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TEAM TEACHING MODELS AND PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS’ LEARNING OUTCOMES IN MATHEMATICS IN OYO, NIGERIA
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Information sources and adoption of exclusive breastfeeding by rural mothers in Anambra state, South-eastern Nigeria
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PRE-WAR AND WAR-TIME CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES OF THE NIGERIAN CIVIL WAR
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PSYCHO-SOCIAL SUPPORTS AND FAMILY INTEGRATION AS DETERMINANTS OF PALLIATIVE CARE OF TERMINALLY-ILL PATIENTS IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HOSPITAL, IBADAN NIGERIA
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SOCIALCONTEXT OFVESICOVAGINAL FISTULA IN EBONYI AND PLATEAU STATES, NIGERIA
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EFFECT OF CRUDE OIL CONTAMINATED SAND ON THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
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A BIBLIO-TEXTUAL STUDY AND EDITION OF THE POEMS OF ANDREW MARVELL
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- A considerable fraction of sand in Niger Delta Area of Nigeria is contaminated with crude oil. The contaminated sand is largely utilised by local contractors for the production of concrete. However, there is need to establish its suitability in concreting. Previous works have centered on hardened uncontaminated concrete in crude oil environment but not on concrete made with Crude Oil Contaminated Sand (COCS). This research was designed to evaluate the effect of COCS on some engineering properties of fresh and hardened COCS concrete. Levels of crude oil contamination were determined using gravimetry method of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) test on nine sand samples randomly collected from some oil spill sites in Rivers State. Based on the test results, seven types of artificially contaminated sand were prepared with crude oil levels of 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0 and 25.0%. Workability (slump, compacting factor and flow), compressive strength, linear shrinkage, water absorption, and fire resistance were determined using concrete cubes, flexural strength using concrete beams, and surface resistivity using concrete cylinders in accordance with standard methods. Data obtained were analysed using ANOVA at p = 0.05. Eight models were developed using historic response surface methodology to predict the engineering properties of COCS concrete at water-cement ratio (w/c) of 0.5. Also, COCS concrete design mixes with contamination level and w/c ratio suitable for reinforced concrete were formulated. The TPH varied from 8.6 ± 0.2 to 14.1 ± 1.3%. The workability of concrete was improved by the presence of COCS. Slump, compacting factor and flow of the fresh concrete increased with increase in contamination from 30.0 to 200.0 mm, 0.5 to 0.9 and 15.0 to 85.0%, respectively. Compressive strength, flexural strength, linear shrinkage and water absorption of the hardened concrete reduced with levels of contamination from 31.5 ± 2.3 to 3.5 ± 0.0 N/mm2, 5.9 ± 0.8 to 0.1 ± 0.0 N/mm2, 0.1 ± 0.0 to 0.0 cm and 0.2 to 0.0 kg respectively. At a temperature of 200.0˚C, the percentage strength reduction increased from 18.4 to 94.8% for 2.5 to 25.0% contamination. Surface resistivity ranged from 25.1 ± 0.2 to 32.3 ± 0.2 kΩ-cm. The compressive and flexural strengths of COCS concrete were reduced by more than 50.0% at crude oil contamination level greater than 10.0%. The water absorption and surface resistivity values indicated that COCS concrete exhibited greater resistance to water and chloride penetration respectively, it shrank less when compared with the uncontaminated concrete, but exhibited poor fire resistance. Coefficient of determination, R2, of the models developed ranged from 0.823 to 0.999. Concrete design mix ratio of 1part of cement to1.6 part of COCS (10.0% crude oil) to 2.4 part of coarse aggregate was found to be appropriate at 0.45 w/c. This mix gave minimum compressive strength of 21.0 N/mm2 which is acceptable for reinforced concrete structures. Concretes produced with sand contaminated with less than ten percent crude oil were found suitable for use in low strength structures. Mix re-design using lower w/c improved the strength of the concrete. 1 results 1
- Adolescent drug use 1 results 1
- Alternative team teaching 1 results 1
- Biafra 1 results 1
- Cannabis abuse in universities 1 results 1
- Collaborative team teaching 1 results 1
- Compressive strength 1 results 1
- Concrete properties 1 results 1
- Conflict management strategies . 1 results 1
- Crude oil-contaminated sand 1 results 1
- Exclusive Breastfeeding 1 results 1
- Information Sources 1 results 1
- Joint-problem solving 1 results 1
- Marital Disruption 1 results 1
