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Measuring fiscal sustainability and its determinants in South African municipalities by Pakkies, Letsepa
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- Alcohol 2 results 2
- Background: Harmful alcohol use is a modifiable risk factor contributing to the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases and deaths and the implementation of policies focused on primary prevention is pivotal to address this challenge. Policies with actions targeting the harmful use of alcohol have been developed in Nigeria. This study is an in-depth analysis of alcohol-related policies in Nigeria and the utilization of WHO Best Buy interventions (BBIs) and multi-sectoral action (MSA) in the formulation of these policies. Methods: A descriptive case study design and the Walt and Gilson framework of policy analysis was utilized for the research. Components of the study included a scoping review consisting of electronic search of Google and three online databases (Google Scholar, Science Direct and PubMed) to identify articles and policy documents with no language and date restrictions. Government institution provided documents which were not online. Thirteen policy documents, reports or articles relevant to the policy formulation process were identified. Other components of the study included interviews with 44 key informants (Bureaucrats and Policy Makers) using a pretested guide. The qualitative data were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Findings revealed that policy actions to address harmful alcohol use are proposed in the 2007 Federal Road Safety Act, the Non-communicable Diseases Prevention and Control Policy and the Strategic Plan of Action. Only one of the best buy interventions, (restricted access to alcohol) is proposed in these policies. Multi-sectoral action for the formulation of alcohol-related policy was low and several relevant sectors with critical roles in policy implementation were not involved in the formulation process. Overall, alcohol currently has no holistic, health-sector led policy document to regulate the marketing, promotion of alcohol and accessibility. A major barrier is the low government budgetary allocation to support the process. Conclusions: Nigeria has few alcohol-related policies with weak multi-sectoral action. Funding constraint remains a major threat to the implementation and enforcement of proposed policy actions. 2 results 2
- Health policy 2 results 2
- Nigeria 2 results 2
- Public health 2 results 2
- "Mathematics has diverse applications as decision making tool. This study investigated the use of a proposed pure mathematical formulation (i.e. excluding human factor) for citing appropriately the location of political capital ci of an inhabited designated area. Digitized data of Scale map of Nigeria as a case study was used as input to a FORTRAN 90 programme codes of an equivalent least squares method mathematical formulation. The resulting simultaneous equations involving the political capital city coordinates as unknown variables were solved using Gauss Elimination Algorithm. The political capital city Cartesian coordinate prescribed as (26, 24) in grids unit for the studied case of scale map of Nigeria compared visually satisfactorily with Abuja location on the Map. The Nigeria land area cover was under-estimated by 2.3% referencing 923,768 sq km obtained from Microsoft Encarta Premium (2009). Similarly the Nigeria coastline was estimated. as 25.3% of the country's estimated perimeter (3369 krn). This mathematical tool can be used to cite the centrally located capital city or capital city relocations economically, timely, accurately and reliably. This programme can also be used for citing of capital cities for other countries and center of any irregular shapes on two dimensional plane. " 1 results 1
- "This investigation derived its strong motivation in the adoption of versions of second-order Runge-Kutta methods where there is presently dearth of relevant literature to re-establish .the complicated nature of solution of buffing oscillator dynamics. The choice of second-order Runge-Kutta methods hinged On its simplest algebraic formulation of relevant coefficients based on Taylor series expansion comparing with its higher order counterpart. Validation of FORTRAN-90 codes of algorithms was achieved by phase plots comparison reference to Dowell (1988) as standard. The nature of simulated solutions were visually determined with scatter plot of phase variables obtained from simultaneous implementation of large number of versions of second-order Runge-Kutta methods in conjunction with the corresponding literature results. Validation results are acceptable to within the accuracy limit of Runge-Kutta methods adopted. The scatter plots on phase plane for cases investigated are well structured and bounded (strange) and compare correspondingly well with literature Poincare sections. This investigation re-establishes the complex nature of solution of Duffings oscillator dynamics. Its established procedures provide an alternative Poincare section method and can be utilised for preliminary verification of system dynamics behaviour subject to confirmation by additional dynamics tests. " 1 results 1
