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GROWTH PREDICTION IN SOME PLANTATIONS OF EXOTIC TREE SPECIES IN THE NORTHERN GUINEA AND DERIVED SAVANNA ZONES OF NIGERIA
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" Compositional characteristics and industrial assessment of sedimentary clay bodies in part of eastern Dahomey Basin, southwestern Nigeria "
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- One of the major problems facing drilling operations is the performance of the drilling Bits. The ability of the Bit to crush the rock and the removal of the crushed rock from the wellbore effectively. It is necessary to understand the fundamental difference in Bit design for different rock textures because many variables tend to affect Bit optimization, particularly the type of formations, economics and Bit selection. However, the cost of drilling a well has a considerable effect on the selection and the design of a particular Bit, therefore this paper focuses on the development of a model that will predict future Bit performance and optimization for actual well design and construction. The variables to optimize Bit performance provide means of handling cost estimation hence the model becomes more realistic and dynamic in its application. The input variables and control factors for this model are stretched to minimize cost and maximize performance. The cost per foot and the break even calculations were done using data from the reference well X14 and also the evaluation well X35 from a field-X in the Niger Delta region. A Visual Basic dot Net program model was developed, tested and validated with the real field data to know its accuracy. The model interface shows the detailed application of the Bits in validating the data to provide the equivalent results for the five different Bits. Each set of the Bit record was ran separately on the software and the results for each application developed for comparison. In the software, data application were grouped into two distinct methods namely; rentals method and historical method. Under the rentals method, data were uploaded into the software and ran to generate results while the historical method was basically used for model prediction. The breakeven analysis provided a technique for calculating the performance required for an alternative Bit type to match the cost per foot of the current Bit. Based on the model results, Hughes Tungsten Carbide (HTC) Bit and Security Bit (SEC) used to drill well X14 and X35 were well optimized and should be encouraged in drilling wells within the area. 2 results 2
- Technology & Engineering 2 results 2
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- Various efforts in the industry and academia are underway to explore the possible benefits of Virtual Reality (VR) in construction. This paper provides an overview of recent amples of successful adoption of VR technology as applications in construction. The paper also provides an outline of what Virtual Reality (VR) is, and presents a work jointly carried out at the Departments of Architecture and Computer Science of the Federal University of Technology, Akure (FUTA). The aim of the joint research is to investigate the efficiency and effectiveness of” virtual reality drawing at all stages o f a project, from initial conceptual design through detailed design, planning and preparation, to construction completion. The methodology employed was the critical examination of different building project drawings developed by the use of different computer aided drawing software such as AutoCAD, and comparing them with drawings generated by virtual reality software packages such as Vizx3D modeler. The result obtained shows that VR software provides avenue for easy manipulation of the drawing details thereby increasing the management of the construction process 2 results 2
- Virtual reality 2 results 2
- "A lot of wood waste is generated from wood species in the Nigerian wood mills which are hazardous to the mill, mill workers and the wood. These wastes can be incorporated into plastic composites to manufacture value added products for interior and exterior applications in housing construction. This work examined the production and testing of plastic composites from mixed sawdusts of Gmelina arborea and Khaya ivorensis. Mixed sawdust of G.arborea and K. ivorensis collected from mills were screened, dried, milled to 0.4mm particle size, blended with polyvinylchloride (PVC) and chemical additives (calcium carbonate, talcum, calcium, magnesium and zinc stearate) in ratios 3:16:1;5:14:1 and 7:12:1. The mixes were extruded at barrel and die temperatures of 140oC and 165oC conditioned at temperature of 20oC and relative humidity of 55%. Specimens were cut from the products and tested for flexural and sorption properties in comparison with those of locally sourced commerical 100% PVC. The moduli of rupture and elasticity of the plastic composites were between 13.2 to 22.9 N/mm2 and 1254.0 to 3346.7 N/mm2 respectively as against 2.4N/mm2 and 902.0N/mm2 for 100% PVC while the impact strength ranged between 5.0 to 7.9 N/mm2 in comparison with 2.1N/mm2 for 100% PVC. The results obtained revealed that the flexural properties were superior to those of commercial 100% PVC and increased with increasing wood content. The plastic composites produced were dimensionally stable with low sorption rates and were suitable for moderately stressed interior and exterior purposes. " 1 results 1
