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- "Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) peel is one of the solid wastes produced as a consequence of cassava processing. It is low in protein but contains a large amount of carbohydrate, causing an environmental problem with disposal. In order to add-value to this major cassava processing waste and also reduce its resultant environmental pollution, this study investigated the effect of submerged fermentation using Trichoderma viride ATCC 36316 on the protein content and amino acid profile of enzyme and non-enzyme pre-treated cassava peel. Compositional analysis of the product obtained with T. viride in the fermentor revealed that dry biomass increased in crude protein, true protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ash and total dietary fibre. The crude protein increased from 4.21 to 37.63 and 36.52% for enzyme and non-enzyme pre-treated fermented samples respectively with 31.6% as true protein for the former and 29.03% as true protein for the latter while the starch contents reduced considerably in both samples. Starch reduction was from 51.93 to 24.34 and 26.07% for enzyme and non-enzyme pre-treated fermented samples, respectively. The fermented products contained all the essential amino acids; however the chemical score of essential amino acids indicated methionine as the limiting amino acid. " 1 results 1
- "The dwindling timber resource and the attendant shortage of wood supply call for alternative furnish for composite production. Rattan canes are candidate materials due to their availability, renewability and inexpensive processing cost. This work therefore examined the feasibility of using rattan canes as reinforcements for plastic composites production by evaluation the strength and sorption properties. Particles extracted from Eremosphatha macrocarpa and Laccosperma secundiflorum canes harvested from wild stocks were milled into 0.4mm, dried to 0.5% moisture content, blended with high density polythylene (HDPE), talcum, zinc stearate Ethylene bistearamide (EBS) wax in the ratio 1.0:0.82: 0.12:0.04:0.02 respectively and extruded using rotating twin-screw at barrel and die temperatures of between 149 and 193 oC. The composite were cut to sample sizes and tested for flexural properties on a universal testing machine while sorption properties were evaluated after 2 and 24 hours immersion in water. The results obtained revealed that the respective moduli of ruputre and elsaticities of the E. macrocarpa and L. secundiflorum composites were 26.2 and 26.4 N/mm2 and 2689 and 3406 N/mm2 while the water absorption were between 1.2 to 3.1% and 1.0 to 2.4% and thickness swelling were 0.4 to 1.0 and 0.3 and 0.9% after 2 and 24 hours immersion in water. The study revealed that rattan canes were suitable as reinforcement for plastic composite production, dimensionally stable with low water absorption and thickness swelling rates and can be applied for both structural and non-structural interior and exterior purposes. Differences in the rattan anatomy influenced the ductility and sorption properties of the plastic composites " 1 results 1
- "This research work investigated the effect of current density, bath concentration, bath solution volume and electroplating time on nickel electroplating of low carbon steel. Varying voltage between 0.3 and 0.8 V, bath concentration between 0.27 g/cm3 (0.79 mol/dm3) and 0.35 g/cm3 (1.02 mol/dm3), electroplating time between 10 and 30 minutes and bath solution volume between 200 and 700 cm3, the effect of these process variables on electroplating was studied. The temperature was kept in conformity with Watt’s method at 50 ±5°C. It was observed that a bath concentration of 0.31 g/cm3 (0.89 Mol/ dm3) concentration gave the best nickel deposit at 0.5V for 15 minutes. This would correspond to a Watt solution of composition: nickel sulphate-230 g/l, nickel chloride- 46.5 g/l and boric acid-30.8 g/l with a pH of 4.18. Higher Watt bath concentration did not yield good results as plating thickness decreased and there was no luster. It was also observed that increasing time of plating served to increase plating thickness and did not affect brightness of plating. However non-uniform nickel deposition was observed for longer plating time. Increase in voltage served to increase rate of electrodeposition with the exceptions of 0.7 V where a long streak of plating was observed on substrate instead of uniform plating and 0.8V where plating lacked brightness having a burnt appearance. Bath volumes of between 200-500 cm3 were observed to be best for the coupons used (15mm × 20mm). Bath volumes above 500cm3 gave black plating appearance. " 1 results 1
