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AN EPISTEMOLOGICAL BASIS FOR CROSS CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING
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A DEFENCE OF A MINIMALIST ACCOUNT OF COSMOPOLITAN JUSTICE
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- ArXiv cs.HC Recent Papers 3 results 3
- Engineering & Technology 3 results 3
- Mechanical Engineering 3 results 3
- All human beings have the rights to life and dignity as persons, but with disabilities (PWDS), often experience human rights violations and exclusion from the mainstream of society. Exclusion and segregation against persons with disabilities occurs in forms of obvious discrimination such as the denial of educational opportunities. It can also occur in more subtle forms such as segregation and isolation resulting from the imposition of physical and social barriers. Effects of disability- based discrimination have been particularly severe in fields such as education, employment, housing, transport, cultural life and access to public places and services. Terms like distinction, exclusion, restriction, preference, or denial of reasonable accommodation on the basis of disability, are words that describe the treatment of PWDS, which negatively affect and impact on the recognition, enjoyment or exercise of the rights of persons with disabilities. Law, therefore, as a system of social engineering, has a lot of potentials to address these social trends which directly negate the human rights of PWDS in all areas of life. This paper examines the relevant legal issues for the realisation of the rights of PWDS including legislative provisions and policies, human rights protection and promotion and the place of affirmative action. The methodology used in this paper is the in-depth content analysis of primary sources in form of relevant legal instruments and other secondary sources in the form of relevant textbooks, journal articles, electronic materials and others. First, various forms of rights violations or denials leading to abuses are discussed and documented. The paper also shows that disability affects people irrespective of race, colour, gender, political or religious inclinations and that PWDS are generally vulnerable to being discriminated against and excluded from the mainstream of society. The paper concludes that the law, if well enacted and enforced, is capable not only of redressing discrimination against PWDS, but by affirmative action, it can create a level playing ground by mandating certain steps which will engender the protection and promotion of the rights of PWDS in Nigeria. 2 results 2
- Ancient Greece 2 results 2
- Disabilities 2 results 2
- Mental illness 2 results 2
- Merozoite surface protein-119 (MSP-119) specific antibodies which include processing inhibitory, blocking and neutral antibodies have been identified in individuals exposed to Plasmodium falciparum. Here we intend to look at the effect of single and multiple amino acid substitutions of MSP-119 on the recognition by polyclonal antibodies from children living in Igbo-Ora, Nigeria. This would provide us with information on the possibility of eliciting mainly processing inhibitory antibodies with a recombinant MSP-119 vaccine. Blood was collected from children in the rainy season and binding of anti-MSP-119 antibodies to modified mutants of MSP-119 was analysed by ELISA. The MSP-119 mutant proteins with single substitutions at positions 22 (Leu→Arg), 43 (Glu→Leu) and 53 (Asn→Arg) and the MSP-119 mutant protein with multiple substitutions at positions 27 + 31 + 34 + 43 (Glu→Tyr, Leu→Arg, Tyr→Ser, Glu→Leu); which had inhibitory epitopes; had the highest recognition. Children recognised both sets of mutants with different age groups having different recognition levels. The percentage of malaria positive individuals (32–80%) with antibodies that bound to the mutants MSP-119 containing epitopes that recognise only processing inhibitory and not blocking antibodies, were significantly different from those with antibodies that did not bind to these mutants (21–28%). The amino acid substitutions that abolished the binding of blocking antibodies without affecting the binding of inhibitory antibodies are of particular interest in the design of MSP-119 based malaria vaccines. Although these MSP-119 mutants have not been found in natural population, their recognition by polyclonal antibodies from humans naturally infected with malaria is very promising for the future use of MSP-119 mutants in the design of a malaria vaccine. 2 results 2
- Prejudices 2 results 2
- Religion 2 results 2
- Yoruba 2 results 2
- 4-carboxyl-2 1 results 1
- 6-dinitrophenylazohydroxylnaphthalenes 1 results 1
- A trademark performs certain functions such as identifying a seller’s goods and distinguishing them from others, associates the goods with the provider, it serves as a representation of a certain level of quality. A trademark could be a mark, logo, letter, smell, sound, but it is anything that is able to distinguish and identify the goods of a trader from all other traders. The substantive law on trademark is the Trade Marks Act 1965 which regulates trademark in Nigeria today. The Nigerian Trade Marks Act(NTMA) 1965 is based substantially on the old United Kingdom Trade Mark Act (UKTMA) 1938, and replaced with the UKTMA 1994, but the NTMA has remained unreviewed till date. The NTMA excludes other types of infringement such as comparative advertising, dilution and parallel importation, get-up/trade dress, and this is contrary to what obtains in other jurisdictions such as the United Kingdom. Trademark law is an aspect of intellectual property which is in need of urgent reforms in Nigeria but it is nevertheless, deficient in areas as it has not given due recognition to other types of trademark infringement. Nigeria has, over the years, incorporated commerce into the Act but this is still premised on the UKTMA 1938 which does not reflect new trends on trademarks. A problem that could arise is where another person, not being the proprietor of the mark, uses the advertising techniques of the owner of the mark. Thus, when a trademark is being advertised, it could lead to infringement especially where the product is used adversely against the intention of the owner and the result is that it will harm the business of the proprietor irreparably. This paper will examine the ways in which an infringement of trademark can occur and also, other types of infringement which the NTMA has not provided legislative protection 1 results 1
