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Factors Associated with Vulnerability to HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections among Street Children in Selected Towns of Ethiopia, 2016
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Social and health behaviors in youth of the streets of Ibadan, Nigeria
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Abuse of Power and Resistance in Selected Post-Colonial Sub-Sahara African Novels
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ABUSE OF POWER AND RESISTANCE IN SELECTED POST-COLONIAL SUB-SAHARA AFRICAN NOVELS
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- Background: Interest in the reproductive health of adolescents continues to grow throughout the world. Few studies had explored the reproductive health knowledge, sexual behavior and experience of sexual coercion among secondary school students in North Eastern states of Nigeria. The objectives of this descriptive survey were to collect data to plan appropriate interventions that meet the reproductive health knowledge, service and skills needs of students in Bauchi, Borno and Gombe states. Methods: Face-to-face interviews were conducted for 624 consenting students who were randomly selected from eighteen secondary schools using an 83-item structured questionnaire. Data were collected on demographic profile, reproductive health knowledge, sexual behavior and experience of sexual coercion. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 16.5 years. There were slightly more males (52%) than females (48%). Students' knowledge about, reproductive health was generally low even though girls had better knowledge than boys. Thirteen percent of the entire students had sexual experience; significantly more males (19%) than females (6%) had done so (p < 0.001). Among boys the age at sexual debut ranged from 10-26 with a mean of 15.7 and median of 16. By contrast, the age at first sex among girls ranged from 10 to 18 years with a mean and median of 16.1 and 17 years respectively. Only 24% of those who were sexually active used a condom during their last sexual encounter. Overall 11% of the students reported that they had been tricked into having sex, 9% had experienced unwanted touch of breast and backside, and 5% reported rape. Conclusion: Students low reproductive health knowledge and involvement in risky sexual activities predispose them to undesirable reproductive health outcomes. 2 results 2
- Domestic power 2 results 2
- Help-seeking behaviour 2 results 2
- Post-colonial abuse of power and resistance 2 results 2
- Public power 2 results 2
- sub-Sahara African novels 2 results 2
- ABSTRACT Abuse of power, an excessive use of authority in governance or homes; and resistance, the attempt to confront such abuses, have occupied a prominent position in socio-political discourses in African literature. Existing studies on sub-Sahara African novels written from the late 1980s have focused on thematic concerns such as gender issues, disillusionments and exploitation, without giving adequate attention to the issue of abuse of power and resistance. This study, therefore, examined the forms of abuse of public and domestic power, and forms of resistance to the abuses in the selected novels, with a view to establishing the features of the abuse of power and resistance. The study adopted subalternism, a variant of postcolonial theory which articulates the lopsided relationship between the oppressor and the oppressed, and the strategies deployed by the latter to counter the excesses of the former. Five sub-Sahara African novels were selected based on their thematic affinity, relevance and period of study. The novels are Tiyambe Zeleza‟s Smouldering Charcoal (South Africa); Moses Isegawa‟s Snakepit (East Africa); Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie‟s Purple Hibiscus, Amma Darko‟s Beyond the Horizon and Jude Dibia‟s Unbridled from West Africa where abuse of power and resistance is more prominent among novelists. The data were subjected to literary analysis. Two forms of abuse of power were identified: public and domestic. Public abuse of power is manifested in democratic and military tyranny. Domestic power abuse is demonstrated through benevolent dictatorship, physical and sexual violence. Four forms of resistance were identified: activism, dissent and exile, strategic operations, and strategic confrontations. Public abuse of power in South Africa is manifested in democratic tyranny in Smouldering Charcoal. The government uses „Youth Militia Group‟ to unleash terror on those who failed to obtain party cards, and unjustly arrests and detains unsuspecting citizens. This is resisted by the victims through political and trade union activism. In East Africa, Snakepit depicts military tyranny as General Bazooka uses his position to oppress the citizens, an act resisted by some