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Non-destructive measurement of pomegranate fruit quality by Arendse, Ebrahiema
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- Since the last decade, universities in Nigeria have been experiencing a progressive decline in required inputs, like funds, materials and academic staff. In spite of this, there has been a continuing rise in the demand for their services, as shown by rising student enrolment figures (Nigeria, 1981). Confronted with such a problem, universities require more than ever before, formal decision models for planning the allocation of their scarce resources as efficiently as possible. This study applies goal programming for planning the academic resource allocation--a major input--of the University of Ibadan for 1982/83-l986/87. The goal programming model used modifies that of Schroeder (1974) by defining explicitly a student enrolment goal and introducing an academic staff level goal, which is designed to cater for academic staff advancement, at least according to the historical rate in each faculty. Furthermore, it redefines the academic rank distribution goal to incorporate the controversial 30%-40%-30% rank distribution ratios introduced in 1981. The study seeks principally to determine the distribution of academic staff by rank, in each faculty/college, over a five-year period and recommend the planning implications of such a distribution. In addition, it attempts to find the effects of dropping the controversial rank distribution goal on the model solution. The model was solved using the Revised Simplex Goal Programming Algorithm developed by Kang (l980) on an I.B.M. VM 370 computer in the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, U.S.A. The analysis of the model solution: suggests that from a purely theoretical point of view, it is desirable to use a rank distribution goal, for an optimization model of the type used in the study; otherwise, the model will select least cost allocation alternatives only and such a solution cannot be used effectively for planning. However, the distributional ratios to be used should not be rigid like the controversial ones of 1981, but should reflect the historical advancement rates in the respective faculties. The result of solving such a model should be, used for indicative planning only; -confirms the fear that the use of fixed rank distribution ratios might inhibit promotion rate; -indicates that the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry appears to be operating very much below the minimum level of academic staff requirement to meet the student enrolment goal of that faculty as of now; -suggests that by the beginning of 1986/87, the University of Ibadan will require a minimum of 1,133 academic staff of various ranks to meet its student enrolment goal. This is over 60% above the minimum requirement at the beginning of 1982/83; -recommends that the University should pursue a vigorous Staff Development Programme in which the training of the best of its graduates--through a type of Junior Fellowship Programme--will be the core, as one approach of augmenting the supply of academic staff normally obtained through recruitment; -corroborates the findings of Kang (1980) that CPU time of the Revised Simplex Goal Programming Algorithm, tends to increase with increasing negative deviational variables in the objective function. 1 results 1
- The teaching - learning of mathematics in the primary and secondary schools is often characterized by algorithmic computations to the detriment of concept learning and problem-solving. Invariably pupils often become disinterested in the tedious mathematical computational chores. This study was therefore, set up to investigate the effects of the use of electronic calculators on the outcomes of mathematics instruction. The learning Outcomes investigated were achievement in mathematics and attitudes toward mathematics and calculators. A paradigm of 3 x 3 factorial design of three ability levels: high, average and low by treatment groups: two experimental groups - unrestricted calculator and restricted calculator groups, and a control group - the non-calculator groups were used. There were two stages of the study: Pilot and Main. The pilot study was carried out in only one school and lasted six weeks while the main study took place in three comparable schools and had a duration also of six weeks. The schools were mixed in all cases. These schools were selected by multi-stage random sampling from ninety-five Secondary schools in Ibadan municipality at the time. For the main study, 126 subjects selected from three schools completed the study. The following null hypothesis were treated at α=.05. There will be no significant difference in the achievement scores of pupils who use (i) calculators in instruction and tests (the unrestricted groups) (ii) calculators in tests only (restricted groups) and (iii) no-calculators at all groups. The null hypothesis one was rejected because there was significant difference in the mean post-tests cores of those groups who used calculators in instruction and tests, calculators on tests only groups, and non-calculators groups (F(2,123) =16.234, p<.031) (2) There will be no significant difference in the achievement scores of pupils of low, average and high mental abilities. The null hypothesis two was rejected because there was significant difference in the mean post scores of those groups of low, average and high mentalability levels (F(2,123) = 14.776, p < .001) (3) There will be no significant difference in the attitudes towards mathematics and calculators of pupils who use calculators in instruction and tests, (ii) calculators in tests only, and (iii) non-calculators at all. The null hypothesis three was not rejected in entirety because there was no significant difference in the post attitude scores of the groups who use calculators in instruction and tests, calculators in tests only groups and non-calculator groups (F(2,123) = 1.217, p > .05). (4) There will be no significant difference in attitude to 'wards mathematics and calculators scores of those groups of high, average and low mental abilities. The null hypothesis four was not rejected entirely because there was no significant difference in the mean post-attitude scores of those groups of high, average and low mental ability levels (F(2,123) = 2.147, p > .05). (5) There will be no significant relationship between the attitudes of pupils towards mathematics and calculator-use in mathematics. The null hypothesis five was not rejected because there was no significant relationship between pupils' attitudes towards mathematics and calculator-use (F(1, 124) = 1 .57, p > .05). (6) There will be no significant relationship in pupils' mathematics achievement scores and post-attitude scores. The null hypothesis six was rejected because there was significant relationship in the post-test scores of the groups and the post-attitude scores (F(1,124) = 4.84, p < .05). Generally, the results showed that there were attitudinal changes between pre- and post-attitudes among all the groups, and that the calculator groups performed better than the non-calculator groups. The results have also shown that pupils within the same ability levels who use calculators will perform better than those who do not use calculators. Most studies on the use of calculators including this one have not found calculators to have debilitating effects rather it has computational advantage and promotes high achievement gains in mathematics. Teachers and pupils in secondary schools should be encouraged to utilize the advantage of calculators in algorithmic computations, so as to reduce those computational chores which often led to loss of interest in learners. However, further research could be done into the effectiveness and efficiency of calculators in concept formation, and problem-solving in secondary schools. In addition, research could be done to find out its effects at primary school level in Nigeria. 1 results 1
- With the recent trend in Information and Communication Technology, Storage and Transfer of data and Information are two vital issues which have Cost and Speed implication respectively. Large volume of data (text or image) is constantly being processed on the internet or on a Personal Computer, which has led to the Upgrade of current System. Hence, the need for compression, which reduces storage capacity and effect Speed of transfer. Data Compression is the act of reducing the size of a file by minimizing redundant data. In a text file, redundant data can be frequently occurring characters or common vowels. This research involves a comparative performance analysis of Huffman and Delta Compression schemes. A compression program is used to convert data from an easy-to-use format (ASCII) to one optimized for compactness. Huffman and Delta algorithms were implemented using C#. Result was also presented on the efficiency of the former based on three parameters: the number of bit, compression ratio and percentage of compression. It was discovered that Huffman algorithm for data compression performs better, since it can store / transmit the least number of bits. The average compression percentage for Huffman and Delta algorithm was found to be 39% and 45% respectively. Which simply implies that for a large text file, Huffman algorithm will achieve a 39% reduction in the file size and as such increase the capacity of the storage medium. 1 results 1