- Mathematics is taught at the primary schools to enable pupils apply its skills to solve daily problems. There is evidence that pupils have phobia for and poor performance in Mathematics. This has been attributed to teachers’ non-use of effective teaching methods such as the team teaching models. Previous studies have focused largely on individual teaching methods with little attention paid to the use of Collaborative Team Teaching (CTT) and Alternative Team Teaching (ATT) models in improving pupils’ learning outcomes in Mathematics. The study, therefore, was designed to investigate the effects of CTT and ATT on pupils’ Achievement in Mathematics (AM), Interest in Mathematics (IM) and Dexterity in Mathematics (DM). The moderation effects of Pupils’ Learning Styles (PLS) and Pupils’ Self-efficacy (PS) were also examined. Tuckman’s Team and Activity Learning theories served as the framework. Explanatory sequential mixed methods design (QUAN qual) with dominant quantitative component (QUAN-dominant) was adopted in the study, while the quantitative aspect used 3x3x3 factorial matrix. Both simple random and homogenous purposive sampling techniques were used. Simple random sampling technique was used to select three Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Oyo. From each LGA, three public primary schools were randomly selected and an intact class of primary V pupils was adopted from each school. The classes were assigned to CTT (143), ATT (129) and control (129) groups, while treatment lasted for five weeks. Homogenous purposive sampling method was used to select 72 pupils, 12 primary five Mathematics teachers and 6 head teachers. Instruments used were AM (r=0.78) and DM (r=0.82) tests; IM (α=0.87), PLS (α=0.84) and Mathematics Self-efficacy (α=0.82) scales and instructional guides. These were complemented with 12 focus group discussions with pupils and 18 in-depth interview sessions with six headmasters and 12 Primary V Mathematics teachers. Data were analysed using Analysis of covariance, Sidak post-hoc test at 0.05 level of significance, while qualitative data were content-analysed. There were significant main effects of treatment on AM (F(2,374)=62.85, partial ɳ2=0.25) and IM (F(2,374)=29.86, partial ɳ2=0.14) but none on DM. Pupils in the ATT (21.09) had the highest mean score in AM, followed by pupils in CTT (12.13) and control (9.84) groups. Pupils in ATT (42.82) had the highest mean score in IM, followed by pupils in control (28.15) and CTT (27.83). There was no significant main effect of PLS on AM, IM and DM. The PS had no significant main effect on AM, IM and DM. The two-way and three-way interaction effects were not significant. Collaborative and alternative team teaching models made learning easier; provided clear understanding of the content; enhanced close interaction between pupils and teachers; and engendered innovation and creativity. Challenges associated with collaborative and alternative team teaching models included inferiority or superiority complex and conflicts among teachers. Solutions to the challenges were planning, monitoring, supervision, communication and mutual understanding. Both collaborative and alternative team teaching models improved pupils’ achievement in mathematics, while only alternative team teaching model aroused pupils’ interest in Mathematics. Primary school teachers should employ these models in teaching mathematics. 1 results 1
- Mathematics learning outcomes 1 results 1
- Motivational enhancement therapy 1 results 1
- Nigeria experienced a civil war between 1967 and 1970 which claimed millions of lives on the Federal and Biafran sides. Studies exist on trend, execution and termination of the war but the pre-war and war time conflict management strategies have not been fully explored. This study therefore, examined the strengths and weaknesses of the various management strategies adopted by the conflict parties prior to the outbreak of hostilities as well as those employed during the war with a few to identifying lessons derived from the management strategies. The study adopted a qualitative approach, utilising a combination of descriptive and case study research designs. Data were obtained from primary and secondary sources. A total of six in-dept interviews were conducted with surviving war-time key actors and stakeholders from the Federal and Biafran sides. Two Focus Group Discussions were held in Enugu and Kaduna with war veterans. Archival materials were also consulted. Secondary data were collected from war-time memoirs, minutes of the Aburi accord, decrees, edicts and newspaper publications. A combination of content and descriptive mode of data analysis was employed. A mix of joint-problem solving and third party intervention strategies such as conciliation and mediation were adopted before the war commenced. The failure of these strategies to transform the conflict accounted for the optional strategy of confrontation and strategic withdrawal as the last resort. The leaders and parties to