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EFFECTS OF POSTHARVEST HANDLING METHODS AND STORAGE CONDITIONS ON STORABILITY OF PEPPER (Capsicum frutescens L.) FRUITS IN SOUTHWEST NIGERIA
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THE DISCOURSE OF GENERATIONAL DIFFERENCE IN SELECTED NOVELS OF MAYA ANGELOU AND TERRY MCMILLAN
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CULTURAL PERCEPTION OF MALARIA AND CHOICE OF THERAPY AMONG THE IBIBIO OF AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA
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AFFINITY AND REACTIVITY STUDIES OF THE REACTION OF HUMAN (Homo sapiens) AND CAT (Felis catus) HAEMOGLOBINS WITH 5,5´-DITHIOBIS(2-NITROBENZOATE)
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- A nationwide equine influenza virus surveillance was carried out between January 1989 and January 1995 during which nasopharyngeal swabs, tracheal washes and respiratory tract tissue homogenates were obtained from symptomatic and asymptomatic equine species in various parts of Nigeria for virus isolation and characterisation. Three equine influenza viruses were independently isolated in 10-11 day old embryonated hen eggs and Madin Darby canine kidney monolayer cells with TPCK-trypsin incorporated into the culture medium. The virus isolates were characterized antigenically, immunogenically and genetically which made them the first equine influenza viruses isolated and characterized in tropical Africa. Antigenic analyses with mono-specific antisera raised against a number of respiratory disease viruses including Paramyxoviruses, Adenoviruses, Herpes viruses, Alphavirus, Rhinoviruses, Equine arteritis viruses, African horse sickness viruses and Influenza viruses showed that the three virus isolates were influenza A viruses while haemagglutination and neuraminidase inhibition assays using influenza virus specific Mabs and polyclonal antisera showed the three viruses to be antigenically H3N8, members of equine-2 subtype of influenza A viruses. The three isolates were respectively named A/Equine/Ibadan/4/91, A/Equine/Ibadan/6/91 and A/Equine/Ibadan/9/91 in accordance with the recommendations of the World Health Organisation and the International Committee on Virus Taxonomy. Their antigenic cross-reactivity with panels of Mabs and polyclonal antisera indicated that the three viruses were antigenically divergent although they were all H3N8 viruses and were representatives of a homogenous population. They were reactive with Mabs and antisera directed against H3 equine viruses isolated in 1963, 1976, 1979, 1981 and 1986. This broad reactivity suggested that these isolates were similar to but not still different from those isolated in Europe and USA between 1963 and 1987. Virus protein synthesis and cleavability of the HA polypeptide in tissue culture were investigated by pulse-chase experiments. The results showed some heterogeneity in the non-glycosylated polypeptides particularly those of the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex while the HA glycoproteins of the three viruses were not cleaved in any of the cell types used in contrast to equine H7 and pathogenic avian H5 and H7 HAs. The molecular weights of the polypeptides were within the range previously determined for influenza A viruses. The heterogeneity of the RNP complex and antigenic divergence of the viruses’ HAs were confirmed by sequence analysis carried out in molecular studies. Virus infectivity was investigated by plaque assay using chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) monolayer cells and virus titration in embryonated hen eggs. The results showed that the viruses were infectious with plaguing efficiency being comparable to efficiency of virus infectivity in embryonated hen eggs. Infectivity, antigenicity and immunogenicity of the three viruses were confirmed in-vitro using peripheral blood lymphocytes in lymphoproliferation assays and in-vivo in an equine model in which the viruses induced haemagglutination inhibiting and protective neutralising antibodies following experimental infections. The proliferating cells were also characterised and the immunoglobulin isotypes produced were determined. Molecular characterisation and genetic analyses of the three viruses were accomplished to determine the origin of the genes encoding the virus non-glycosylated polypeptides as well as those of the surface HA glycoprotein. Reverse transcription (RT) results showed the eight RNA segments of the three isolates and confirmed them as influenza A virus RNAs. No subgenomic RNAs or defective interfering particles were observed in the RNA transcripts. Nucleotide sequence analyses were carried out using three sequencing strategies of