- Administration of justice 1 results 1
- Affect Recognition 1 results 1
- All human beings have the rights to life and dignity as persons, but with disabilities (PWDS), often experience human rights violations and exclusion from the mainstream of society. Exclusion and segregation against persons with disabilities occurs in forms ofobvious discrimination such as the denial of educational opportunities. It can also occur in more subtle forms such as segregation and isolation resulting from the imposition of physical and social barriers. Effects of disability- based discrimination have been particularly severe in fields such as education, employment, housing, transport, cultural life and access to public places and services. Terms like distinction, exclusion, restriction, preference, or denial of reasonable accommodation on the basis of disability, are words that describe the treatment of PWDS, which negatively affect and impact on the recognition, enjoyment or exercise of the rights of persons with disabilities. Law, therefore, as a system of social engineering, has a lot of potentials to address these social trends which directly negate the human rights of PWDS in all areas of life. This paper examines the relevant legal issues for the realisation of the rights of PWDS including legislative provisions and policies, human rights protection and promotion and the place of affirmative action. The methodology used in this paper is the in-depth content analysis of primary sources in form of relevant legal instruments and other secondary sources in the form of relevant textbooks, journal articles, electronic materials and others. First, various forms of rights violations or denials leading to abuses are discussed and documented. The paper also shows that disability affects people irrespective of race, colour, gender, political or religious inclinations and that PWDS are generally vulnerable to being discriminated against and excluded from the mainstream of society. The paper concludes that the law, if well enacted and enforced, is capable not only of redressing discrimination against PWDS, but by affirmative action, it can create a level playing ground by mandating certain steps which will engender the protection and promotion of the rights of PWDS in Nigeria 1 results 1
- Aqueous medium 1 results 1
- Azo-hydrazone tautomeric switch 1 results 1
- Beliefs 1 results 1
- Biofeedback 1 results 1
- Biofeedback training 1 results 1
- Bone setter 1 results 1
- Chemosensor 1 results 1
- Comparative advertising 1 results 1
- Cosmopolitan justice 1 results 1
- Cosmopolitan justice, the view that justice is a universal idea that should apply to all persons irrespective of nationality has generated a lot of debate among political philosophers. Earlier studies have conceived of justice either as a territorially-bounded concept or as a trans-territorial idea, which must apply globally but failed to provide a trans-culturally persuasive account of justice that would form the basis for regulating transnational relations. This study, therefore, developed an account of cosmopolitan justice founded on the minimum requirement of non-harm that would provide a trans-culturally persuasive basis for regulating relations among nations. The study adopted aspects of Kant’s categorical imperative which emphasised respect for persons as framework. Eight major texts on political philosophy and moral philosophy including Miller’s On Nationality (ON), Beitz’s Political Theory and International Relations (PTIR), Jone’s Global Justice (GJ) and Pogge’s World Poverty and Human Rights (WPHR), O’Neill’s Bounds of justice (BJ), Kant’s Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (GMM), Norman’s The Moral Philosophers(MP) and Singer’s Practical Ethics (PE) were purposively selected. These works dealt extensively with the question of the proper scope of justice. Conceptual analysis was used to clarify key concepts such as justice, minimalism and non-harm while the critical method was employed to examine earlier approaches to trans-national understanding of justice and to develop a minimalist account of cosmopolitan justice. Texts on political philosophy revealed the nature of the dispute between cosmopolitans who argue that principles of justice must be extended to the global arena while anti-cosmopolitans perceive justice as applicable only within national borders. Cosmopolitans claim that the level of institutional ties that bind societies across the world are morally significant and that the recognition of basic rights to a minimally decent existence is a basis for cosmopolitan justice (PTIR, WPHR and GJ). Against this view, anti-cosmopolitans contend that justice is a context-dependent norm that is only applicable amongst co-nationals who share special associational bonds (ON). Text on moral philosophy stressed the importance of moral equality of persons which imposes on us the duty of beneficence and non-harm as core ethical principles that ought to regulate our interactions with others (GMM and PE). Critical intervention shows that the approaches`` of earlier cosmopolitans and anti-cosmopolitans were inadequate on account of their rigid emphasis on institutional and associational ties. In the contemporary world the consequences of our actions increasingly affect distant others. Paying particular attention to duty of non-harm owed all persons and the phenomenon of transnational harm, the principle of justice remains relevant to individuals who do not belong to a common nationality or institutional scheme. The principle of non-harm thereby provides a more persuasive basis for evolving a theory of justice that will be cross-culturally relevant. Causal responsibility for harm is sufficient to trigger the obligation of justice within and across nations. A minimalist account of cosmopolitan justice founded on the principle of non-harm, therefore, provides adequate basis for regulating transnational relations 1 results 1
- Cross-cultural understanding 1 results 1
- Customary law 1 results 1
- Cyanide 1 results 1
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