the conflict did not adopt compromise, cooperation and avoidance, but opted for competition as an alternative to joint problem solving. The inability to strike a balance between the cooperative and competitive orientation by the Biafran leader was fundamental to the failure of local and international concerted efforts to transform the conflict peacefully. This attitude made the 30 months war not only inevitable, but also unduly prolonged with devastating impact on both human and material resources. These were further complicated by the disposition of some of the mediators which created distrust between the disputing parties. The lessons from the conflict management strategies of the war are that the parties to the conflict were invariable not very experienced in understanding that the cost of war is enormous and more devastating than peace, which creates room for accommodation and joint problem solving. Also, strategic scenario analysis should include best, middle and worst case scenarios before making violent confrontation an option in any conflict. The pre-war and war-time conflict management strategies of the Nigerian civil war failed to achieve the desired result mainly because of the attitude and disposition of parties to the conflict. Leaders, therefore, need to be skilled in conflict management while dealing with intractable conflicts, so as to prevent its escalation. Efforts at peaceful management of conflicts should include compromise, accommodation, open-mindedness, trust and respect for human dignity. 1 results 1
- Nigerian civil war 1 results 1
- Nigerian private universities 1 results 1
- Nursing Mothers 1 results 1
- Suboptimal Breastfeeding 1 results 1
- The abuse of cannabis among undergraduates comes with adverse health and psychosocial consequences on the adolescents and the society at large. Previous studies have focused largely on its predisposing factors and the general treatment of its associated depression and disorder symptoms with little emphasis on how to encourage abstinence among undergraduates. This study, therefore, was designed to determine the effect of Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) as well as the moderating effects of gender and age at on-set on cannabis use among undergraduates in private universities in southwestern Nigeria. The study was anchored to the Domain Model and Social Cognitive Theory, while the mixed method of survey and pretest-posttest, control group quasi experimental design of 2x2x2 factorial matrix was adopted. Two private universities (Babcock and Adeleke) in the Southwest, Nigeria that conduct drug screening for students were purposively selected and randomly assigned to MET (Babcock- 25) and control (Adeleke-15). Treatment lasted for eight weeks. Clinical drug screening kit, Adolescent Cannabis Problem Questionnaire (CPQ-A) (r=0.73), MET guides and non-participant observation (for four weeks) were used for data collection. Data were analysed using, descriptive statistics, Analysis of covariance and content analysis at 0.05 level of significance. Participants were mostly male (75.0%) with mean age of 20± 2.8 years. Participants’ mean age at on-set for cannabis use was 17± 2.7 years. Treatment had a significant main effect on cannabis use among undergraduates (F(1; 39)=23.45, partial η2=0.45). Participants in MET had a higher post-treatment mean score (63.123) than those in control group (58.41). Gender had a significant main effect on cannabis use (F(1; 38)=10.790, partial η2=0.27), while age at on-set had none. Male participants had a higher post-treatment mean score (62.73) than female (59.74). The two-way and three-way interaction effects were not significant. Some of the participants made informed decisions of quitting cannabis use completely and others hinged their temporal abstinence on the fear of the consequences of being reprimanded. Motivational enhancement therapy was effective in bolstering internally motivated cannabis abstinence among undergraduates in selected private universities in southwestern, Nigeria. The intervention should, therefore, be incorporated as part of the universities’ drug rehabilitation policy to encourage drug abstinence among students who are challenged with drug use, particularly the female students regardless of their age at commencement of cannabis usage. 1 results 1