cDNA, vRNA and plasmid DNA sequencing with the dideoxy chain termination procedure. Partial nucleotide sequences were obtained from cDNAs, vRNAs and plasmid DNA clones of RNA segments 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 8 with the method of multiplex RT/PCR and cycle sequencing using radiolabelled segment specific oigonucleotides of 18, 24 or 25 mers. Complete nucleotide sequences of segment 4 (HA genes) were also determined on the same PCR products (cDNA) and vRNA using end-labelled oligonucleotides of both plus and minus sense. The partial nucleotide sequence data were analysed using a programme for "best-local-homology- rapid-search" on a digital array processor while the complete HA nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence analyses were carried out using the University of Wisconsin Genetics Computer Group (GCG) package of programmes. Phytogenetic analysis was done with the distances, neighbour joining and DNAPARS of the PHYLIP package. Analyses of the viruses’ gene sequences confirmed that their genomes were similar to each other and to those of other H3N8 influenza viruses isolated from equines and also revealed the origin, evolution and genetic relatedness of the genes. Comparison of the partial cDNA sequences with virus DNA sequences in the database (EMBL sequence library) showed that for segments 1, 2, 5, and 7, the closest related sequences were from equine H3 viruses isolated in 1986 in USA (Tennesse/5/86 for segments 2, 5 and 7, Kentucky/2/86 for segments 1 and 5. Segment 5 was equally related to both viruses). The nucleotide sequence for segment 3 was most closely related to an equine-1 virus isolated in U.K. in 1973 (London/1416/73, H7N7) probably due to genetic exchange while segment 8 sequence was most closely related to an equine H3N8 virus isolated in U.K. in 1976 (Newmarket/76). The complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences as well as phytogenetic analysis of the HA genes (RNA segment 4) showed a closer relationship albeit with nucleotide and amino acid substitutions between the three Ibadan viruses and those that were isolated in Europe in 1989 and 1991, the prototypic European strain, Suffolk/89 and Arundel/12369/91 isolated in U.K., Taby/91 isolated in Sweden, Hong Kong/92 isolated in the Far East in 1992 and Laplata/1/93 isolated in South America. These findings group the Ibadan viruses with those predominating and contemporarily causing disease in the Western Hemisphere rather than with viruses previously isolated from the north and south of African continent. Variation was observed in the nucleotide sequences of the Ibadan viruses HA genes. Some of the base changes resulted in amino acid changes which mapped to antigenic sites or within signal sequence in the HA1 domain as a result of a process of antigenic or genetic drift. The Ibadan viruses also showed some variation from the prototypic European virus (Suffolk/89) and these base changes also resulted in amino acid changes resulting in antigenic drift. Phytogenetic analysis showed the evolutionary lineages in equine H3 viruses isolated since 1963 along two paths one of which included the Ibadan viruses as well as viruses isolated in Europe between 1989 and 1991 and the Far East in 1992 and S. America in 1993 which form the 1989/93 cluster while the other lineage included viruses isolated in South America in 1987 and 1988 (Brazil/87, Laplata/88) and in the Far East in 1971 (Tokyo/3/71) all of which are very close to the original prototype equine-2 virus (Miami/63). These results demonstrate a faster evolutionary rate for recent equine H3 HA genes away from the original prototype virus. Overall, the results of these studies have (i) confirmed the occurrence of equine-2 H3N8 influenza viruses of distinct lineages in Nigerian equine populations in a tropical environment (ii) indicated antigenic drift among equine H3N8 viruses as earlier reported and confirmed that drift strains can co-circulate in equine populations, (iii) showed the origin, evolution and genetic relatedness of the viruses genes as well as their biological characteristics, (iv) provided the hitherto unavailable information on the status of equine influenza virus in this part of the world and (v) served to re-emphasise the potential of influenza virus for rapid global spread and the need for better control strategies. 1 results 1
- Adjectifs franqais 1 results 1
- Adjectifs yoruba 1 results 1
- African American literature 1 results 1
