has the highest number of CBOs’ in Southwestern Nigeria. Arnstein’s Ladder of Citizen Participation provided the analytical framework within a cross-sectional survey research design. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 10 (29.0%) local government areas from the three Senatorial districts: four in Oyo North (ON), three in Oyo Central (OC) and three in Oyo South (OS). A structured questionnaire focusing on level of household participation in community development (citizen power, tokenism, and non-participation), factors responsible for poverty reduction and challenges to participation was administered to 1,104 randomly selected household heads (399 in ON, 308 in OC and 397 in OS). In-depth interviews were conducted with members of randomly selected CBOs in each of the senatorial districts to obtain information on the projects executed and level of households’ involvement. Qualitative data were content analysed, while quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at 0.05 level of significance. Citizen power (54.8% in ON, 37.2% in OC and 50.5% in OS), tokenism (21.2% in ON, 27.8% in OC and 21.9% in OS) and non-participation (23.9% in ON, 35.0 % in OC and 27.6% in OS) were observed levels of participation. Mean incidence of poverty reduced from 5.3 to 1.4 in ON, 6.8 to 2.3 in OC and 3.9 to 1.1 in OS over time. This reduction was attributed to salary increase (9.0% in ON, 6.9% in OC and 8.9% in OS), birth control (13.8% in ON, 10.6% in OC and 13.7% in OS) and multiple jobs by the heads of household (15.1% in ON, 4.7% in OC and 12.8% in OS). The mean values of challenges to participation in development were financial problems (4.8±0.1 in ON, 3.6±0.4 in OC and 3.7±0.2 in OS), disparity in wealth (4.4±0.6 in ON, 3.6±0.2 in OC and 3.8±0.2 in OS) and power relations among community members (4.3±0.2 in ON, 3.5±0.5 in OC and 3.3±0.1 in OS). Development projects implemented by the CBOs were 38.8% in ON, 35.0% in OC and 26.2% in OS. Provision of infrastructural facilities by CBOs were 55.3% in ON, 72.1% in OC and 65.1% in OS; while economic and empowerment projects were 20.3% in ON, 8.1% in OC and 9.6% in OS. Security projects were 24.4% in ON, 19.8% in OC and 25.3% in OS. There was no significant difference in households’ levels of involvement in CBOs’ poverty alleviation programmes among the senatorial districts (F=0.13). Males were two times involved in CBOs’ poverty alleviation programmes than females in all the Senatorial districts. In spite of several benefits derived from Community-Based Organisations’ poverty alleviation programmes, households’ involvement in Oyo State was low. Households’ involvement should be strengthened by the government at different levels. 1 results 1
- Competition 1 results 1
- Cowpea 1 results 1
- Cropwat-* model, 1 results 1
- Data reduction techniques 1 results 1
- Economic development 1 results 1
- Economic growth 1 results 1
- Economic security 1 results 1
- Educated Isoko English 1 results 1
- Effects of climate change on the yield reduction and prediction of vegetable crop was carried out using CROPWAT 8 with irrigation scheduling conditions; critical depletion at a water application depth of 2 mm, definite intervals of 3 days at a depth of 2 mm and no irrigation. The model was run with 9 year weather records for Ibadan, Nigeria spanning 2000 to 2008, the yearly weather records was divided into quarterly records depicting vegetable crop growth period from planting to harvesting. Quarterly growth season of January- April (1), April- July(II), July- October (III), October- January(IV) for the vegetable crop with an increase in temperature rise at each 1C. Simulation results analyses for 2000-2008 under critical depletion reveals that each 1C temperature rises from ambient condition to 3 C, yield reduction for season I ranges from 4.3% to 27.1%, 0%-0.2% for season II, 0% for season III and increasing to 7.1% to 15.9% for season IV. Also, from the prediction analysis (2009-2013) obtained from SPSS a statistical tool and the method of Least Square Deviation (LSD), for ambient weather condition of the study location there are higher yield reduction from 9% to 11.68% for season I, 0.1% to 0.77% for season II, 0% to 0.76% for season III and 12.2% to 12.0% for season IV respectively. Hence, climate change has impacted negatively on higher predicted yield reductions of three out of the four seasons considered from year 2009 to 2013. 1 results 1
- Efforts to reduce rural inequality and poverty in Nigeria have no appreciable impact partly due to their supply-driven approach. In recent times emphasis is shifting to demand driven approach through Community Driven Development (CDD) projects with focus on bottom-up development. Fadama-II (2004 and 2009), one of the CDD projects invested mainly in agricultural assets to increase the income of the users. However, the impact of the project on Income Inequality (IE) and poverty has not been fully established. Therefore, the impact of Fadama-II on IE and poverty reduction of rural households in Nigeria was investigated. Secondary data collected by the International Food Policy Research Institute from twelve World Bank supported Fadama-II states in 2006/2007 farming year were used. These states lie in three agroecological zones; three in Humid Forest (HF), three in Moist Savanna (MS) and six in Dry Savanna (DS). A sample of 3,750 households comprising: Fadama-II Beneficiaries (FB)-34%; Fadama-II non-beneficiaries within Fadama Local Government Areas (LGAs)-33%; and Fadama-II non-beneficiaries outside Fadama LGAs-33% was used for the study. Information used was on socio-economic characteristics, major assets and major components of household income and expenditure. The data were analysed using propensity score matching, descriptive statistics, double difference estimator, Gini-coefficient, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke weighted poverty index, and Poverty Equivalent Growth Rate (PEGR) at p=0.05 There were 1738 households with similar characteristics across the strata. Mean age (42.7 ± 11.8years) and household size (9.0 ± 6.4) of FB were not significantly different from those of the non-beneficiaries. The Per Capita Expenditure (PCE) of FB before the project was N52,703.4 ± 91,730.3. Annual PCE increased by 13.8%, 17.1% and 29.1% for HF, MS and DS zones respectively. Income inequality of FB before the project was 0.547. Fadama- II decreased IE nationwide by 21.2% with female FB having higher reduction of 27.2% compared with male of 14.1%. Income inequality of FB engaged in Up- stream Farming Activities (UFA) decreased by 19.6%, while those in Down-stream Farming Activities (DFA) decreased by 10.1%. The IE reduced by 28.4%, 12.9% and 11.7% in HF, MS and DS respectively. At a poverty line of N35,299.0 per annum, 52.2% of FB were poor before the project. Poverty Incidence (PI) reduced by 34.0% for female FB compared with 7.8% for male. The poverty incidence of FB in UFA reduced by 14.2% compared with 7.1% for those in DFA. The PI reduced by 31.8%, 7.9% and 5.6% for HF, MS and DS zones respectively. The annual growth rate of PCE of 27.7% was less than the PEGR of 45.3% for FB nationwide. The PCE growth rate of 13.8%, 17.1% and 29.1% in HF, MS and DS respectively was less than their PEGR at 48.7%, 41.0%, and 39.3% respectively. Fadama-II significantly increased income and reduced both income inequality and poverty of beneficiaries especially among females across the three agroecological zones. The project benefited a larger percentage of the poor. Hence, Economic Community Driven Development projects should be encouraged to reduce income inequality and poverty in rural Nigeria. 1 results 1
- see all…