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Comparison of production parameters and meat quality characteristics of South African indigenous chickens by Packard, Russel
Published 2014Get full text
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The welfare impact of the removal of input subsidies for crop production in Lesotho by Ratii, Motselisi Ledecia
Published 2016Get full text
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- Carcass characteristics 2 results 2
- Growth 2 results 2
- "Soybean meal, benniseed, microbial phytase, broiler chickens, nutritional evaluation " 1 results 1
- "The effects of feeding graded levels of bio-detheobrominized cocoa bean shell (CBS) based diets were studied in broilers. Detheobromination by fungi fermentation (bio-detheobromination) reduces the methylxanthine contents cocoa by-products when fermented with Aspergillus niger. 196 day old broiler chicks were used for the experiment in an eight week feeding trial. There were seven dietary treatments containing graded levels of CBS from 0 to 30% at the expense of maize and soyabean meal. The control group had no CBS in its diet. Parameters measured include feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass characteristics and gut morphology. The results showed that total feed intake, average body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, weight of internal organs and gut morphology were significantly (p˂0.05) different across dietary treatments while the carcass characteristics did not show any significant (p>0.05) difference. The result of the study revealed that there was a significant reduction in the weight gain and feed efficiency of the broilers fed CBS based diets as the level of dietary CBS increased beyond 10%. However, the duodenum villous height and crypt depths increased significantly as the level of CBS increased in the diets. It therefore suggested that the amount/quantity of anti-nutrients such as theobromine and tannins in the CBS based diets beyond 10% inclusion locked up essential nutrients thereby impairing their bio-availability and overall growth of the birds. Thus, additional research is needed to find further techniques of processing CBS so that its anti-nutrients could be further reduced for optimium use in broiler nutrition." 1 results 1
- "The potential of Cottonseed cake (CSC) at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% replacement for Soybean cake (SBC) as an alternative protein source in chicks was investigated. One hundred and eighty Anak broiler chicks at day old were divided into twelve groups and randomly assigned to the five dietary treatments with three replicates per treatment. The feeding trial lasted for four weeks at the teaching and research farm of the university of Ibadan Nigeria. Feed intake revealed that chicks fed cottonseed cake-based diets had higher consumption when compared to those fed control. Though feed conversion showed significant differences (P<0.05) it did not follow a particular trend. There were significant (P<0.05) differences in protein utilization across the treatments. The highest protein efficiency ratio (PER) values were obtained with the birds in diet 3 (50% CSC) with values of 2.78 and 2.84 respectively while diet 5 (100% CSC) gave the lowest value of 1.20. Results showed there were significant (P<0.05) differences in weight gain from the 1st week to the 411' week. Birds fed diet 4 having 75% CSC replacement for SBC had the same value (220g) with the control (Diet 1) Mortality was low in all the treatments and a range of 1-2 % mortality was recorded during the study. " 1 results 1
- A 21-day feeding trial involving 480, 4-week old unsexed Abhor Acre broilers was carried out in a completely randomised design to evaluate performance, carcass characteristics and cost benefit of broiler finishers fed iso- caloric and iso-nitrogenous corn-soyabean based enzyme supplemented diets. Diet 1 had no supplemented Roxazyme G and phytase (T1-basal diet). The other three diets are: T2-Roxazyme G (0.2g/kg), T3-basal diet +Phytase (lg/kg) and T4-basal diet +Roxazyme G and Phytase (0.2g/kg and lg/kg) inclusion. The objective was to observe whether addition exogenous enzymes individually or as a mixture improved efficiency of broiler finisher production. The results showed no significant differences (p>0.05) across the dietary treatments for daily feed intake, weight gain and FCR. The values obtained were in the range of 137.9g, 1191.9g and 1.45 respectively. There were no significant difference (p>0.05) in carcass weight of birds on T4, T2 and TI but birds fed both Roxazyme G and phytase had heaviest carcass weight of 1533.3g . However, birds fed diets supplemented with phytase alone had significantly lower carcass weight and dressing yield to other dietary treatments. The cut up parts were not significantly different (p>0.05) except the weights of the head, drumstick and breast meat. The cost analysis showed that it is not profitable to include the enzymes in the practical broiler finishers' diet used in this study. There was no need to include the above enzymes in the diet of broilers at finishing phase as the birds at this stage can efficiently utilize nutrients in their feed. 1 results 1
