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Social Consciousness, Metaphysical Contents and Aesthetics in Select Anglophone African Factions
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SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS, METAPHYSICAL CONTENTS AND AESTHETICS IN SELECT ANGLOPHONE AFRICAN FACTIONS
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Information sources and adoption of exclusive breastfeeding by rural mothers in Anambra state, South-eastern Nigeria
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PRE-WAR AND WAR-TIME CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES OF THE NIGERIAN CIVIL WAR
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A BIBLIO-TEXTUAL STUDY AND EDITION OF THE POEMS OF ANDREW MARVELL
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- African factions 2 results 2
- Literary aesthetics 2 results 2
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- Anglophone African factions, which are narratives containing a blend of African real-life socio-political events and fictive accounts, and which sometimes connect writers‘ metaphysical reference with their social consciousness and aesthetics, is central to literary expression in Africa. Yet, studies in African literature have focused on these philo-literary features only in fiction, neglecting their engagement in factions, thus barring a balance in African literary scholarship. This study, therefore, investigated the connection between social consciousness, metaphysical contents and aesthetics in African factions, with a view to establishing their role in the writers‘ creative vision. The research employed George Herbert Mead‘s theory of interactionism, the principle of mutual social relation, in investigating the writers‘ pursuit of social goals, aided by their metaphysical leaning in the selected texts. Four Anglophone African factions were purposively selected, for regional and gender balance. These included Nomad by Anyaan Hirsi Ali(East Africa), A Dream Fulfilled by Thandi Lujabe-Rankoe(Southern Africa), You must Set Forth at Dawn by Wole Soyinka(West Africa) and A Daughter of Isis by Nawal el Saadawi(North Africa). The texts were subjected to literary analysis. Four indexes of social consciousness were observed across the factions sampled: the Somali war, racial segregation in South Africa, military brutality in Nigeria and gender imbalance in Egypt. These were respectively fictionalised within the ambits of idealisation, infallibility, fairness and equality. The hostile socio-political environment in Africa informed the writers‘ references to metaphysical phenomena in advancing their goals. This manifested in atheist spirituality in Nomad, where Ali battles the spiritual aspect of the blood line and links human creative inspiration to atheist consciousness. It was also noted in references to African spirits such as Ngai in A Dream Fulfilled where Lujabe-Rankoe pursues folk liberation from apartheid and sees her reunion with folks after exile as divine and, so, makes supplications to Southern African spirits. It reflected in eulogy for deities such as Oro and Orunmila in You must Set Forth at Dawn where Soyinka describes the Oro festival he witnessed as ‗blissful‘ and this invigorated him on exile journey through Benin Republic, and seeks reunion with Pierre ‗under the canopy of ‗Orunmila‘ in the afterlife. This animist consciousness also reflects in A Daughter of Isis where Saadawi pursues the rights of women in Egypt through Isis. When in danger while advancing her social cause, Saadawi claims the spirits are with her and she is ‗no longer alone‘. References were also made to the Supreme Being by all the writers for inspiration. The writers express their social and metaphysical temper in the factions through aesthetic resources, such as goal-oriented code mixing, creative sentence inversion, vivid imagery and sensational hyperbole, for attaining idealisation, infallibility, fairness and equity. Social consciousness, metaphysical contents and aesthetics in the factions by Hirsi Ali, Thandi Lujabe-Rankoe, Wole Soyinka and Nawal el Saadawi are connected through fictionalised socio-political realities, contextualised within experiential exigencies, and creative lingua-literary resources of the writers. Thus, their convergence is instrumental to projecting the writers‘ perspectives, and the metaphysical and socio-cultural pulses of African societies. Key words: African factions, Social consciousness, Metaphysics, Literary aesthetics, Word count: 499 1 results 1
- Anglophone African factions, which are narratives containing a blend of African real-life socio-political events and fictive accounts, and which sometimes connect writers‘ metaphysical reference with their social consciousness and aesthetics, is central to literary expression in Africa. Yet, studies in African literature have focused on these philo-literary features only in fiction, neglecting their engagement in factions, thus barring a balance in African literary scholarship. This study, therefore, investigated the connection between social consciousness, metaphysical contents and aesthetics in African factions, with a view to establishing their role in the writers‘ creative vision. The research employed George Herbert Mead‘s theory of interactionism, the principle of mutual social relation, in investigating the writers‘ pursuit of social goals, aided by their metaphysical leaning in the selected texts. Four Anglophone African factions were purposively selected, for regional and gender balance. These included Nomad by Anyaan Hirsi Ali(East Africa), A Dream Fulfilled by Thandi Lujabe-Rankoe(Southern Africa), You must Set Forth at Dawn by Wole Soyinka(West Africa) and A Daughter of Isis by Nawal