members of the military through dissent, while others in the civil society go into exile. In West Africa, Purple Hibiscus dwells on domestic power abuse revealed through benevolent dictatorship in the home. The family head, though a generous man, brutalises members of his family. The victims resist through silence and poisoning him to death. While Beyond the Horizon captures domestic abuse of power in a Ghanaian family, as women are physically abused and raped, and they resist through secret service operations; Unbridled portrays abuse of power in terms of beatings, harassments and sexual abuses in the home. The victim resists through violent confrontations, and runs away. Abuse of power, with differing manifestations, such as tyranny, dictatorship, physical and sexual abuses occur in civil, military and home contexts; and resistance through activisms, dissent, strategic operations and violent physical confrontations in post-colonial sub-Sahara African novels. Key words: Post-colonial abuse of power and resistance, sub-Sahara African novels, Public power, Domestic power, Word count: 469 1 results 1
- Abuse of power, an excessive use of authority in governance or homes; and resistance, the attempt to confront such abuses, have occupied a prominent position in sociopolitical discourses in African literature. Existing studies on sub-Sahara African novels written from the late 1980s have focused on thematic concerns such as gender issues, disillusionments and exploitation, without giving adequate attention to the issue of abuse of power and resistance. This study, therefore, examined the forms of abuse of public and domestic power, and forms of resistance to the abuses in the selected novels, with a view to establishing the features of the abuse of power and resistance. The study adopted subalternism, a variant of postcolonial theory which articulates the lopsided relationship between the oppressor and the oppressed, and the strategies deployed by the latter to counter the excesses of the former. Five sub-Sahara African novels were selected based on their thematic affinity, relevance and period of study. The novels are Tiyambe Zeleza‟s Smouldering Charcoal (South Africa); Moses Isegawa‟s Snakepit (East Africa); Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie‟s Purple Hibiscus, Amma Darko‟s Beyond the Horizon and Jude Dibia‟s Unbridled from West Africa where abuse of power and resistance is more prominent among novelists. The data were subjected to literary analysis. Two forms of abuse of power were identified: public and domestic. Public abuse of power is manifested in democratic and military tyranny. Domestic power abuse is demonstrated through benevolent dictatorship, physical and sexual violence. Four forms of resistance were identified: activism, dissent and exile, strategic operations, and strategic confrontations. Public abuse of power in South Africa is manifested in democratic tyranny in Smouldering Charcoal. The government uses „Youth Militia Group‟ to unleash terror on those who failed to obtain party cards, and unjustly arrests and detains unsuspecting citizens. This is resisted by the victims through political and trade union activism. In East Africa, Snakepit depicts military tyranny as General Bazooka uses his position to oppress the citizens, an act resisted by some members of the military through dissent, while others in the civil society go into exile. In West Africa, Purple Hibiscus dwells on domestic power abuse revealed through benevolent dictatorship in the home. The family head, though a generous man, brutalises members of his family. The victims resist through silence and poisoning him to death. While Beyond the Horizon captures domestic abuse of power in a Ghanaian family, as women are physically abused and raped, and they resist through secret service operations; Unbridled portrays abuse of power in terms of beatings, harassments and sexual abuses in the home. The victim resists through violent confrontations, and runs away. Abuse of power, with differing manifestations, such as tyranny, dictatorship, physical and sexual abuses occur in civil, military and home contexts; and resistance through activisms, dissent, strategic operations and violent physical confrontations in postcolonial sub-Sahara African novels. 1 results 1
- Academic Achievement and attitude to civic education 1 results 1
- Adolescents 1 results 1
- Attitude 1 results 1