- A study was conducted for 8 weeks to determine the effect of administering varying levels of aqueous Tetrapleura tetraptera (African porridge fruit) on performance and gut morphology of broilers. A total of 150 day old broiler chicks (Abor acre) were randomly selected and allotted to 5 treatments and C replicates per treatment. The experimental ingredient was extracted and served to the birds in the 5 different treatments as follows; Control (water with no additive), Positive control (antibiotics), 3, 6 and 9mis respectively. Total weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion efficiency were not (P>0.05) significantly different across the varying-levels of Tetrapleura tetraptera administered. There were also no differences in feed conversion ratio of birds administered with Tetrapleura tetraptera compared with those on antibiotics. Broiler's gut parameters measured indicated that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) across the varying levels of the Tetrapleura tetraptera extract administered on the broilers. The study demonstrated that administration of Tetrapleura tetraptera extract in water for broilers compared favorably with birds on antibiotics though no significant differences were recorded. 1 results 1
- Blood profile 1 results 1
- Broiler 1 results 1
- Broiler chicks, cottonseed cake, performance, replacement 1 results 1
- Broiler finisher 1 results 1
- Broiler litter 1 results 1
- Broiler performance 1 results 1
- Chicken feed 1 results 1
- Conventional vegetable protein ingredients in poultry feed are costly and relatively scarce. Moringa oleifera Seed Meal (MSM) is an oil seed rich in protein, which can be exploited as an alternative vegetable protein source. However, the potential of MSM as a protein source for broiler production has not been adequately documented. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the utilisation of MSM as a protein source in the diets of broiler chickens. Moringa seeds were harvested and apportioned into four parts representing T1, T2, T3 and T4. The T1 was raw, while T2, T3 and T4 were soaked in water (200 g/L) for 1, 2, and 3 hours, respectively. The seeds were then sun-dried, milled and analysed for Crude Protein (CP, %), alkaloid (%), saponin (%) and tannin (%), using standard procedures. The protein quality of MSM was assessed using forty weanling albino rats (42.35±0.83 g) randomly allotted to four diets containing 10.0% casein (D1), 10.0% raw MSM (D2), 10.0% 3-hour Water-soaked MSM (WMSM, D3) and a protein free diet (D4) fed for 21 days. Protein quality: Biological Value (BV, g), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) and Net Protein Utilisation (NPU, g) were determined using standard procedures. Two hundred and fifty 1-day old broiler chicks were randomly allotted to five diets wherein Full-fat Soyabean (FS) was replaced with 3-hour WMSM at 0.0, 25.0, 50.0, 75.0 and 100.0%. Daily Weight Gain (DWG, g/bird), Feed Intake (FI, g/bird), and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were measured. Blood (5mL) samples were collected for determination of Packed Cell Volume (PCV, %), Red Blood Cell (RBC x106/µL) and White Blood Cell (WBCx103/µL) counts, Total Cholesterol (TC, mg/dL), triglycerides (mg/dL) and immunoglobulins: IgG, IgA and IgM (IU/dL) using standard procedures. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α0.05. The CP of T1 (35.4±0.7), T2 (35.3±0.4), T3 (35.7±0.8) and T4 (36.1±0.7%) were similar, while alkaloid, saponin and tannin content ranged from 0.05±0.10 (T4) to 0.07±0.04 (T1), 0.42±0.50 (T4) to 1.17±0.28 (T1) and 0.05±0.02 (T4) to 0.06±0.02 (T1), respectively. The BV ranged from 54.87±5.54 (D4) to 65.69±5.70 (D1), PER from 0.63±0.08 (D4) to 1.10±0.33 (D1) and NPU from 15.86±1.22 (D4) to 44.37±4.31 (D1). The birds fed 100.0%WMSM had least DWG (0.63±0.11), while birds on 100.0%FS had the highest (1.30±0.15). The FI was least in 100.0%WMSM (2.19±0.86) and highest in 100.0%FS (30.00±7.86). The FCR ranged from 2.45±0.32 (100.0%FS) to 3.48±0.26 (100.0%WMSM). The PCV ranged from 29.7±0.54 (100.0%FS) to 34.5±0.86 (100.0%WMSM), RBC from 2.98±0.06 (75.0%WMSM) to 3.44±0.08 (25.0%WMSM) and WBC from 1.25±0.52 (100.0%FS) to 1.53±0.64 (100.0%WMSM). Birds fed 100.0%WMSM had least TC (157.67±10.72) compared with 100.0%FS (206.33±13.52) and triglycerides, which ranged from 56.00±3.26 (100.0%WMSM) to 85.36±5.35 (100.0%FS). The IgG, IgA and IgM recorded for birds on WMSM diets ranged from 0.62±0.36 (100.0%FS) to 0.73±0.40 (100.0%WMSM), 0.31±0.18 (100.0%FS) to 0.49±0.15 (100.0%WMSM) and 0.09±0.04 (100.0%FS) to 0.15±0.08 (100.0%WMSM), respectively. Three hours water-soaked Moringa oleifera seed meal at 100.0% inclusion reduced growth, enhanced immunoglobulins profile and lowered total cholesterol of broiler chickens. 1 results 1
- Cost benefit 1 results 1
- Crayfish waste 1 results 1
- Crude protein 1 results 1
- Feed represent a major proportion of the overall production cost in the livestock industry. Availability of good quality and unadulterated conventional feed all year round is a major constraint in livestock production. Also, competition for the same feed resources existing between humans and animals have further compounded the problem leading to overpricing of animal products. Poultry wastes, if properly processed represent a vast reservoir of cheap nutrients especially for ruminants. This study was designed to evaluate broiler litter as a feed for ruminant diets. One hundred and twenty (120) broiler chicks were randomly distributed into three treatments of forty birds each. The birds were fed diets containing 25% crude protein and 23% crude protein at the starter and finisher phases. Litter collected on days 35, 42 and 49 after stocking were sun dried and subjected to proximate analysis to determine crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF). The CP, NDF and ADF were: 22.5%, 25.5% and 23.5% for CP, 40.5%, 38.2% and 39.3% for NDF and 21.4%, 20.3% and 20.8% for ADF respectively. However, there were no significant differences (P< 0.05) in the CP and ADF values for the 3 stages of collection. Broiler litter has high protein level which will be efficiently utilized to promote optimum weight gain in ruminants. 1 results 1
- Fishmeal 1 results 1
- Full-fat soyabean 1 results 1
- Immunoglobulins 1 results 1
- It has been established that Nigeria has a food problem especially where protein intake is concerned. The poultry industry has been identified as the quickest means of expanding protein supply and lowering its cost within the short run (10-12 weeks for broilers). However, feeds account for 65-75 percent of the total costs of production. Moreover, the numerous problems facing the feed industry coupled with the poor quality of feeds produced have greatly limited the profitability and rapid expansion of the industry. The linear programming (L.P.) tool was utilized to formulate least-cost diets which made use of locally available ingredients. The scarcity and rising costs of the grains (maize and guinea-corn) which provide over 60 percent by weight of broiler feeds prompted the use of cassava flour as an energy providing Substitute. Feeding trials were carried out to test the efficiency of the least-cost diets. The objectives of the study are (1) To use L. P tool to formulate different least-cost rations which meet specific nutritional specifications for broilers, using readily available feed ingredients. Cassava and soya-bean are being tested as energy and protein providing substitutes respectively. (2) To compare the least-cost formulated diets with the diets used by some commercial farms. (3) To find the optimum killing age/weight. (4) To find the rate of Substitution of cassava flour for maize and guinea-corn in the ration for broilers. (5) To determine the economics of using different levels of cassava flour in the rations for broilers. Experimental results showed that starter diets with 24 percent Protein and 5 percent fibre level were better than those with 26 percent protein and 3 percent fib re levels. The computerised starter and finisher diets tested were cheaper and were found to perform better than the commercial diets. For the cassava based diets, analysis of the experimental results showed significant (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, differences in Feed Conversion Efficiency (F.C.E.) in both starter and finisher diets in which guinea- corn and maize were replaced. For weight gain, significant (P 0.01) differences were found only in Starter and