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The structure of Ibìbìò determiner phrase
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A Morphosyntactic Investigation of Functional Categories in English and Ịzọn
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Land Utilisation and Welfare of Farmers in Sabbatical Legislation of the Book of Leviticus
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- "The Determiner Phrase (DP) is a syntactic category headed by a determiner. Its internal structure has attracted scholarly attention across languages. Although, various aspects of Ìbìbìò grammar have been examined by scholarly works, the syntax of the Determiner Phrase has not been given much attention. This study, therefore, investigates the Determiner Phrase in Ìbìbìò with a view to examining its internal constituents and hierarchical structure. Primary data for the study were elicited through interviews with the aid of the Ibadan 400-word list and syntactic checklist while secondary data were collected from existing literature. Data were analysed qualitatively based on the DP hypothesis and Chomsky’s Minimalist Program. The study identified ten determiner elements in the language. They are numbers, particularisers, as well as cardinal and ordinal numerals. Some are marked for specificity or definiteness (e.g. étó ádò) while others are marked for indefiniteness (étó kèèd). The difference between the former and the latter is definiteness and indefiniteness triggered by the determiners kèèd ‘a’ and ádò ‘the’ respectively. Other determiners identified in the language are: articles, demonstratives, quantifiers, genitives, pronouns, and bare nouns. Based on the distribution of the internal constituents of the DP, the hierarchical structure of the Ìbìbìò Determiner phrase is- DP>PartP>NumP>PossP>Num’rP>DemP>NP. The study concludes that DPs take NP complements in Ìbìbìò. 1 results 1
- Ancient Israel 1 results 1
- Book of Leviticus 1 results 1
- DP-Hypothesis 1 results 1
- English/Ịzọn 1 results 1
- Existing studies on Ịzọn language have concentrated on unilingual application of traditional grammar in constructing well-formed sentences, thereby neglecting critical descriptions of the ways morphosyntactic features ensure the derivation of convergent structures. A contrastive examination of English, (a standard for universal grammar analysis) and Ịzọn languages can properly characterise these syntactically significant features. This work, therefore, investigates the morphosyntactic features in English and Ịzọn languages with a view to identifying and describing the morphosyntactic features that make the structures of the two languages converge. The study adopts Chomsky‟s Minimalist Program, which emphasises checking of morphological features. The research is based on Standard English and the Kolokuma dialect of Ịzọn, used in education and the media, and is mutually intelligible with other dialects. Data on English were collected from various books on English grammar and those on Ịzọn were collected from native speakers in Kolokuma and Opokuma clans in Bayelsa State where the dialect is spoken, and complemented with the researcher‟s native-speaker‟s introspective data. Since the study is competence-based, completely grammatical structures from each language were used for the analysis. Clausal and phrasal syntactic structures of English and Ịzọn languages were comparatively analysed based on the feature-checking processes of the Minimalist Program to identify shared and idiosyncratic features. Universal features common to both languages include phrases, clauses, syntactic heads and wh-fronting. However, English and Ịzọn opt for different head parameters. Heads in English precede their complements while heads in Ịzọn follow their complements. Although Nominative Case licensing occurs in Spec-head structures in both languages, Accusative Case is licensed in head–complement relationship in English and complement-head structure in Ịzọn. Both English and Ịzọn permit wh-fronting at Spec-CP, but Ịzọn wh-expressions obligatorily co-occur with focus particles kị or kọ, which are functional elements that licence wh-elements. Whereas English constructs relative clauses with overt and interpretable complementizers such as „who‟, which precede their complement clauses, Ịzọn constructs relative clauses without overt interpretable wh-expressions except an overt amẹẹ (that) which follows its complement clause. Agreement and Case features are intrinsic in determiners and pronouns in both languages. Whereas referential determiners in English have referential features only, some referential determiners in Ịzọn also have gender agreement features. English verbs have interpretable number agreement feature, but Ịzọn verbs lack this: the verb in Ịzọn does not inflect for number and is uninterpretable. Therefore, movement of the verb for checking of +N feature is overt and occurs before Spell-Out in English, but it is covert and occurs after Spell-Out in Ịzọn. Nevertheless, Ịzọn permits the projection of multiple XPs within a single DP in which two determiners participate in DP-internal Agreement relations with the noun. Phrasal and clausal structures, heads, Case and wh-movement are common features of English and Ịzọn languages. The interpretability of morphosyntactic features, head directionality and nature of wh-movement licensing constitute peripheral features to the two languages. This study provides a systemic characterization of the interface of functional morphological features and syntactic derivations in English and Ịzọn languages. 1 results 1
- Feature-checking 1 results 1
- Functional categories 1 results 1
- Land use 1 results 1
- Noun Phrase 1 results 1
- Parametric variation 1 results 1
- Sabbatical legislation 1 results 1
- Sabbatical legislation in the book of Leviticus is a set of land laws capable of promoting agricultural productivity and the welfare of the people. Previous studies on Sabbatical legislation in Leviticus have focused on land acquisition and distribution, neglecting various mistranslations that led to their misinterpretations. This anomaly changed the understanding of the concept of rest, which originally applied more to the human agentive utilisation and welfare agenda in ancient Israel. This study, therefore, re-interpreted Sabbatical legislation with particular reference to land utilisation and rest, agricultural productivity, and welfare of farmers, with a view to restoring a holistic and culture-bound translation. This study adopted Christopher Wright‟s Biblical Ecological theory, which holds that there is a link between proper land utilisation and the welfare of the people. The historical-critical method represented by Graf Wellhausen‟s Documentary hypothesis was employed to locate the progression, composition and transformation of Leviticus 25:1-7, the purposively selected text. Three documents from Food and Agriculture Organisation and extra-canonical texts, including the Mishna, Talmud and Nitzana scrolls, were consulted. Data were subjected to exegetical and descriptive analyses. Sabbatical legislation in ancient Israel has three main components, namely, land use, agricultural productivity and farmers‟ welfare. For the limited arable land mass, suffering from an unpredictable pattern of rainfall and drought and negatively affecting farmers‟ welfare, it was legislated in Leviticus 25:2 that land should rest (shabbat ‘eretz). Leviticus 25:3-4 also commanded that when land is left fallow every seventh year of cultivation and harvesting, it would be replenished and agricultural produce would be boosted. Leviticus 25:5-7 instructed abstentions from work as a result of rest for land which has positive ripple effects on man‟s physical and mental health thereby enhancing the holistic well-being of farmers. However, there was a certain omission in the earlier version by an exilic redactor who removed “in” from the phrase “you, (man) in the land shall observe (shabat) rest (Shabbat)”. This error has obscured the original motive of the Sabbatical legislation by modifying verses 2, 4 and 5, which make “the land” ‘eretz the subject of rest instead of an indirect object “in the land” be‘eretz–, thereby changing a social welfare measure for farmers to providing shabbathon ‘eretz shabat rest for the land. This modification might have been overlooked by earlier redactors who did not envisage the consequences on an agrarian community. Land was the focus of the prevailing interpretation while man became a secondary agent, which has contributed to the poor understanding of the legislation. When man replaces land as the subject of a new interpretation, the legislation will be given a better meaning and powerful people with assets and position may be restrained from exploiting and oppressing landless farmers. The importance of the new interpretation for land utilisation, agricultural productivity and farmers‟ welfare shows man, not land, as the main focus and interpreter. The reinterpretation of Sabbatical legislation in ancient Israel showed man as the primary focus of the concept. Future biblical revisions should restore the preferred translation of the text 1 results 1
- Universal features 1 results 1
- Welfare of farmers 1 results 1
- Ìbìbìò Determiner Phrase 1 results 1
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