- Background: Rape is the most common form of violence in conflict and refugee situations but because of the associated stigma few cases are reported. This study assessed the outcome of an intervention targeted at women groups on the utilization of medical services by rape survivors in refugee camps in Zambia. Methods: A prospective quasi-experimental community-based intervention study was carried out in two refugee camps allocated into intervention and comparison areas. The intervention was participatory education sessions for women groups. Data was collected using the clinic records and the main outcome was the number of rape survivors who utilized and completed medical services provided at the camp clinics. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out with level of significance set at 5%. Results: The proportion of the rape survivors who accessed medical care within 72 hours increased significantly from 41.2% to 84.8% in the intervention area but from 31.1% to 38.9% in the comparison area, (p=0.005). Those who completed their medical treatment and the follow-up visits increased significantly from 42.8% to 94.8% in intervention area but reduced from 38.5% to 21.4% in the comparison area, (p=0.002). Being resident in the intervention area predicted the utilization of medical services, [OR: 3.15; 95%CI: 1.955-5.681], p=0.002. Conclusion: Community-based intervention using participatory women’s group discussion had a significant impact on increasing the utilization of medical services by rape survivors and should be considered for scaling up as a key intervention for increasing utilization of medical services for rape survivors especially in refugee situations. 1 results 1
- Background: The problem of street children is becoming a world crosscut ting issue since these children exist in every part of the world and become a worldwide problem. Objective: To assess factors associated with vulnerability to STIs and HIV/AIDS among street children in selected towns of Ethiopia. Methodology: Community-based cross-sectional descriptive study de sign was used on the three selected towns of Ethiopia from June-September, 2016. A total of 360 street children were selected, using snow ball sampling technique. Data were collected using pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 360 (97.8%) respondents were included in this study. Among them, 167 (46.4%) of them had practiced sexual intercourse and out of these, 137 (82%) had started having sex at the age of 16 years old. Out of these, 61 (36.53%) of them started to get daily basic needs whereas 54 (32.3%) of them were forcefully raped on the street. Only 53 (59.6%) had used condom consistently and 83 (49.7%) had conducted survival sex within the last 12 months. Children on the street or chewing khat or consumption of alcohol had more vulnerability to STIs and HIV about 2.532 (1.57 - 4.08), 2.32 (1.11 - 4.80), 4.18 (2.31 - 7.55) times respectively. But those enrolled in school were about 0.40 (0.25, 0.64) less likely vulnerable than their counterparts. Conclusion: Street children are at a higher likelihood of vulnerability to STIs and HIV. Intervention targeted multilevel approach such as re-integration with their family, life skills training, sexuality education, creating income-generating activities and information education about STIs. 1 results 1
- Beliefs in rape myths 1 results 1
- Civic education builds students attitudes, morals and values necessary for good citizenship and effective life in the society. The academic performance of Senior Secondary School (SSS) students in Civic Education (CE) has been on the decline in recent past which has resulted in moral decadence and alarming incidence of social vices such as rape, cultism, unwanted pregnancies and addiction to social media. Previous studies have centred on the utilisation of conventional methods to foster academic achievement and positive attitude in CE with little efforts on new strategies for enhancing learning outcomes among secondary school students. This study, therefore, determined the effects of Mastery Learning (ML) and Self-Management Strategies (SMS) in enhancing learning outcomes (academic achievement and attitude) in CE among public SSS students in Ibadan. It also examined the moderating effects of gender and Academic Self-Concept (ASC). Bloom taxonomy model provided the theoretical framework while pretest-posttest control group quasi experimental design with a 3 x 2 x 3 factorial matrix was used. Multistage sampling procedure was used. A simple random sampling technique was used to select three local government areas (LGAs) from the eleven LGAs in Ibadanland. Three SSSs were randomly selected from the three LGAs within Ibadan municipality. Ninety SS II students were randomly selected from the participants from the three selected secondary schools. This consisted of 45 male and 45 female participants. The participants were randomly assigned to the two treatment and control groups and exposed to eight-week training of ML and SM strategies. Civic Education Achievement test ( = 0.75), Students‟ Attitude to CE Questionnaire ( = 0.72), Academic Self Concept scale ( = 0.67) and Learning Preference Assessment ( = 0.87) were used for data collection. Data were subjected to Analysis of covariance and Duncan Post hoc test at 0.05 level of significance. There was