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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- General 7 results 7
- Nigeria 5 results 5
- Acetylation 4 results 4
- Background: Melon seed obtained from the fruit of Colocynthis citrullus L. is widely used in Nigeria as a soup thickener. The seed has a high oil yield (42-57%) which has been largely unexplored as excipient in pharmaceutical formulations. Objectives: To evaluate melon seed oil as a drug carrier in emulsion using diclofenac as a model drug. Methods: Melon seed oil was extracted and the physicochemical properties were characterised. The emulsions were prepared using the traditional wet and dry gum methods, and all the emulsions were evaluated using viscosity measurements, creaming rate, and in-vitro drug release. Results: Melon seed oil had a pale yellow colour, with characteristic taste, and a neutral pH. Melon seed oil exhibited higher acid, saponification and ester values than castor oil but lower iodine value indicating an edible non-drying oil, unsusceptible to auto-oxidation. Both oils achieved a great degree of emulsification with globule size < 15mm μm. Emulsions of melon seed oil were generally less viscous with a higher degree of creaming compared to castor oil emulsions. Diclofenac emulsions prepared with melon seed oil, however, were more viscous and gave the highest release of diclofenac irrespective of the method of preparation. Only diclofenac emulsion prepared with melon seed oil using the wet gum method had > 70 % release within 45 minutes thus meeting the official specification. Conclusion: Melon seed oil functioned as a drug carrier for diclofenac. Thus, it will find application in pharmaceutical emulsions. 3 results 3
- Melon seed oil 3 results 3
- Ofada rice starch 3 results 3
- Starch 3 results 3
- castor oil 3 results 3
- diclofenac 3 results 3
- drug carrier 3 results 3
- emulsion 3 results 3
- Africa 2 results 2
- Agriculture 2 results 2
- Binary mixtures of microcrystalline cellulose MCC (A), and lactose (L) in ratios at 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75% respectively were prepared. The binary mixtures were subjected to microscopical analysis and density measurements. The mechanical properties of paracetamol tablets formulated with the above excipients were assessed for tensile strength, bonding capacity (using the Ryshkewitch-Duckworth relation) and friability, while drug release properties were assessed for disintegration and dissolution times. The dissolution profiles were fitted into dissolution model equations to determine release mechanism and similarity of release. Microscopic analysis showed that the lactose particles were large, crystalline, and acicular in shape whereas the MCC particles were smaller and irregularly shaped. The binary mixtures had particle shape and sizes in between the parent compounds. The particle size of A25:L75 however, was larger than that of the proprietary brand, Microcelac®. Bulk and tapped densities increased with increasing amounts of MCC in the binary mixtures while particle density had an inverse relationship. Tablets containing A75:L25 had the highest tensile strength and bonding capacity and lowest friability in comparison to other binary mixtures and Microcelac®. However, tablets containing A75:L25 did not show superiority to Microcelac® in terms of paracetamol release. Its release, however, followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model indicating a super case II transport mechanism. Only comparisons of tablet combinations of Lactose: A25:L75 and MCC: A50:L50 had a similarity factor, f2 >50. Tablets made of A75:L25 exhibited the highest mechanical and release properties of the binary mixtures, as directly compressible excipient in comparison to the parent compounds and Microcelac®. This mixture, A75:L25 therefore, could be developed for commercial use in tablet formulations. 2 results 2
- Codeine-containing products 2 results 2
- Dependency 2 results 2
- Dioscorea starches 2 results 2
- Excipients 2 results 2
- Factorial design 2 results 2
- Opioids misuse 2 results 2
- Organic Chemistry 2 results 2
- Policy 2 results 2
- Reliability indices are considered to be reasonable and logic ways to judge the performance of an electric power system. Reliability indices which are proposed by the IEEE are used to evaluate the performance of selected distribution systems on the national grid. Ten years of outage data (1998 - 2007) from seven selected distribution systems on the national grid were used as case studies in this research work. A generalized model is developed for a quantitative evaluation of relative indices of the national grid system. The development of the model stated with identification of the system reliability indices and estimating the contributions of system indices to the failure rate of the selected distribution system on the national grid. The computed system reliability indices are used as input parameters for the generalized model. Relative CAIDI index is computed by simulation using MATLAB 7.7 which automatically generates the graph of the relative CAIDl against names of feeders. The percentage average relative CAIDls for Ibadan, Port-Harcourt and Benin distribution systems are 71.86%, 52.79% and 75.79% respectively, thus, average reliability levels. Ilorin, Ikeja, Kaduna and Kano distribution systems have percentage average relative CAIDls of 11.95%, 39.76%, 40.17% and 41.08% respectively with poor reliability levels. With the aid of curve fitting (cf) tools, two distinct model equations were developed from which a generalized model is formulated for a quantitative evaluation of reliability indices of the national grid. The generalized model is a polynomial function whose order depends majorly on the level of industrialization of the distribution systems and the number of distribution feeders. 2 results 2
- Sport Development 2 results 2
- Tablets 2 results 2
- "Optimal allocation of products to downstream locations is a major requirement for minimizing the distribution costs associated with supply chain systems. Unfortunately many supply chain managers rely on their intuition and feelings to make these allocation decisions. In this study a mathematical model was developed for minimizing the distribution cost in a multi-product 2-echleon supply chain system. The distribution system of a leading bottling plant in Nigeria was studied to understand the underlying supply chain system . Attempt was made to identify system parameters, variables, limitations, criteria so as to be able to define the distribution problem The interactions and flow of products in the system were identified and characterized as a 2 echelon supply chain system. Mathematical model of the system was developed. The problem model, a linear program formulation with three major constraints; demand, availability and company policy requirements was parameterised based on demand data product availability data, company policies and unit transportation costs to various downstream locations. The model was solved for a 12 product 8 destination case. It was observed that the model application produces 6% reduction in the distribution cost compared to the existing practice of the company. It is concluded that the model is effective to reduce or minimize distribution expenses for any multiproduct multiple destination system and fulfilling demand at various destinations. " 1 results 1