el Saadawi(North Africa). The texts were subjected to literary analysis. Four indexes of social consciousness were observed across the factions sampled: the Somali war, racial segregation in South Africa, military brutality in Nigeria and gender imbalance in Egypt. These were respectively fictionalised within the ambits of idealisation, infallibility, fairness and equality. The hostile socio-political environment in Africa informed the writers‘ references to metaphysical phenomena in advancing their goals. This manifested in atheist spirituality in Nomad, where Ali battles the spiritual aspect of the blood line and links human creative inspiration to atheist consciousness. It was also noted in references to African spirits such as Ngai in A Dream Fulfilled where Lujabe-Rankoe pursues folk liberation from apartheid and sees her reunion with folks after exile as divine and, so, makes supplications to Southern African spirits. It reflected in eulogy for deities such as Oro and Orunmila in You must Set Forth at Dawn where Soyinka describes the Oro festival he witnessed as ‗blissful‘ and this invigorated him on exile journey through Benin Republic, and seeks reunion with Pierre ‗under the canopy of ‗Orunmila‘ in the afterlife. This animist consciousness also reflects in A Daughter of Isis where Saadawi pursues the rights of women in Egypt through Isis. When in danger while advancing her social cause, Saadawi claims the spirits are with her and she is ‗no longer alone‘. References were also made to the Supreme Being by all the writers for inspiration. The writers express their social and metaphysical temper in the factions through aesthetic resources, such as goal-oriented code mixing, creative sentence inversion, vivid imagery and sensational hyperbole, for attaining idealisation, infallibility, fairness and equity. Social consciousness, metaphysical contents and aesthetics in the factions by Hirsi Ali, Thandi Lujabe-Rankoe, Wole Soyinka and Nawal el Saadawi are connected through fictionalized socio-political realities, contextualised within experiential exigencies, and creative lingualiterary resources of the writers. Thus, their convergence is instrumental to projecting the writers‘ perspectives, and the metaphysical and socio-cultural pulses of African societies. 1 results 1
- Biafra 1 results 1
- Conflict management strategies . 1 results 1
- Exclusive Breastfeeding 1 results 1
- Information Sources 1 results 1
- Joint-problem solving 1 results 1
- Nigeria experienced a civil war between 1967 and 1970 which claimed millions of lives on the Federal and Biafran sides. Studies exist on trend, execution and termination of the war but the pre-war and war time conflict management strategies have not been fully explored. This study therefore, examined the strengths and weaknesses of the various management strategies adopted by the conflict parties prior to the outbreak of hostilities as well as those employed during the war with a few to identifying lessons derived from the management strategies. The study adopted a qualitative approach, utilising a combination of descriptive and case study research designs. Data were obtained from primary and secondary sources. A total of six in-dept interviews were conducted with surviving war-time key actors and stakeholders from the Federal and Biafran sides. Two Focus Group Discussions were held in Enugu and Kaduna with war veterans. Archival materials were also consulted. Secondary data were collected from war-time memoirs, minutes of the Aburi accord, decrees, edicts and newspaper publications. A combination of content and descriptive mode of data analysis was employed. A mix of joint-problem solving and third party intervention strategies such as conciliation and mediation were adopted before the war commenced. The failure of these strategies to transform the conflict accounted for the optional strategy of confrontation and strategic withdrawal as the last resort. The leaders and parties to the conflict did not adopt compromise, cooperation and avoidance, but opted for competition as an alternative to joint problem solving. The inability to strike a balance between the cooperative and competitive orientation by the Biafran leader was fundamental to the failure of local and international concerted efforts to transform the conflict peacefully. This attitude made the 30 months war not only inevitable, but also unduly prolonged with devastating impact on both human and material resources. These were further complicated by the disposition of some of the mediators which created distrust between the disputing parties. The lessons from the conflict management strategies of the war are that the parties to the conflict were invariable not very experienced in understanding that the cost of war is enormous and more devastating than peace, which creates room for accommodation and joint problem solving. Also, strategic scenario analysis should include best, middle and worst case scenarios before making violent confrontation an option in any conflict. The pre-war and war-time conflict management strategies of the Nigerian civil war failed to achieve the desired result mainly because of the attitude and disposition of parties to the conflict. Leaders, therefore, need to be skilled in conflict management while dealing with intractable conflicts, so as to prevent its escalation. Efforts at peaceful management of conflicts should include compromise, accommodation, open-mindedness, trust and respect for human dignity. 1 results 1
- Nigerian civil war 1 results 1
- Nursing Mothers 1 results 1
- Suboptimal Breastfeeding 1 results 1