significant main effect of treatment on students‟ academic achievement (F(2,74) = 3.65 partial 2 = 0.43) and attitude (F(2,74) = 3.21;2 = 0.56) to CE. Mastery Learning Strategy (64.97) had highest mean score followed by those in Self-management strategy (58.53) and control (53.77). The mean score on attitude to CE of participants exposed to MLS (102.56) was significantly different from those in SMS (100.36) and control (87.73). There was no significant main effect of ASC on academic achievement and attitude to CE. There were no significant main effect of gender on academic achievement and attitude to CE. The two and three-way interaction effects of treatment and gender and treatment, academic self concept and gender on both achievement and attitude to CE were not significant. Mastery learning strategy was more potent in enhancing learning outcomes in Civic Education among senior secondary school students in Ibadan metropolis than self-management strategy. Educational psychologists and teachers should adopt the two strategies to enhance students learning outcomes in Civic Education. Keywords: Mastery learning strategy, Self-management strategy, Academic Achievement and attitude to civic education. Word count: 464 1 results 1
- Civic skills, 1 results 1
- Coping mechanisms 1 results 1
- Coping strategies 1 results 1
- Crime incidence 1 results 1
- Date Rape (DR) which is mainly experienced by young women is a public health concern worldwide and is characterised by physical, psychological and social consequences. In Nigeria, there is dearth of information on DR among Female Undergraduates (FUs) in the Universities. This study was therefore designed to determine the prevalence, context of occurence, help-seeking behaviour and level of knowledge relating to DR among FUs of the University of Ibadan. This cross-sectional survey involved the conduct of eight Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) in all the four FU halls of residence. Thereafter, FGD responses were used to develop a semi-structured questionnaire that was used to interview 610 FUs selected using a four-stage random sampling technique. The FUs were selected proportionately from halls of residence, blocks and rooms. Thereafter, one FU per room was interviewed. The instrument included a 6-point knowledge scale and questions relating to DR experiences, context in which DR occurred and victims’ health seeking behaviour. Knowledge scores of 0- 2, 3- 4 and 5- 6 were rated as poor, fair and good respectively. In-depth Interviews (IDI) were subsequently conducted among eight consenting victims of DR. Data were analyzed using thematic approach, as well as descriptive statistics and logistic regression at p = 0.05. The identified forms of DR that could be experienced by FUs were Forced Vaginal Sex (FVS), Forced Anal Sex (FAS), Forced Oral Sex (FOS) and Forced Insertion of Fingers (FIF) into the private part of a woman. It was disclosed that male chauvinism, indecent dressing and alcohol abuse contributed to DR. Respondents’ mean age was 21.0 ± 2.5 years and their median knowledge score was 2.0 (0 – 6). The prevalence of DR was 11.8% and the forms of DR ever experienced were FVS (80.3%), FAS (10.5%), FOS (15.8%) and FIF (32.9%). Only 8.9% of the FUs experienced DR within the year preceding the study. Majority (73.6%) of the respondents who experienced DR had it when they became undergraduates and 52.1% of the perpetrators were fellow students of the University. Respondents aged over 21.0 years (41.5%) were at higher risk of DR (OR: 2.91, 95%CI: 1.36- 6.25). Respondents who had experienced attempted DR (32.2%) were at lower risk of DR (OR: 0.30, 95%CI: 0.14 - 0.64). Majority (83.3%) experienced DR off-campus and 73.3% occurred in dating partners’ houses. Ninety three percent of victims of DR never sought any medical help and reasons included lack of serious physical injury (53.0%) and fear of being stigmatized (10.6%). Most (91.7%) never sought counselling services and 60.5% of them felt it was not necessary. The IDI revealed that the experienced health consequences of DR included -vagina injuries, vagina bleeding, loss of virginity and depression. Date rape occurred among female undergraduates and mostly in perpetrators’ houses outside the University campus. Despite the health effects experienced, victims did not seek help due to psycho-social challenges. Advocacy and public enlightenment aimed at promoting the reproductive rights of females as well as life-skill-training and social support are needed to address the phenomenon. 1 results 1
- Date rape 1 results 1
- Date rape consequences 1 results 1
- Displacement 1 results 1
- Emotional empathy 1 results 1
- Ethopia 1 results 1
- Female Adolescent Hawkers 1 results 1
- Female undergraduates 1 results 1
- GIS 1 results 1
- Gender 1 results 1
- Governance 1 results 1
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