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Suboptimal entravirine activity is common during failure of nevirapine based combination antiretroviral therapy in a cohort infected with non-B subtype HIV-1
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- "OBJECTIVE:The primary objective of this study was to estimate etravirine activity in a cohort of patients infected with non-B subtype HIV-1 and failing nevirapine-based therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Genotypic resistance testing was performed if viral load was >OR= 1,000 copies/ml after receiving at least six months of therapy. Suboptimal response to etravirine was predicted by a score >OR= 2.5 on the Tibotec weighting schema, >OR= 4 in the Monogram schema, or classification as high to low-level resistant by a modification of the Stanford HIVdb algorithm (Version 5.1.2). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine the risk factors for suboptimal etravirine activity. RESULTS:The patients (n=91) were receiving nevirapine and lamivudine plus stavudine (57.1%) or zidovudine (42.9%). Median duration of nevirapine exposure was 53 weeks (IQR 46-101 weeks). The most common etravirine resistance associated mutations were Y181C (42.9%), G190A (25.3%), H221Y (19.8%), A98G (18.7%), K101E (16.5%), and V90I (12.1%). Suboptimal etravirine activity was predicted in 47.3 to 56.0%. There were disparities in mutations listed in Tibotec versus Monogram Schemas. Predicted suboptimal activity was not associated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) used, gender, pretreatment or current CD4 cell count or viral load, subtype or NRTI mutations. CONCLUSION:Etravirine has compromised activity in approximately half of the patients failing nevirapine-based first-line treatment in this cohort, which supports guidelines that caution against using it with NRTIs alone in such patients. " 1 results 1
- A study was carried out to determine the optima level of percent additive concentration for wood cement board production from mixed tropical hardwoods species. Eight hardwood species used for the study are: Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum (Obeche). Terminalia ivorensis A. Chev. (Idigbo) Terminalia superb Eng. & Diets (Afara) Bruchystegia nigerica Hoyle & A.P.D. Jones (Okwen) Khaya ivorensis A. Chev. (Lagos Mahogany) Nesogordonia papaverifeni A. Chev. (Dantu-Oro) Tectona grandis Linn. F. (Teak) Gmelina arborea Roxb. (Gmelina). The experimental boards were made at five chemical additive content levels of 1.00%: 1.50%: 2.00%: 2.50% and 3.00% based on dry weight of cement in board, and three cement/wood mixing ratio levels of 2.25: 1.0. 2.50: 1.0 and 2.75:1.0. The experimental design is a two-factor factorial experiment, a combination of which manifested in 15 treatment combinations. The mean moduli of Rupture and Elasticity (MOR and MOE) obtained for each of the 15 treatment combinations in this experiment ranged from 3.28 to 10.46 N/mm2 while MOE values ranged from 2200 to 4010 N/mm2. The mean percent water absorption (WA) values ranged from 24.66 to 46.37% while the thickness swelling (TS) ranged from 0.98 to 3.62%. Statistical analysis showed chemical additive concentration and wood/cement ratio were found significant at 1% level of probability on the flexural and moisture properties. Stronger, stiffer and more dimensionally stable boards were produced at increasing levels of these two production variables. Also percent chemical additive content in board of 3.0% (Based on dry cement weight in board) performed best. 1 results 1
- A total of 100 sows involving seven pure and crossbred genotypes of the Large White, Landrace, indigenous pigs of Nigeria and the Duroc x Large White, Duroc x Landrace and reciprocal crosses between the Large White and Landrace were used. The study embraced the milk production, milk composition and the performances of both sows and their litters. Results obtained indicate that milk production was quite low with the average eight week production of 73.99 kg of the indigenous sow to 153.21 kg of the Duroc x Large White crosses. However, percentage milk constituents were quite high with values of 19-23%, total solids, 7 - 9.2% fat, 6.9 - 7.5% protein, 4.6 - 6.0% Lactose, 0.7 - 0.9%, 0.19 - 0.35% Calcium and 0.11 - 0.20% phosphorus in both colostrum and milk. The yield of milk nutrients were similarly high, namely protein 92-175, fat 119—228 and total solids 291—576 g/sow/day and a corresponding yield of protein of 306 - 334, and fat 310 - g/kg dry matter. Litter size and litter weights at birth were quite comparable with what obtains under temperate conditions yet litter weaning weights were suboptimal in the range of 4.4 - 10 kg per piglet at eight weeks. Contrarily efficiency of milk utilization was very high and in the neighbourhood of 4 - 6 kg milk per kilogram weight gained for the pure bleeds and 2 -3 kg for the crossbreeds. Milk yield per metabolic body size was insignificantly different with values of 3.7 - 4.3 kg recorded. A high phenotypic correlation between milk and body weight at farrow could be a measure of increasing milk production of the smaller bodied indigenous pigs through selection for body size While the crossbred sows outweighed the pure breeds in their reproductive performance, all breeds suffered from seasonal fluctuation which depresses the milk production and reproductive efficiency. It can be stated that milk production of the sow is not the only limiting factor to higher productivity under the tropical condition. It is a combination of environment and management procedures in that seasonal depression has been implicated in most of the traits studied. Another major contributing factor has been the sub-clinical level of hygiene under which the animals exist. Reports have indicated that crossbreds are less susceptible to performance problems when they are bred and selected in the environments in which they are expected to perform as borne out by the results of this study. Crossbreeding might be a solution to most of these breeding problems especially by incorporating favourable genes of adaptation, disease resistance and some yet to be discovered traits in our indigenous pigs with those of the exotic purebred to develop a new breed of pig in the tropics for the tropics. The results were therefore discussed in the light of superiority of crossbreeding and adaptation of the indigenous sow. 1 results 1