- "Clay bodies occur as lenses and interbeds within the predominantly shaley Akinbo Formation in the eastern Dahomey Basin. They are greenish to grayish, plastic, and in some places contain concretions. In order to assess their sedimentological significance as well as evaluate their potential as industrial raw materials, representative outcrop arid borehole samples .were subjected to mineralogical, chemical and physical characterization. Mineralogical determination by X-ray diffraction (XRD) method, indicates kaolinite as the major clay mineral, with a range of 32.86-58.33%. Other constituents are illite (4.95%), smectite (2.87-14.29%) and palygorskite (2.87%). The non-clay minerals are quartz, K-feldspar, micas and graphite. In terms of chemical composition, the clay bodies. are characterised by the following; Si02 (52.96-55.84%), Al2O3 (16.22-17.74%) Fe203 (7.13-10.35%); CaO (4.65-7.95%)-; MgO (2.26-3.98%) while Na20, K2O, MnO, Ti02 and P2Os have individual values < 1%. The relatively high CaO reflect some contribution from the limestone bed underlying this formation. The clay specimens generally display colour ranging from grayish in fresh, to brownish-red on firing. Corresponding values of physical parameters include linear shrinkage (3.75-7.50%), plastic limit (23- 31%), liquid limit (48-56%), plasticity index (21-30%) and water absorption capacity (5.80-11.90%). The average silica sesquioxide and alumina-iron oxide ratios are respectively 2.17 and 2.08. These values are within the range suitable for clays or shales to be used in the manufacture of good quality cement. The clays have high silica content and are relatively rich in fluxing elements such as Ca and Mg, and could be utilized in the manufacture of domestic and sanitary earth wares. The high plasticity as reflected by the values of the relevant physical indices, and the general fineness qualify the clays to be useful as fillers or coating materials in paper and paint industries. They could also be useful in the production of construction bricks, ceramics, and with beneficiation, the quality might improve for other applications. " 1 results 1
- "The movement of contaminated fluid from a solid waste landfill into a portable water aquifer located beneath is an example of unwanted underground flow with the problem of limited portion of land available for building construction in the cities, coupled with the rise in price of good and accessible land, there is a need for quick and urgent solutions to environmental pollution that may be resulted from this problem. In this research, a laboratory setup consisting of a big transparent cylindrical pipe 108 5cm long with radius 2 23cm was used as inlet pipe and five small equal transparent cylindrical pipes with radii 0.03cm were used as outlets, which were joined to the circular plastic plate on the top of the inlet pipe at different angles ranged from 0° to 90° from a normal point. The inlet pipe and outlets pipes were filled with samples of soil of different porosities and titled at different angles of inclination. The volume of water discharged was measured directly with measuring cylinder from the set-up in each case. The volumetric flow rate and volume flux were computed from the values of volume discharged. These were done in order to determine how the arrangement of porous material of different porosities with a particular angle of inclination can influence the deflection of fluid flow from its linear direction. This is sequel to its practical applications in designing a construction with a cross-section of soils in deflecting contaminated fluid from septic tank to different directions from the source of water within the same small portion of land. It was observed that angle of inclination does not have a significant effect on the deflection of fluid but volume flux increases with increasing angle of inclination. Also, the greater the difference in the porosity of the cross-section of the media in which the fluid is flowing the greater the volume flux However, the most suitable arrangement of cross-section of soils for deflection of fluid at higher angle from normal is when it flows through a medium of low porosity to that of higher porosity. " 1 results 1
- "The movement of contaminated fluid from a solid waste landfill into a portable water aquifer located beneath is an example of unwanted underground flow. With the problem of limited portion of land available for building construction in the cities, coupled with the rise in price of good and accessible land, there is a need for quick and urgent solutions to environmental pollution that may be resulted from this problem. In this research, a laboratory setup consisting of a big transparent cylindrical pipe 108.5cm long with radius 2.23cm was used as inlet pipe and five small equal transparent cylindrical pipes with radii 0.03cm were used as outlets, which were joined to the circular plastic plate on the top of the inlet pipe at different angles ranged from 00 to 900 from a normal point. The inlet pipe and outlets pipes were filled with samples of soil of different porosities and titled at different angles of inclination. The volume of water discharged was measured directly with measuring cylinder from the set-up in each case. The volumetric flow rate and volume flux were computed from the values of volume discharged. These were done in order to determine how the arrangement of porous material of different porosities with a particular angle of inclination can influence the deflection of fluid flow from its linear direction. This is sequel to its practical applications in designing a construction with a cross-section of soils in deflecting contaminated fluid from septic tank to different directions from the source of water within the same small portion of land. It was observed that angle of inclination does not have a significant effect on the deflection of fluid but volume flux increases with increasing angle of inclination. Also, the greater the difference in the porosity of the cross-section of the media in which the fluid is flowing the greater the volume flux. However, the most suitable arrangement of cross-section of soils for deflection of fluid at higher angle from normal is when it flows through a medium of low porosity to that of higher porosity. " 1 results 1