- African American literature has been predominantly a male-preserve in the task of narrating the experience of slavery and its relics of denigration before the advent of reactionary literature by black female writers. Studies on female-authored African American literary works have concentrated on responding to male-authored representations of the tensions of racism, internal crisis of man-woman relationships and the challenges of empowering the black female character. Little attention has been paid to African American female writings across generations and gender categories. This study, therefore, investigates the narrative thrusts of selected works of Maya Angelou and Terry McMillan to determine the dimensions of divergence across generations of African American female writers. The study adopts Alice Walker‘s womanist theory and bell hooks‘ feminist theory which account for differences in the construction of black women consciousness. Six novels – Maya Angelou‘s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1970), Gather Together in my Name (1974), and The Heart of a Woman (1981), and Terry McMillan‘s Waiting to Exhale (1992), A Day Late and a Dollar Short (2001) and The Interruption of Everything (2005) – were purposively selected. The texts are subjected to literary and comparative analyses. From the first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings to the last The Heart of a Woman, Angelou offers detailed testimony on the effects of displacement on the individual psyche and the black community. Maya Angelou‘s selected novels reveal the creation of a collective communal memory through the use of the autobiographical prose form. Angelou‘s narratives reveal her understanding of history, her reverence for memory of collective black folk tradition and represent the Black Arts era. In contrast, Terry McMillan‘s Waiting to Exhale, A Day Late and a Dollar Short and The Interruption of Everything reveal a paradigm shift from the communal experience to the individual, the internal crisis among individuals in the family and aspiration of specific sentiments as she projects the female character as ambitious and daring. McMillan‘s fiction stands out in several ways. She revises and borrows recognisable literary conventions to project the changing roles of women to reinforce her radical perspective. However, the choice of professionally successful black women as characters in her novels relates to the drastic increase in the population of working class women in the 1990s and reflexive of the post-womanist tradition. Her works accentuate the quest for personal liberty, romance and intimate relationships as the central conflicts facing black female protagonists. Although two decades separate Angelou‘s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings and Terry McMillan‘s Waiting to Exhale, a close reading of the novels reveals that the texts derive qualitative interpretations from the unique difference in ideas and aesthetics represented by Alice Walker, bell hooks and other Black feminists. While Maya Angelou‘s novels keep within the womanist tradition, those by Terry McMillan are radically feminist and modernist in orientation. Thus, the two writers exemplify the Black Arts era and post-womanist literary generation respectively and differently situate the novels within specific historical, socio-political, economic, gendered and literary contexts. Key words: Generational difference, Womanism, African American literature, Maya Angelou, Terry McMillan. Word count: 498 1 results 1
- Aquifers 1 results 1
- Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), an advancement which followed computed tomography (CT) is expensive and inaccessible in most dveloping countries. However it is the procedure of choice in evaluating sellar and parasellar lessions. Its major advantages are its superior soft tissue contrast differentiation, its capacity for multiplanar imaging and nonexistence of ionising radiation. Its use is relatively new in Nigeria, a developing economy in Africa. Since its introduction in 2005, it has been utilised extensively for neuroimaging at the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan; a large hospital is south-western Nigeria. Objective: To review the role and pattern of low field MR imaging in sellar and parasellar lesions presenting to a tertiary care centre in Nigeria. Methods: All 62 patients with clinically suspected sellar and parasellar masses, referred to the department of Radiology, UCH Ibadan for MRI between December 2006 and January 2010 were retrospectively analysed. The examinations were performed using an open 0.2T permanent magnet MR unit. T1W, T2W,T2/ FLAIR, TOF and T1W post gadolinium DTPA sequences of the sellar region were obtained. Result: Of the 62 patients, there were 27 males and 35 females. The modal age group was 40-49 years with a mean age of 39.94 years (±16.65years). Twenty-four cases (38.7%) had histological daignosis, of which 20(83.3%) were consitent with initial MRI diagnosis. Pituitary adenomas were the commonest (58.06%) lesions of the sellar and parasellar regions. Others include parasellar meningiomas, cranipharyngiomas, and gaint aneurysms. Headache and visual impariment were the major presenting features and showed no significant correlation with tumor size. Conclusion: The use of low filed MRI in the diagnostic evalauation of patients with suspected sellar or parasellar lesions in developing countries of low economic resource is commendable as it provides beneficial outcomes in management. 1 results 1