- "Road bumps play a crucial role in enforcing speed limits, thereby preventing overspeeding of vehicles. It significantly contributes to the overall road safety objective through the prevention of accidents that lead to deaths of pedestrians and damage of vehicles. Despite the importance of road bumps, very little research has been done to investigate into their design. While documentation exists on quantitative descriptions of road bumps, they offer little guidance to decision making. This work presents a unique approach to solving road bumps design problems. The results of our study reveal three important road bumps variables that influence the control of vehicle speeds. The key variables are bump height, bump width, and effective distance between two consecutive road bumps. Since vehicle speed control is the ultimate aim of this study the relationship between vehicle speed and other variables earlier mentioned is established. Vehicle speed is defined as the product of frequency at which a vehicle is moving over road bumps and the sum of effective distance between two consecutive road bumps. In the determination of bump height we assume a conical shaped curve for analysis as a matter of research strategy. Based on this, two stages of motion were analysed The first concerns the motion over the bump itself while the second relates to the motion between two consecutive road bumps. Fourier series was then used to formulate a holistic equation that combines these two stages. used trigonometric functions to model the behaviour of the first stage while with the second stage giving a functional value of zero since no changes in height are observed. We carried out vibration analysis to determine the effect of road bumps on a vehicular system. Arising from this a model component is referred to as an isolation factor. This offers guidance to the safe frequency at which vehicles could travel over road bumps. The work appears to contribute to knowledge in road bump research through the development of a novel approach to the control of vehicle speeds. Significant research progress could be made if engineering and academic communities at large appreciate our viewpoints. With this work it is apparent that varying of the assumptions made in terms of bump shape may produce high proliferation of beneficial research studies. Although this work may reveal a new way of investigation into road bump research, no claim is made for the work comprehensiveness. We expect experts to challenge some of our thoughts and ideas presented in this work " 1 results 1
- "This work considered the unsteady state drainage of fluid from a vertical column of porous material of varying porosities in an attempt to verify variation of drawndawn surface with porosity and time using riverbed sand. Kerosene was used as the flowing fluid. Mathematical assumptions ware made in connection with Darcy's law. The result showed that the experiment which was designed from the theoretical framework agreed with the theory to a large extent, However, this is not in perfect agreement with an earlier experiment which was performed using well rounded beads in which glycerine was used as the flowing fluid. A FORTRAN program was written to study the variation theoretically and this was compared with the experimental result. There exists, a degree of discrepancy between theory and experiment indicating that, the mathematical formulations did not perfectly agree with the complex earth system as compared with the bead model that was initially used. There is a need for the modification of the mathematical formulations; nonetheless, an unsteady drawndown, pattern was attained with different porosity even in medium with very complex geometry. " 1 results 1
- "This work investigated the distribution of Von Misses stress in LNG Spherical Carbon Steel Storage tanks. Using the Finite Element Method and equations of elasticity, constant thickness carbon steel spherical storage tanks of 40 in. dia. 70in. dia of 1 in. shell thickness were subjected to different loading conditions from 500 to 4000Psi in incremental of 500 Psi. Spherical triangular elements based on shallow shell formulation were used for the model. The element has five degrees of freedom at each corner node, which are the essential external degrees of freedom without the degree of freedom associated with the in-plane shell rotation. The displacement fields of the element satisfy the exact requirement of rigid body modes of motion. The FORTRAN 90 coding was developed to obtain maximum Von Misses stress distribution with the tank subjected to different internal pressure and wind loadings. The results were then compared with the yield stress of the material of the tank. Von Misses stress is used as yield criteria whether to change tank material or increase the shell material thickness if yield stress is higher than the Von-Misses Stress. Results showed Von Mises stresses for a 40 in dia. Spherical shell with 1 in shell thickness able to withstand internal pressure loading alone up to 3500 Psi after which the shell thickness will no longer be able to withstand the loading. The 70in. dia. Vessel could only withstand internal pressure loading up to 2000 Psi. Validation of Finite Element modeling was done using ASME Section VIII Div 1 standard. Modeled results were observed not to be significantly different from ASME values (P>0.05). External wind effects alone on small dia. vessels was seen to be constant for all sides of the pressure vessel. 1 results 1
- A 12-week feeding trial was conducted in 27-cm3 circular plastic tanks (50 × 34 cm) to assess the performance of juvenile African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed diets containing African yam bean meals (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) processed by different techniques. Five 35% crude protein diets were formulated containing no yam bean meal (control) or 34% fishmeal and 66% yam bean meal. The yam bean meals were processed in four manners: (a) ‘cooked’, sun-dried, and ground, (b) ‘toasted’, cooled, and ground, (c) ‘soaked’, cooked, sun-dried, and ground, (d) soaked, ‘dehulled’, cooked, and ground. Each treatment was replicated thrice, each replicate contained 15 fish (3.97±0.03 g, 8.70±0.97 cm). Fish were fed thrice daily at 5% of their body weight per day. Fish fed the control diet perfomed better (p<0.05) than those fed the diets containing yam bean meal. Among the diets containing yam bean meal, the ‘soaking’ treatment produced the best results. In all diets, the packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, lymphocytes, and neutrophils were within the ranges for healthy fish. Therefore, since the differences in fish performance between the control and the ‘soaked’ diet were less than with other yam bean diets, and because this diet was more cost-efficient than the control fishmeal diet, we conclude that soaked, cooked, and ground African yam beans can partially replace fishmeal in diets for African catfish without compromising growth or nutrient utilization 1 results 1
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