- "This work investigated the distribution of Von Misses stress in LNG Spherical Carbon Steel Storage tanks. Using the Finite Element Method and equations of elasticity, constant thickness carbon steel spherical storage tanks of 40 in. dia. 70in. dia of 1 in. shell thickness were subjected to different loading conditions from 500 to 4000Psi in incremental of 500 Psi. Spherical triangular elements based on shallow shell formulation were used for the model. The element has five degrees of freedom at each corner node, which are the essential external degrees of freedom without the degree of freedom associated with the in-plane shell rotation. The displacement fields of the element satisfy the exact requirement of rigid body modes of motion. The FORTRAN 90 coding was developed to obtain maximum Von Misses stress distribution with the tank subjected to different internal pressure and wind loadings. The results were then compared with the yield stress of the material of the tank. Von Misses stress is used as yield criteria whether to change tank material or increase the shell material thickness if yield stress is higher than the Von-Misses Stress. Results showed Von Mises stresses for a 40 in dia. Spherical shell with 1 in shell thickness able to withstand internal pressure loading alone up to 3500 Psi after which the shell thickness will no longer be able to withstand the loading. The 70in. dia. Vessel could only withstand internal pressure loading up to 2000 Psi. Validation of Finite Element modeling was done using ASME Section VIII Div 1 standard. Modeled results were observed not to be significantly different from ASME values (P>0.05). External wind effects alone on small dia. vessels was seen to be constant for all sides of the pressure vessel. 1 results 1
- Achievement 1 results 1
- Afrocentric worldview 1 results 1
- Basic Science 1 results 1
- Beam-Column Support 1 results 1
- Bilingual mode of instruction 1 results 1
- Broiler Chicken 1 results 1
- Carcass Quality 1 results 1
- Contemporary Nigerian novels 1 results 1
- Cough formulations were observed to contain some chemical substances that have been associated with antimicrobial property, namely: menthol, honey, citric acid and volatile oils. A prolonged use of such formulations by patients was therefore considered a health risk on the normal bacterial flora. Nine cough formulations denoted by letter codes along with simple syrup B.P., absolute alcohol and sterile distilled water as controls, were investigated for relative antimicrobial activity on some normal flora bacteria by the agar-cup diffusion method. The respective individual single brands of cough formulation with the exception of one brand exhibited inhibitory activity against 5 - 1 2 bacterial isolates including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Streptococcus faecalis, Strep. pneumoniae, Strep. viridians, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Simple Syrup B.P. and sterile distilled water did not exhibit any antibacterial activity while the absolute alcohol exerted activity only on Staph aureus. The antimicrobial activity recorded for the cough formulations could cause a depletion of the normal bacterial flora following a prolonged use of the formulations tested, hence, the attendant health risk of depressed natural immune system of the body, normally associated with such bacteria. pathological status when it presents as a 1 results 1
- Euro- American postmodern method 1 results 1
- FEM 1 results 1
- Field-fabricated 1 results 1
- Finite element method 1 results 1
- Gender 1 results 1
- Heat exchanger 1 results 1
- Hepatitis B 1 results 1
- Hermeneutic differences 1 results 1
- It adopted quasi- experimental approach. A multistage sampling technique was used to draw a sample of200 basic six (6) pupils from four schools. The instrument used for the data collection was Basic Science achievement Test (BSAT). It was developed by the researchers. Trial test of the instrument was done using Kuder Richardson 21. The reliability coefficient is 0.80. The result of the study shows that the bilingual mode of instruction had significant effect on Basic Science F (1.191) = 57.10, p< 0.05 Partial Eta Square = .230. Therefore the effect size (23%) is moderate. The bilingual mode of instruction also has significant main effect on gender in achievement of pupils in Basic Science F (1191)=9.76, p= .002 partial eta squared = .049 . However the effect size (4.9%) is low. Therefore, it was recommended that policy makers should include the use of bilingual mode of instruction in policy formulation for basic schools. 1 results 1
- Literary theory 1 results 1
- Natural polymers may be modified in order to improve desired properties in tablet formulations. Granule incorporation techniques have different effects on the disintegrant properties of tablets. Disintegrant properties of two new plant polymers, extracted from Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and Khaya senegalensis tree, were investigated in metronidazole tablet formulations. Native and microwave irradiated forms of the starch and gum were incorporated into the tablet formulations using a 3-factor general full factorial design. Type of disintegrants (X1) was at two levels (Starch or Gum), effect of modification (X2) was also investigated at two levels (Native or Irradiated), while the mode of incorporation (X3) of the disintegrants was at three levels (Intragranular (IG), Extragranular (EG) or Intra-extragranular (IG/EG). Sodium starch glycolate was the standard. Tablets were evaluated for disintegration, dissolution and physical qualities using British Pharmacopoeia methods. The native and modified gum showed higher hydration capacity than the starches. The rank order of the disintegrant properties of the polymers was MG (modified gum)>NG (native gum)>MS (modified starch)>NS (native starch) (p<0.05). The crushing strength for tablets from both native and modified polymers was similar but differs with the mode of incorporation. In starch, the rank orders were IG/EG > IG > EG; and EG > IG/EG > IG for the gums. However, IG/EG incorporation of native and modified starches and gums gave a longer t80 (time taken for 80% of the drug to dissolve) than both IG and EG (p<0.05). The effect of the variables on the disintegrant properties of the polymers was in the order: X3 > X1 > X2 and the effect on t80 was X1 > X3 > X2. The gums and starches were better disintegrants than sodium starch glycolate, with the gums exhibiting better properties than the starches. Microwave irradiation had no significant effect on the disintegrant properties of both polymers but increased the crushing strength of the tablets. Intragranular incorporation proved to be the best method for optimum disintegrant property. 1 results 1
- Pigeon pea starch 1 results 1
- Preformance 1 results 1
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