- "This study presents the mineralogical, textural and geochemical characteristics of the regional Maastrichtian Ajali Sandstone in Anambra Basin, SE Nigeria. The intent is to highlight possible constraints on the chemical weathering conditions of the source materials on one hand, and to infer the provenance on the other hand. The investigation approach involved field studies and collection of samples from 12 different outcrop locations, followed by laboratory studies involving grain-size analysis (GSA), major and trace elements analyses using the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method as well as thin section petrography. Field studies show that the sandstones are friable at all locations and range in color from white in freshly cut stone, to reddish brown on weathering. In addition, the sandstone units are cross-bedded and show graded bedding exemplified by fining upward sequence. Textural examination indicates that the sandstones range from fine to medium sands, constituting about 76 to 99% sand fraction, with graphic mean grain size of 0.23 to 0.53 mm. Standard deviation (sorting) ranges from 0.56 to 1.24 Ø and implies moderately well sorted sediments. Inferred from the textural indices, the depo-environmental discrimination of the Ajali Sandstone revealed a fluvial/river system-dominated sedimentary process. The sandstones are quartz arenite with quartz greater than 90% and less than 5% K-feldspar which indicate a predominant basement source as also revealed by the heavy mineral assemblages. In addition, major elemental oxides shows SiO2 content greater than 96% for the fresh Ajali Sandstone samples with extreme depletion of mobile oxides such as Na2O, CaO and the ferromagnesian minerals through weathering and sedimentary processes. Provenance and tectonic setting discrimination using geochemical data and compositional maturity revealed typical felsic igneous-dominated cratonic environment while inter-elemental ratios (such as Zr/Cr, Y/Ni, Th/Sc, La/Sc and La/Co) and ternary plots (e.g. Th–Sc–Zr; La- Th–Sc and Th-Co-Zr) reflect passive continental margin setting for the Ajali Sandstone. Consequently, the source area is constrained to the Precambrian basement rock units of Adamawa-Oban massif areas to the east of the Anambra Basin and the adjacent Abakaliki Anticlinorium. " 1 results 1
- "Two cultivars of cowpea (white and brown testa coloured) were processed by pre-cooking for 10min and dry-toasting (170°C, 10min) to render them ready-to-eat and to inactivate the anti-nutritional factors. The samples were dry-milled into powders. Ogi, traditional gruel from maize, was produced into powder. Five different blends of ogi and cowpea powder were prepared. Proximate chemical composition including Trypsin inhibition activity of the various blends was investigated. Also functional characteristics of the samples including bulk density, gelation capacity and water absorption capacity and water absorption capacity were investigated. Ogi supplemented with cowpea powder and 100% ogi were prepared into porridges which were presented for sensory evaluation among members of the university community. Each sample was evaluated for colour, taste, mouth-feel, flavour and overall acceptance. Moisture content values of the processed cowpeas ranged from 6.05 to 7.22% for boiled white cowpea and boiled brown cowpea respectively. Protein content ranged between 22.8% in the boiled white cowpea and 25.4% in the raw brown cowpea. There were 88.6-93.3% and 77.7-88.6% reduction in Trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) of both white and brown cultivars of cowpea respectively. Sensory evaluation of ogi supplemented with cowpea revealed that supplementation at level above 30% is not acceptable among the panel. Brown cultivar of cowpea was preferred to the white cultivar. " 1 results 1
- "Working properties of some clay deposits in Ekiti State, Nigeria were investigated with a view to determine their suitability for use as refractory bricks. The samples were collected from three different commercial pottery clay centers in Ekiti State; they are Ara, Awo and Isan. Two varieties were collected from both Ara and Isan, which are named Ara 1, Ara 2, and Isan 1, Isan 2 respectively while only one type was collected from Awo. The clay samples were crushed, pulverized, sieved and their chemical compositions were determined. The clay samples were treated separately as well as blended together in different proportions and moulded into bricks. The bricks were dried and fired to 1050°C. Tests for refractoriness, thermal shock resistance, shrinkage, thermal expansion; bulk density, porosity, and compressive strength were carried out on each batch specimen. The results showed that Ara 2 and Ara 1, 2 combined in equal proportions displayed the highest thermo chemical stability. They also possess comparatively high cold crushing strength, and high thermal shock resistance, but definitely not the highest. The apparent porosity of all the batch specimens was found to be high as well as the bulk densities, while the shrinkage of all the specimens were low. It was concluded that 100% Ara 2, and a blend of Ara 1 and 2 in equal proportions, are most suitable for production of crucibles, and furnace lining for non ferrous metals processing, such as Aluminium, Lead and Bronze. " 1 results 1