- The introduction of recent bibliographic techniques into editorial practice raised hopes of finally finding objective solutions to many seemingly insoluble textual problems. Yet as the eminent bibliographer Fredson Bowers points out (Bibliography and Textual Criticism, 1964) such hopes - either because the techniques are still not completely developed, or because of their inherent limitations - have not been fully realised. Walter Greg, another pioneer in the field, had earlier warned that the new techniques could not be expected to carry the textual critic the whole way to perfection (Bibliography - An Apologia, 1932). The present thesis represents an attempt to apply the techniques to, and to overcome their limitation in, the editing of Marvell’s poems - with what success the sequel will show. Chapter 1 considers the circumstances surrounding the first printing of most of Marvell’s poems in 1681 at the instance or with the connivance of that Mary Palmer who falsely claimed to be his widow. It is shown that certain items intended for inclusion in the Miscellaneous Poems were cancelled because o£ the political upheavals of the year; that these cancelled poems deal with Cromwell and would have been likely to mind the public at the Civil war and the Regicide at a time when repetition of both catastrophes had been narrowly averted; that because the cancellations, the 1681 edition actually survives in three states. It is further suggested that the volume was printed by ‘casting-ort’ the copy, that, during printing, other materials not supplied by Mary Palmer were added, and that none of those directly concerned with the printing can be expected to have exercised salutary control over the process of publication. Chapter 2 discussed the various theories of textual criticism evolving from editorial practices in the fields of Biblical, Classical, and Modern Bibliographical scholarship. The objective common to all three is the determining of the text closest to the author's original by tracing the descent of surving copies through the use of various methods: by Dom Quentin's theory of intermediaries, by Paul Maas’s system of stemmatics, by Walter Greg’s calculus of variants and the like. For Marvell, with only one edition to be followed, the common problem of preferring one of a series of early editions does not exist; the real difficulty is to ascertain the poet’s own intention whenever there is a cause for doubt, always bearing in mind the not-too-favourable ambiences of poems either published posthumously or circulated anonymously. In addition to the problem of establishing Marvell’s intention in authenticated poems attributed to his authorship. The conclusion is that because of the peculiarities of transmission and survival, an edition of Marvell’s poem must necessarily be based not upon one but upon several methods of approach. Chapter 3 examines the background and technique of the ‘copy-text|’, the use of which is made obligatory by the repeated successes of the bibliographic school of textual critics in its application to earlier English works. Where only one copy of questionable superiority can be singled out, no one need quarrel with this technique; difficulties begin to arise when there are several copies of comparable authority available. To insist upon a ‘copy-text’ even in this case is justified by what Greg calls the ‘accidentals’ of a text (i.e. the spelling modes, the punctuation system, etc.). It is even more justified when it ensures that a modern edition retains significant ‘accidentals’, whatever they be, to the point where all linguistic traits of the author’s period, all significant indications of linguistics and philological peculiarities, whether temporal, or social, or private, should be transmitted through the text. In case of Marvell, the setting-up of a ‘copy-text’ without thorough exploration of ‘accidentals’ is scarcely feasible. That completed, the final question is the degree to which the results of the exploration, the resolutions of the difficulties it reveals, must be followed. Chapter 4 considers many of the peculiarities of the English language in Marvell’s time, particularly those (consequent upon the tangle of vowel-shifts known as the Great Sound Shift) which have immediate effectiveness for the ‘copy-text’ technique. Thanks to research by philologist-linguists like Luich, Sweet, Wyld, Whitehall, Dobson, Nist, Trager- Smith, et al., the overall pattern of Early Modern English, particularly that of the sonantal system, emerges with some clarity. Here, the results are schematized on a phonetic basis, and the confusions that might confront an editor, especially those reflected on spellings and rhymes, are broadly charted. From this exercise emerge several linguistic guide-lines to be followed, or at least considered in editing Marvell. Chapter 5 attempts to demonstrate how the study of para-linguistic factors of metre, rhythm, rhyme, and repetitive sound-patterning facilitates the editorial task, especially for rhymed verse. Here the metre and rhythms of Marvell’s verse are analysed in some detail and from several point of view. The most obvious prosodic feature is the maintenance of a strict syllable count- so strict that any apparent violation can be attributed to an error of transmission. In the octosyllabic couplet, his favourite form, Marvell not only makes good use of traditionally accepted variations, modulations, and metrical equivalences but is also able to absorb into his verse the principles of the ‘Classical plain style,’ the so-called sermo. In him, this is not merely a