- The introduction of recent bibliographic techniques into editorial practice raised hopes of finally finding objective solutions to many seemingly insoluble textual problems. Yet as the eminent bibliographer Fredson Bowers points out (Bibliography and Textual Criticism, 1964) such hopes - either because the techniques are still not completely developed, or because of their inherent limitations - have not been fully realised. Walter Greg, another pioneer in the field, had earlier warned that the new techniques could not be expected to carry the textual critic the whole way to perfection (Bibliography - An Apologia, 1932). The present thesis represents an attempt to apply the techniques to, and to overcome their limitation in, the editing of Marvell’s poems - with what success the sequel will show. Chapter 1 considers the circumstances surrounding the first printing of most of Marvell’s poems in 1681 at the instance or with the connivance of that Mary Palmer who falsely claimed to be his widow. It is shown that certain items intended for inclusion in the Miscellaneous Poems were cancelled because o£ the political upheavals of the year; that these cancelled poems deal with Cromwell and would have been likely to mind the public at the Civil war and the Regicide at a time when repetition of both catastrophes had been narrowly averted; that because the cancellations, the 1681 edition actually survives in three states. It is further suggested that the volume was printed by ‘casting-ort’ the copy, that, during printing, other materials not supplied by Mary Palmer were added, and that none of those directly concerned with the printing can be expected to have exercised salutary control over the process of publication. Chapter 2 discussed the various theories of textual criticism evolving from editorial practices in the fields of Biblical, Classical, and Modern Bibliographical scholarship. The objective common to all three is the determining of the text closest to the author's original by tracing the descent of surving copies through the use of various methods: by Dom Quentin's theory of intermediaries, by Paul Maas’s system of stemmatics, by Walter Greg’s calculus of variants and the like. For Marvell, with only one edition to be followed, the common problem of preferring one of a series of early editions does not exist; the real difficulty is to ascertain the poet’s own intention whenever there is a cause for doubt, always bearing in mind the not-too-favourable ambiences of poems either published posthumously or circulated anonymously. In addition to the problem of establishing Marvell’s intention in authenticated poems attributed to his authorship. The conclusion is that because of the peculiarities of transmission and survival, an edition of Marvell’s poem must necessarily be based not upon one but upon several methods of approach. Chapter 3 examines the background and technique of the ‘copy-text|’, the use of which is made obligatory by the repeated successes of the bibliographic school of textual critics in its application to earlier English works. Where only one copy of questionable superiority can be singled out, no one need quarrel with this technique; difficulties begin to arise when there are several copies of comparable authority available. To insist upon a ‘copy-text’ even in this case is justified by what Greg calls the ‘accidentals’ of a text (i.e. the spelling modes, the punctuation system, etc.). It is even more justified when it ensures that a modern edition retains significant ‘accidentals’, whatever they be, to the point where all linguistic traits of the author’s period, all significant indications of linguistics and philological peculiarities, whether temporal, or social, or private, should be transmitted through the text. In case of Marvell, the setting-up of a ‘copy-text’ without thorough exploration of ‘accidentals’ is scarcely feasible. That completed, the final question is the degree to which the results of the exploration, the resolutions of the difficulties it reveals, must be followed. Chapter 4 considers many of the peculiarities of the English language in Marvell’s time, particularly those (consequent upon the tangle of vowel-shifts known as the Great Sound Shift) which have immediate effectiveness for the ‘copy-text’ technique. Thanks to research by philologist-linguists like Luich, Sweet, Wyld, Whitehall, Dobson, Nist, Trager- Smith, et al., the overall pattern of Early Modern English, particularly that of the sonantal system, emerges with some clarity. Here, the results are schematized on a phonetic basis, and the confusions that might confront an editor, especially those reflected on spellings and rhymes, are broadly charted. From this exercise emerge several linguistic guide-lines to be followed, or at least considered in editing Marvell. Chapter 5 attempts to demonstrate how the study of para-linguistic factors of metre, rhythm, rhyme, and repetitive sound-patterning facilitates the editorial task, especially for rhymed verse. Here the metre and rhythms of Marvell’s verse are analysed in some detail and from several point of view. The most obvious prosodic feature is the maintenance of a strict syllable count- so strict that any apparent violation can be attributed to an error of transmission. In the octosyllabic couplet, his favourite form, Marvell not only makes good use of traditionally accepted variations, modulations, and metrical equivalences but is also able to absorb into his verse the principles of the ‘Classical plain style,’ the so-called sermo. In him, this is not merely a matter of achieving post-Elizabethan elegance and colloquial ease of diction and syntax; it also, and more importantly, involves the natural ordering of syntactic units in such a fashion that the pauses bordering segmenting them can be varied as freely and unaffectedly in verse as they normally are in prose and speech- all these