- Africa 1 results 1
- African catfish 1 results 1
- An experiment was conducted to assess the Growth Response (GR) and Nutrient Utilization (NU) of differently processed fermented sesame seed (Sesame inducum) in the diets of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Three categories of Sesame Seed (SS) (undehulled, dehulled and prepressed) were fermented at room temperature. Their phytic acid and tannin content were determined pre and post fermentation. Four diets were then formulated at 40%, Crude Protein level; Diet 1 (control with 0% SS inclusion); Deit 2, Undehulled Fermented SS 25% inclusion); Diet 3 Dehulled fermented SS 25% (dehulled fermented SS 25%inclusion), and diet 4 (prepressed fermented SS 25% inclusion). These diets were fed to the fish at 3% of their body weight, two times daily for 8 weeks. Each treatment had three (3) replicates, with 10 individual fish average initial weight of 1.62g. At the end of the experiment, fish carcass (whole body) were analysed for proximate composition. Result showed that fish fed Diet 1 which is the control had the best growth performance and nutrient utilization values while fish fed Diet 2 had the poorest values for these parameters. Among the differently fermented sesame seed diets, Diet 4 had the best Growth Performance (GP) and Nutrient Utilization (NU) indicies. The Specific Growth rate and the Food Conversion Ratio of Diet 1 were better and significantly (p<0.05) different from the fermented sesame seed based diets while the protein intake of all the diets were not significantly (P<0.05) different from each other. The dehulled and prepressed based diets showed appreciable increase in GP and NU values when compared to other sesame seed fermented based diets. This observation was adjudged to be due to the reduction of tannin content from 0.066% (initial) to 0.056, 0.035 and 0.024% respectively and for phytic acid from 0.248% (initial) to 0.236, 0.216 and 0.187% in undehulled, dehulled and Prepressed Sesame Seed (PSS) based diets respectively. Fermented (PSS) based diet performed significantly (P<0.05) best when compared with other fermented sesame seed based diets, due to the fact that prepressing of the seed further reduced the concentration of the antinutritional factor. 1 results 1
- An experiment was undertaken to determine the effect of boiling of cocoa pod husk and levels of inclusion that will positively affect the growth rate of Clarias gariepinus, a major species of importance cultured in Nigeria. Cocoa Pod husk is a by-product of cocoa industry often discarded as Waste. This study was to assess the effect of incorporation of boiled Cocoa pod husk into the diets of C .gariepinus juveniles. One hundred and thirty juvenile fish (3.35 g initial mean weight) were randomly allocated to five treatments each having two replicates. Two batches of cocoa pod husk were treated differently: the first batch was beaten to smaller pieces, sun dried and ground to fine powder, while the second batch was boiled for 30 minutes in water at100oC, sun dried and ground to fine powder. These were done in an attempt to reduce the anti nutritional factor, theobromine an alkaloid present in the CPH. The experimental diets consisted of 0% cocoa pod husk (control), 10% CPH (the best diet in a previous experiment), other treatment consisted of boiled cocoa pod husk at 10,15 and 20% levels of inclusion representing treatments 1 to 5 respectively. The experimental diets were formulated to contain 36% crude protein and fish were fed at 4% of their body weight thrice dally for 8 weeks. At the end of the trials the experimental diets were analyzed for their proximate composition, growth performance and nutrient utilization. From the result of the experiment, 10% of boiled CPH showed the best results (p<0.05) in terms of weight gain, protein efficiency ratio and feed intake of C. gariepinus juveniles. Therefore 10% inclusion of CPH was recommended for inclusion in diets of C. gariepinus juveniles. However further research should be carried out on other processing conditions of cocoa pod husk that will allow higher inclusion and efficient utilization by fish. 1 results 1
- Bioavailability 1 results 1
- Cancer 1 results 1
- Carcass 1 results 1
- Categorical data| 1 results 1
- Clarias gariepinus 1 results 1
- Clarias gariepinus feed 1 results 1
- Cocoa Pod Husk 1 results 1
- Compost use is one of the most important factors, which contribute to increased productivity and sustainable agriculture. The study was carried out at the screen house of the Institute of Agriculture Research and Training (I.A.R&T), Ibadan to evaluate the effects of different levels of compost fertilizer on the growth and yield on three varieties of pigeon pea; A-NSWCC 24, B-NSWCC 29A and C-NSWCC 34D). Compost (Poultry manure + Mexican Sun flower) was applied in 0 tha-1, 5 tha-1, 10 tha-1and 15 tha-1. Growth data were collected based on days to flowering, 50% and 100 % flowering, plant height, stem height, number of leaves and stem diameter. Yield parameters were collected based on pod length, number of seeds per pod, pod weight, grain yield kg ha-1, 100 seed mass (g) were sampled when the pods were matured. All data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance using Genstat statistical package (2013) and treatment means separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at P=0.05. The result obtained showed the highest mean number of leaves was obtained in the compost 5 tha-1on variety A (272.33) leaves. From the result considering grain weight, seed weight harvested/plot, 100 seed weight, number of seeds/pod and days to flowering the sorting order results indicated that the best mean performance was obtained in 15 tha-1 compost application on variety A. The application of the compost has significant effect on the three varieties and therefore can be recommended for cultivation of pigeon pea. 1 results 1
- Concave-cut baffle 1 results 1
- Convex-cut baffle 1 results 1
- Credibility 1 results 1
- Crop 1 results 1
- Curriculum implementation 1 results 1
- Decision making 1 results 1
- Dose optimization 1 results 1
- Dry Matter Accumulation 1 results 1
- Drying methods 1 results 1
- Dyslipidemia 1 results 1
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