finisher diets in which cassava replaced maize. For feed intake, significant differences (P < 0.0l) occurred only in Starter diets in which cassava replaced maize. The diets that caused significant differences were those in which the cassava contents were very high (25-40 percent) and they performed poorest. Even though growth is suppressed due to reduced feed intake caused by the powdery nature of the feeds, it is pertinent to note that diets with 40 percent cassava are still highly tolerable to the birds. Analysis of the weight response as cassava level increases showed that the decrease in weight gain was more rapid when cassava was being substituted for by maize rather than by guinea-corn. This could be attributed to the availability of nutrients or the amino-acid balance of the guinea-corn based diets. Carcass qualities of the birds were not taken into consideration because they are not highly rated in this society. The diets were further investigated to see how the nutrients contents and energy-based ingredients influenced performance, using the multiple linear regression model. The square root and quadratic functions were fitted but the quadratic forms gave the lead equations using the laid down criteria. Feed, protein, energy and the amino-acids intakes proved to be significant explanatory variables for the live- weight gain in the birds. Marginal Analysis was performed on some selected functions. The elasticity of production for energy and protein showed increasing returns to scale in the Starter and finisher diets at the mean value of inputs. As higher levels of inputs are used, diminishing returns is likely to set in. The elasticity of Substitution exhibits a unitary one also at the mean value of inputs. A percentage increase in the energy content of the feed results in an equal percentage decrease in the protein level of the diet. The extent of substitution is limited by the requirement of the birds. Optimum quantities of the energy-based ingredients to produce the Optimum broiler weight gain were determined. Production surfaces, isoquants and isoclines were produced for selected functions of the energy-based ingredients. The rate of Substitution between guinea-com/cassava and maize/cassava were found to be declining with increasing level of output as more of cassava and less of maize or guinea-corn are used. Estimates of revenue over feed costs for the various diets were computed. It was discovered that non-significant differences between diet without cassava was not synonymous with equal revenue yielding diets. In general, the computerised diets without cassava gave higher revenue than the commercial diets. For the diets in which cassava replaced the grains, the revenue accruing to the farmer decreased as the percentage cassava content increased. The revenue from guinea-corn diets were however higher than in the maize diets. Diets with 10 percent cassava had higher or equal revenue with the commercial diets. Diets with higher cassava levels were costlier because cassava is costlier than the grains. It is however envisaged that prices of cassava may fall in the near future because of increases in production. Revenue from the diets was therefore obtained using varying costs of diets as cassava price varies. When cassava was made to assume the same price with guinea-corn, all the computarised diets except that with 30 percent cassava level had higher revenues than the commercial diets. The revenue increased as the cassava prices were reduced but the diets with 30 percent cassava gave the lowest revenue all the time. Optimum killing age determined suggested that broilers be sold at eleven weeks for most of the diets except those in which five and 10 percent cassava replaced guinea-corn. The implications of this study are that efforts to improve returns — poultry farmers must be focused on the cost and quality of feeds. Particular attention must be paid to cheap sources of protein, carbohydrate and oils. There is a very high potential for the use of cassava if its adoption becomes a reality in the future. Further investigations are necessary in testing the least-cost diets with the existing various breeds of broilers. Comparison can also be made of the use of soya-bean and groundnut cake as a protein providing ingredient in broiler diets. 1 results 1
- Metabolisable energy|||||| 1 results 1
- Moringa oleifera 1 results 1
- Multi-enzyme mixture supplementation 1 results 1
- Performance 1 results 1
- Phytase 1 results 1
- Poultry offal 1 results 1
- Poultry wastes 1 results 1
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