- "This work presents the adsorption capacities of some heavy metals in clay soil and its application in medical field. Nitrate of lead solution of different concentrations were prepared (400ppm, 800ppm… 6400ppm). Each concentration of lead nitrate solutions was mixed with a known volume of clay. Slabs of regular dimensions were formed from the residue after it had gone through filtration. Each slab (dried) was irradiated with x-ray radiation at different energies; 40kev, 60kev, 80kev,100kev and 120kev. Linear and mass attenuation of each slab were determined. We did this in order to check shielding ability of the adsorption capacities of heavy metals in clay soil. The research works on clay soil used mainly in building construction and pot making. A PTM UNIDOS electrometer at National Institute of Radiation Protection Research (NIRPR), University of Ibadan, was used to record the counting .A Graph of logarithm of incident intensity versus logarithm of transmitted intensity was plotted to calculate mass attenuation of the slabs at different concentrations. An Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) was used in analyzing the concentration of heavy metals present in each sample. The results obtained from X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) show that attenuation coefficient decreases as the radiation energy increases. The linear correlation coefficient between the concentration of heavy metals and attenuation coefficient was approximately 1. " 1 results 1
- A gravitational drip irrigation system was designed and constructed using available materials; and tested for the use of small-scale farmers. The system has 4 laterals each 4m long, with each of the laterals having pressure-compensating emitters. This was evaluated based on its efficiency. Tests show that discharge per lateral is 8 1/hr And each of the emitters can deliver 2.1 1/hr with an operating head of 0.97m. The crop water requirement was based on the evapotranspiration rate for Ibadan climatic zone that was given as 5 mm/day. Water conveyance efficiency was 99%; Application efficiency approximates to 94.5% while overall system efficiency was 94.05 %. These results corroborate with Jess (2001) who put the overall efficiency of drip irrigation system at 90 % and above. The total cost of ownership was estimated at N10,030 while the total operating and maintenance cost was N308, as at February 2004.The efficiency of the system coupled with the cost of installation, maintenance and repair show that it is cost effective and viable. 1 results 1
- A survey was carried out to assess the methods of livestock and poultry wastes management in Swaziland. The survey adopted the use of questionnaires which sought for information on the types of wastes generated, types of litter materials used, methods of wastes collection, predisposal wastes treatment, wastes utilization and possible effects of the wastes on the environment. Additional information was collected through personal communication and focused group discussions during the field trips while administering the questionnaires. Points of information gathering were commercial poultry and livestock farms, homesteads, dip tanks and feedlots. The data were analysed using percentages and frequencies, and the results presented in tables. Major solid wastes generated were from animal dung, poultry droppings and litters. Saw dust was the most popularly used litter material by about 38.7% of the large scale establishments while crushed corn cob was the least used by about 5.3%. Urine and spent water from washing in milking parlours and dip tanks constituted the liquid wastes. Waste collection was by manual scrapping with spades, sweeping and floor washing using water hoses, and use of mechanical scrappers. Manual scrapping was the most predominant method for solid wastes collection. It was used by about 60% and 95.8% of the large scale establishments and homesteads respectively. Mechanical scraping was mainly used in the large scale establishments. Solid wastes were either collected and taken directly to the field for application or temporarily stored in compost pits and refuse dumps to undergo further decomposition. Only 33.3% of the homesteads had temporary dump sites. In most homesteads, kraal manure is removed during land preparation which eliminates the need for storage. About 33.3% of the large scale establishments had dump sites, 17.4% had compost pits while 16% had a combination of dumpsites and compost pits. Liquid wastes were disposed off on strip fields or adjacent streams. About 75.0% of the homesteads and 33.3% of the large scale establishments conveyed their wastes using wheel barrows while 4.2% and 26.7% respectively made use of a combination of wheel barrows and tractor trailers. All the homesteads and about 72.0% of the large scale establishments used solid wastes as fertilizers on their own farms. Liquid effluent was used for irrigation by about 5.3% of the large scale establishments. The ministry of agriculture and cooperatives is emphasizing the use of livestock wastes in fish farming while the biogas plants which were established to utilize some of the wastes have been abandoned. Respondents admitted awareness of the dangers inherent in poor livestock and poultry wastes management but only a few admitted that their management techniques constituted any hazards to the environment. Solid wastes as presently generated, collected and utilized constitute no environmental threat but the liquid discharged to streams and wet cattle that wade through streams immediately after dipping are considered potential sources of pollution. Wastes are a potential source of biogas which is being effectively utilized in many countries. The abandoned biogas pilot schemes should be reactivated. Water quality assessment should be carried out on streams to which wastes are discharged and appropriate steps taken to prevent pollution. Oxidation ponds should be constructed near dip tanks and milking parlours. More extension work is required to educate the rural populace on the use of livestock wastes for fish farming. 1 results 1
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