within the strict metrical framework of syllable count. As a result, there is remarkable free positioning of the ‘caesuras’, which fall at various places in a line after odd- as well as even-numbered syllables and not- as advocated by certain Elizabethan posts and authorities- in a fixed medial position. Following the method of Ants Oras (Pause Patterns in Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama, 1960), an attempt is made to graph pause distribution profiles for the two famous poems “To His Coy Mistress” and “AN Horatian Ode” on the basis of both printed punctuation and syntactic analysis of actual readings. Chapter 6 brings forward the argument that capitalization is a device employed to indicate emphasis- particularly in stress bearing words of a poem- and is therefore an important ‘accidental’ to be reckoned with in editing verse. This fact is revealed in the analysis of Marvell’s On a Drop of Dew, and is confirmed by the practice of contemporary poets, by printing practice, and by statements of primers at tile time. What emerges is that this poem as printed in 1681 (and probably some other poem), seems to have fewer printed capitalized words than appeared in the original manuscript. In editing the poems, while it may not be possible to restore all the capitalization that Marvell intended, it is at least possi1ble to detect words wrongly capitalized, if they destroy what seems to be the intended rhythm and sense. Chapters 7 to 9 deal with the problem of attributing to Marvell some poems written anonymously. In Chapter 7 the various methods of determining the authorship of disputed works are reviewed. These fall into two main groups: internal evidence of style and ideas, the external evidence of direct statements by the author or his contemporaries, or statements from letters, diaries, and so forth. For Marvell external evidence is found to be rather weak – sometimes a contradictory. Internal stylistic evidence is relatively unhelpful mainly because the characteristic styles of the lyrical poems are different from those of the political poems. On the other hand, evidence from ideas seems important because of the feasible comparison between the views expressed in his prose written and those in the political poems. For this purpose, Marvell’s activities and attitudes as a politician are examined in Chapter 8. The picture given is that of a loyal citizen with a deep reverence for law and the constitution and a strong belief in the providential guidance of affairs of state. In a mixed constitution such as that of England at the time when the political poems were written, Marvell was determined to support equally the prerogatives of the King and the privileges of Parliament; and rejected any section – from parliament or King - that might upset the balance. -Finally, in Chapter 9, the political poems attributed to Marvell are re-examined individually. After this consideration, only four of the sixteen poems printed by Margoliouth - The Last Instructions, The Loyall Scott, Bludius et Corona and Scaevola Scoto-Brittannus –are found to be fully acceptable as Marvell’s. Four others – Clarendon’s House-Warming, Britannia and Rawleigh, and the Second and Third Advices are probably his. All the others, it appears, have been wrongly ascribed to him. 1 results 1
- The rate of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) remains very low in Nigeria, especially in rural areas, in spite of the spread of information on exclusive breastfeeding. Scholars have identified that adequate information about breastfeeding from information sources can enhance knowledge, attitude and practice among nursing mothers in rural communities. Although previous studies have focused mostly on adoption of EBF, no known studies have been carried out in relation to information sources and EBF among women in Anambra State, South-Eastern Nigeria. This study therefore investigated the influence of information sources on adoption of EBF among nursing mothers in Anambra State, Nigeria. A mixed mode cross sectional survey design was employed in carrying out the study among 211 respondents and 24 discussants comprising women with infants not more than 6 months and residing in the study communities. The results show that health officials (45.5%), radio (32.7%) and television (6.2%) were the main information sources through which respondents were exposed to EBF information. The findings also revealed that EBF practice was very low (25.6%) amdng the mothers and that health officials, faith- based organization (church) and friends were the sources of information that had significant influence on the mothers' adoption of EBF. Information from the FGD also revealed that certain factors act as barriers to the adoption of exclusive breastfeeding among the respondents. They include, among others, cultural beliefs and practices, the belief that breast milk is not enough, financial status, influence of mother, mothers-in-law and other family members and lack of knowledge about the harmful effects of suboptimal breastfeeding. The study established that, although health officials, radio and television are the main sources through which the nursing mothers receive EBF information, EBF information from community-based information sources are more effective in influencing rural nursing mothers to adopt EBF than the mass media. Also, certain factors hinder the adoption of exclusive breastfeeding. Hence, relevant organizations/agencies should utilize community-based information sources more than the mass media to increase the adoption of exclusive breastfeeding. Importantly, efforts should be made at addressing the barriers to the adoption of exclusive breastfeeding. 1 results 1
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