matter of achieving post-Elizabethan elegance and colloquial ease of diction and syntax; it also, and more importantly, involves the natural ordering of syntactic units in such a fashion that the pauses bordering segmenting them can be varied as freely and unaffectedly in verse as they normally are in prose and speech- all these within the strict metrical framework of syllable count. As a result, there is remarkable free positioning of the ‘caesuras’, which fall at various places in a line after odd- as well as even-numbered syllables and not- as advocated by certain Elizabethan posts and authorities- in a fixed medial position. Following the method of Ants Oras (Pause Patterns in Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama, 1960), an attempt is made to graph pause distribution profiles for the two famous poems “To His Coy Mistress” and “AN Horatian Ode” on the basis of both printed punctuation and syntactic analysis of actual readings. Chapter 6 brings forward the argument that capitalization is a device employed to indicate emphasis- particularly in stress bearing words of a poem- and is therefore an important ‘accidental’ to be reckoned with in editing verse. This fact is revealed in the analysis of Marvell’s On a Drop of Dew, and is confirmed by the practice of contemporary poets, by printing practice, and by statements of primers at tile time. What emerges is that this poem as printed in 1681 (and probably some other poem), seems to have fewer printed capitalized words than appeared in the original manuscript. In editing the poems, while it may not be possible to restore all the capitalization that Marvell intended, it is at least possi1ble to detect words wrongly capitalized, if they destroy what seems to be the intended rhythm and sense. Chapters 7 to 9 deal with the problem of attributing to Marvell some poems written anonymously. In Chapter 7 the various methods of determining the authorship of disputed works are reviewed. These fall into two main groups: internal evidence of style and ideas, the external evidence of direct statements by the author or his contemporaries, or statements from letters, diaries, and so forth. For Marvell external evidence is found to be rather weak – sometimes a contradictory. Internal stylistic evidence is relatively unhelpful mainly because the characteristic styles of the lyrical poems are different from those of the political poems. On the other hand, evidence from ideas seems important because of the feasible comparison between the views expressed in his prose written and those in the political poems. For this purpose, Marvell’s activities and attitudes as a politician are examined in Chapter 8. The picture given is that of a loyal citizen with a deep reverence for law and the constitution and a strong belief in the providential guidance of affairs of state. In a mixed constitution such as that of England at the time when the political poems were written, Marvell was determined to support equally the prerogatives of the King and the privileges of Parliament; and rejected any section – from parliament or King - that might upset the balance. -Finally, in Chapter 9, the political poems attributed to Marvell are re-examined individually. After this consideration, only four of the sixteen poems printed by Margoliouth - The Last Instructions, The Loyall Scott, Bludius et Corona and Scaevola Scoto-Brittannus –are found to be fully acceptable as Marvell’s. Four others – Clarendon’s House-Warming, Britannia and Rawleigh, and the Second and Third Advices are probably his. All the others, it appears, have been wrongly ascribed to him. 1 results 1
- The rate of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) remains very low in Nigeria, especially in rural areas, in spite of the spread of information on exclusive breastfeeding. Scholars have identified that adequate information about breastfeeding from information sources can enhance knowledge, attitude and practice among nursing mothers in rural communities. Although previous studies have focused mostly on adoption of EBF, no known studies have been carried out in relation to information sources and EBF among women in Anambra State, South-Eastern Nigeria. This study therefore investigated the influence of information sources on adoption of EBF among nursing mothers in Anambra State, Nigeria. A mixed mode cross sectional survey design was employed in carrying out the study among 211 respondents and 24 discussants comprising women with infants not more than 6 months and residing in the study communities. The results show that health officials (45.5%), radio (32.7%) and television (6.2%) were the main information sources through which respondents were exposed to EBF information. The findings also revealed that EBF practice was very low (25.6%) amdng the mothers and that health officials, faith- based organization (church) and friends were the sources of information that had significant influence on the