- Bednets 1 results 1
- Biology 1 results 1
- Capsicum frutescens 1 results 1
- Coarse-grained model 1 results 1
- Commodity price shocks Social accounting matrix 1 results 1
- Computable General Equilibrium Model 1 results 1
- Cultural perception of malaria 1 results 1
- Distance decay function 1 results 1
- Ebira 1 results 1
- Ebira cloth weaving has, in the past, been relegated in the study of Nigerian textile traditions. Quite a number of scholars have worked on the Ebira traditional fabrics popularly referred to as Okene cloth which is quite unique in Nigerian weaving traditions. None of them has focused on the combined examination of the Ebira textiles with other cloth weaving cultures in Nigeria. This study, therefore, examines the Ebira cloth weaving tradition alongside those of the major cloth weaving communities in Southern Nigeria. The study adopted both primary and secondary methods of data collection. Primary data were collected through in-depth interview (IDI). Thirty interview sessions were conducted with twenty professional cloth weavers, six traders and three Directors of cloth weaving centres. Participant observation and key informant technique were also adopted. Photographs of some selected textile materials were taken and analysed. Secondary data were gathered through content analyses of relevant textbooks, academic journals, periodicals, magazines, theses and dissertations. Historical and anthropological approaches were used to analyse the major textile traditions of the Ebira in Okene, Ogaminana, Ukpogoro, Usungwe and those of Southern Nigerian communities from, Iseyin, Oyo, Owo, Ijebu-Ode, Abakaliki, Oshimili and Akwete. Ebira cloth is essentially woven on the broad loom, and contrasts with the Yoruba narrow-strip loom. Consequently, it is wider, more graphic and more complex in pattern designs than other fabrics of Southern Nigeria. Until synthetic fibres were introduced at the beginning of the 20th century, weavers used natural fibres such as bast and cotton to weave cloths. Nowadays, materials for Ebira-Tao and the Southern Nigerian textiles include cotton, silk and a range of rayon, lurex and industrially produced dyes. Ebira and Southern Nigerian traditional fabrics, whether rough or smooth, embellished with simple or intricate decorative designs are appraised on the basis of the communicative symbolisms contained within their physical forms. Due to the enlightenment of the people, the traditional beliefs attached to the symbolic significance of certain cloth patterns in Ebiraland and Southern Nigeria, are no longer strictly observed. It is, therefore, the end use of a piece of cloth that determines the design. Each material whether used as the base or as part of the decoration, gives the weavers the scope to weave different textile forms. The cultural significance attached to cloths in Ebira and Southern Nigeria are specific to their producers and not bound by general interpretations. The forms, styles and patterns of cloths have, over the years, been carefully developed to produce the unique characteristics of the Ebira fabrics. The uniqueness of Ebira cloth weaving tradition has given it a distinctive characteristic among the various traditional textiles in Nigeria. Through practical approach, the tradition should be sustained in order to increase its awareness and understanding. Documentation of the various aspects of the Ebira culture particularly its textile tradition, should be intensified to promote the people�s cultural values and identity. To enhance the social and cultural bonds among the Ebira and other Nigerians, further studies on Ebira culture and traditions should be encouraged. 1 results 1
- English/Ịzọn 1 results 1