- A 49-day feeding trial was carried out with feeds supplemented with microgram quantities of the defatted seeds of Artocarpus heterophyllus in the diets of Clarias gariepinus at the post juveinile stage. Five diets at 40% crude protein were formulated containing 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60x106 μg DAH seed as additive. Each dietary treatment was replicated three times with 10 fish per replicate. Proximate composition of the defatted seed showed that it was rich in protein, carbohydrate and minerals. Fish on DAH–supplementd diets had better survival rates than the control. Haematology, plasma biochemistry and gross tissue examination were also carried out. No significant differences (p<0.05) were observed between the fish on DAH-containing treatments and the control. There might be need to further process and test defatted A. heterophyllus seeds as either probiotic or prebiotic on young fish for longer periods in order to take advantage of its rich supply of nutrients 1 results 1
- AMCS 1 results 1
- Acerating efficiency 1 results 1
- Aerobic 1 results 1
- African yam bean seed flour 1 results 1
- Agbaja Ironstone Formation of the Lokoja district, Central Nigeria occurs within the Upper Cretaceous sedimentary sequences of the NW-SE trending Nupe Basin. Three lithostratigraphic units were delineated; Lokoja Sandstone (the oldest), Patti Formation and Agbaja Ironstone Formation. Lokoja Sandstone rests unconformably on the basement complex and grades from conglomerate to arkosic sandstone. Patti Formation consists of intercalations of sandstone, siltstone and carbonaceous mudstone units. Agbaja Ironstone Formation is made up of colites, pisolites and bog ore. Textural studies show a very finely to very coarsely skewed mesokurtic sands for Lokoja Sandstone and leptokurtic for Patti Formation. ZTR index value ranges from 61 to 81% for Lokoja Sandstone and 83 to 95% for the Patti Formation. Higher ZTR index value for Patti Formation indicates a relative higher mineralogical maturity over the Lokoja Sandstone. These sedimentological studies indicate a basement source for the sedimentary materials deposited under low energy short fluvial regime, that evolved into two facies; alluvial fans and flood basin. Four petrographic varieties of the Agbaja Ironstone Formation were identified; ooidal pack-ironstone, pisoidal packironstone, detrital mud-ironstone and breccia mud-ironstone Kaolinite ooids are spherical, oblong and fragmented, usually with pseudomorphs of goethite after pyrite at the core. Goethite pisoids cemented in kaolinitic to goethitic matrix are elliptical, oval, subspherical in shape and composite in nature. Constituent minerals of the mud-ironstone are kaolinite, quartz and heavy minerals. Paragenetic studies show that pyrite, siderite, kaolinite, quartz, mica and heavy minerals are the initial minerals of the ironstone while secondary enrichment minerals are goethite, hematite, goyazite-crandallite, bolivarite and boehmite. Chemistry of these minerals further classified them into ferritic kaolinite, kaolinitic ferrite and ferrite. Si02 ranges between 23.71 and 56.41 % and AI203 between 22.01 and 36.54% in all the unferruginized portions of the Agbaja ironstone. But both components can jbe as low as 0.22% in the ferruginized equivalent. Si02 and AI203 contents are highest in the mud-ironstone varieties and lowest in the pack-ironstone varieties. Fe203 content increases from about 1.59% in the unferruginized to about 97.54% in the ferruginized equivalents, for all the petrographic varieties. The highest concentration of Fe203 is in the pisoidal pack-ironstone. P20S values range between 0% in the unferruginized to 5.10% in the ferruginized portions, and often increase with increasing Fe203 contents. MgO, CaO, MnO, Na20 and K20 are generally less than 1.0% in all the petrographic varieties. Element mobility during ferruginization indicates that iron enrichment is accompanied by a parallel depletion in Si02 and AI203, moderate to extreme reduction in CaO, MgO, MnO, Na20 and K20 and a significant gain in P205. This relationship confirms the supergene nature of the replacement process (desilicification, removal of alumina and iron enrichment process (ferruginization). Sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical studies provided evidences for a kaolinitic precursor for the ironstone deposit, contrary to the earlier proposed chamositic precursor. Also the presence of pseudomorphs of pyrite in nuclei and as incorporation into the concentric laminae of ooids are reliable indicators for a possible accretionary model for the formation of ooids and pisoids prior to ferruginization. Two ferruginization periods unrelated to lateritization were established; first won enrichment is supply due to oxidation of the initial pyrite/siderite and reconcentration of absorbed FeOOH in the lattice structure of kaolinite; second period is linked to the presence of bacteria (framboids) which is oxidised to form iron phosphate complex in the bog ore. The Fe and P were remobilised into the underlying pack-ironstone by descending meteoric water. 1 results 1
- Ajali, 1 results 1
- Akara, 1 results 1
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