mothers' adoption of EBF. Information from the FGD also revealed that certain factors act as barriers to the adoption of exclusive breastfeeding among the respondents. They include, among others, cultural beliefs and practices, the belief that breast milk is not enough, financial status, influence of mother, mothers-in-law and other family members and lack of knowledge about the harmful effects of suboptimal breastfeeding. The study established that, although health officials, radio and television are the main sources through which the nursing mothers receive EBF information, EBF information from community-based information sources are more effective in influencing rural nursing mothers to adopt EBF than the mass media. Also, certain factors hinder the adoption of exclusive breastfeeding. Hence, relevant organizations/agencies should utilize community-based information sources more than the mass media to increase the adoption of exclusive breastfeeding. Importantly, efforts should be made at addressing the barriers to the adoption of exclusive breastfeeding. 1 results 1
- Treatment Pathways 1 results 1
- Vesicovaginal Fistula (VVF), an uncontrollable leakage of urine through the vaginal, is a global public health problem associated with maternal death. In Nigeria, it is a common gynaecological issue associated with marital disruption and social exclusion. Studies on VVF have mainly focused on its biomedical aspects with scant attention given to the social factors associated with the condition, especially in and stateshere there are availabiy of well-established VVF Centres for patient referrals. This studytherefore, examined the determinants, community perception, prevalence, treatment pathways and factors influencing care and support for VVF in Ebonyi and Plateau states. The Ecological Model of Health provided the framework. A mixed-methods approach comprising a comparative cross-sectional survey design was adopted. A sample of 695 respondents: Ebonyi (324) and Plateau (371) states were drawn using Cochran’s (1977) formula. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to administer semi-structured questionnaire to community members to elicit information on community perception and socio-economic consequences of VVF. Hospital Records (Ebonyi (136) and Plateau (381) states) were used to generate information on the prevalence and determinants of VVF. Key Informant interviews were conducted with four gynaecologists and four nurses. In-depth interviews (20 from each state) and case studies (4 from each state) were conducted with VVF patients to elicit information on treatment pathways, and care and support. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square and Logistic Regression at p≤0.05, while the qualitative data were content-analysed. The respondents’ age was 34.22±10.27 years; 78.6% were married and 40.7% attained secondary education. The major determinants of VVF included obstetrics complications (86.1%), congenital (1.0%) and prolonged labour (0.6%). Eight per cent had negative perception about VVF patients, but those in Plateau were six times (OR=5.56) more likely to hold negative perceptions of VVF patients than those in Ebonyi State. Prevalence of VVF was 12.2 (Ebonyi) and 23.7 (Plateau) per 100,000 women; and these were significantly related to age at child delivery (x2=20.19), parity (x2=27.02) and education (x2=102.34). The common treatment pathways for VVF among patients started from simple home remedies and herbs with few visiting modern healthcare facilities before referrals to VVF Centres. Ignorance and the belief that the traditional therapy was more effective were factors that influenced VVF patients’ decision to utilise home remedies and herbs at the beginning of the condition. Perceived severity of the condition and referrals made by the healthcare providers influenced the choice of subsequent treatment options. Delay to visit modern healthcare facilities aggravated the VVF condition. In Ebonyi State, care and support for VVF patients was influenced by marital status and level of spousal affection, while the number of times VVF repairs were done as well as relatives’ decisions influenced care and support for VVF patients in Plateau State. The burden of odour from VVF patients and the cost of treatment resulted in stigmatisation, divorce, job loss and economic disempowerment among these patients. Social and demographic factors influenced the determinants and treatment pathways for Vesicovaginal Fistula in Ebonyi and Plateau states, Nigeria. There is a need for government and healthcare providers to further sensitise women about the best practices leading to the prevention of thecondition. therefore, examined the determinants, community perception, prevalence, treatment pathways and factors influencing care and support for VVF in Ebonyi and Plateau states. 1 results 1
- Vesicovaginal Fistula Patients 1 results 1
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