- Existing studies on Ịzọn language have concentrated on unilingual application of traditional grammar in constructing well-formed sentences, thereby neglecting critical descriptions of the ways morphosyntactic features ensure the derivation of convergent structures. A contrastive examination of English, (a standard for universal grammar analysis) and Ịzọn languages can properly characterise these syntactically significant features. This work, therefore, investigates the morphosyntactic features in English and Ịzọn languages with a view to identifying and describing the morphosyntactic features that make the structures of the two languages converge. The study adopts Chomsky‟s Minimalist Program, which emphasises checking of morphological features. The research is based on Standard English and the Kolokuma dialect of Ịzọn, used in education and the media, and is mutually intelligible with other dialects. Data on English were collected from various books on English grammar and those on Ịzọn were collected from native speakers in Kolokuma and Opokuma clans in Bayelsa State where the dialect is spoken, and complemented with the researcher‟s native-speaker‟s introspective data. Since the study is competence-based, completely grammatical structures from each language were used for the analysis. Clausal and phrasal syntactic structures of English and Ịzọn languages were comparatively analysed based on the feature-checking processes of the Minimalist Program to identify shared and idiosyncratic features. Universal features common to both languages include phrases, clauses, syntactic heads and wh-fronting. However, English and Ịzọn opt for different head parameters. Heads in English precede their complements while heads in Ịzọn follow their complements. Although Nominative Case licensing occurs in Spec-head structures in both languages, Accusative Case is licensed in head–complement relationship in English and complement-head structure in Ịzọn. Both English and Ịzọn permit wh-fronting at Spec-CP, but Ịzọn wh-expressions obligatorily co-occur with focus particles kị or kọ, which are functional elements that licence wh-elements. Whereas English constructs relative clauses with overt and interpretable complementizers such as „who‟, which precede their complement clauses, Ịzọn constructs relative clauses without overt interpretable wh-expressions except an overt amẹẹ (that) which follows its complement clause. Agreement and Case features are intrinsic in determiners and pronouns in both languages. Whereas referential determiners in English have referential features only, some referential determiners in Ịzọn also have gender agreement features. English verbs have interpretable number agreement feature, but Ịzọn verbs lack this: the verb in Ịzọn does not inflect for number and is uninterpretable. Therefore, movement of the verb for checking of +N feature is overt and occurs before Spell-Out in English, but it is covert and occurs after Spell-Out in Ịzọn. Nevertheless, Ịzọn permits the projection of multiple XPs within a single DP in which two determiners participate in DP-internal Agreement relations with the noun. Phrasal and clausal structures, heads, Case and wh-movement are common features of English and Ịzọn languages. The interpretability of morphosyntactic features, head directionality and nature of wh-movement licensing constitute peripheral features to the two languages. This study provides a systemic characterization of the interface of functional morphological features and syntactic derivations in English and Ịzọn languages. 1 results 1
- Fabric patterns 1 results 1
- Feature-checking 1 results 1
- Français 1 results 1
- Functional categories 1 results 1
- Generational difference 1 results 1
- Geochemical 1 results 1
- Geophysical 1 results 1
- Grammaire générative transformationnelle 1 results 1
- Groundwater 1 results 1
- Généralement, la langue est un moyen de communication alors que la syntaxe est l’étude des structures grammaticales des langues Les travaux antérieurs ont examiné l’analyse contrastive et comparée des discours grammaticaux sans prêter attention à la comparaison des phrases en français et en yoruba en se servant de la grammaire générative transformationnelle de Chomsky. Donc, cet article tente à comparer les phrases simples et impersonnelles en français et en yoruba afin de bien fortifier les yorubaphones apprenant le français en tant que langue étrangère au niveau syntaxique. L’analyse des données est basée sur les quatre formes de la transformation Chomskyenne notamment la transformation de suppression; la transformation de l’insertion ; la transformation de substitution et la transformation de mouvement de la grammaire générative transformationnelle de Noam Chomsky. L’étude a révélé que les phrases dans les deux langues ont presque la même structure sauf une petite différence dans la position de certains éléments linguistiques tels que l’adverbe et l’adjectif en Yoruba qui remplacent surtout la fonction de l’article en Français. Aussi, l’étude a montré que les phrases impersonnelles dans les deux langues ont les mêmes structures. 1 results 1
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