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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- Epidemiology 2 results 2
- "Study Objectives: To determine the incidence and risk factors for insomnia among an under-studied population of elderly persons in Sub-Saharan Africa. Setting: Eight contiguous predominantly Yoruba-speaking states in south-west and north-central Nigeria representing about 22% of the national population. Participants: 1307 elderly community-dwelling persons, aged 65 years and older. Measurements: Face-to-face assessment with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, version 3 (CIDI.3) in 2007 and 12 months later in 2008 to determine the occurrence and risk factors of incident and persistent insomnia, defined as syndrome or symptom. Results: The incidence of insomnia syndrome in 2008 at 12 months was 7.97% (95% CI, 6.60–9.60), while that of insomnia symptom was 25.68% (22.68-28.66). Females were at elevated risk for both syndrome and symptom. Among persons with insomnia symptom or syndrome at the base line, 47.36% (95% CI 43.07–51.68) continued to have it one year later. Decreasing economic status was associated with increasing incidence of insomnia. Persons with chronic medical conditions at baseline were at increased risk for new onset of insomnia. Compared to persons with the lowest body mass index (BMI) (< 18.5), those with higher BMI were at elevated risk for persistence of their insomnia, with those in the obese range (≥ 30) having a 4-fold risk. Conclusions: There is a high incidence and chronicity of insomnia in this elderly population. Persons with chronic health conditions are particularly at risk of new onset as well as persistence of insomnia. " 1 results 1
- "The effects of feeding graded levels of bio-detheobrominized cocoa bean shell (CBS) based diets were studied in broilers. Detheobromination by fungi fermentation (bio-detheobromination) reduces the methylxanthine contents cocoa by-products when fermented with Aspergillus niger. 196 day old broiler chicks were used for the experiment in an eight week feeding trial. There were seven dietary treatments containing graded levels of CBS from 0 to 30% at the expense of maize and soyabean meal. The control group had no CBS in its diet. Parameters measured include feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass characteristics and gut morphology. The results showed that total feed intake, average body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, weight of internal organs and gut morphology were significantly (p˂0.05) different across dietary treatments while the carcass characteristics did not show any significant (p>0.05) difference. The result of the study revealed that there was a significant reduction in the weight gain and feed efficiency of the broilers fed CBS based diets as the level of dietary CBS increased beyond 10%. However, the duodenum villous height and crypt depths increased significantly as the level of CBS increased in the diets. It therefore suggested that the amount/quantity of anti-nutrients such as theobromine and tannins in the CBS based diets beyond 10% inclusion locked up essential nutrients thereby impairing their bio-availability and overall growth of the birds. Thus, additional research is needed to find further techniques of processing CBS so that its anti-nutrients could be further reduced for optimium use in broiler nutrition." 1 results 1
- A total of 100 sows involving seven pure and crossbred genotypes of the Large White, Landrace, indigenous pigs of Nigeria and the Duroc x Large White, Duroc x Landrace and reciprocal crosses between the Large White and Landrace were used. The study embraced the milk production, milk composition and the performances of both sows and their litters. Results obtained indicate that milk production was quite low with the average eight week production of 73.99 kg of the indigenous sow to 153.21 kg of the Duroc x Large White crosses. However, percentage milk constituents were quite high with values of 19-23%, total solids, 7 - 9.2% fat, 6.9 - 7.5% protein, 4.6 - 6.0% Lactose, 0.7 - 0.9%, 0.19 - 0.35% Calcium and 0.11 - 0.20% phosphorus in both colostrum and milk. The yield of milk nutrients were similarly high, namely protein 92-175, fat 119—228 and total solids 291—576 g/sow/day and a corresponding yield of protein of 306 - 334, and fat 310 - g/kg dry matter. Litter size and litter weights at birth were quite comparable with what obtains under temperate conditions yet litter weaning weights were suboptimal in the range of 4.4 - 10 kg per piglet at eight weeks. Contrarily efficiency of milk utilization was very high and in the neighbourhood of 4 - 6 kg milk per kilogram weight gained for the pure bleeds and 2 -3 kg for the crossbreeds. Milk yield per metabolic body size was insignificantly different with values of 3.7 - 4.3 kg recorded. A high phenotypic correlation between milk and body weight at farrow could be a measure of increasing milk production of the smaller bodied indigenous pigs through selection for body size While the crossbred sows outweighed the pure breeds in their reproductive performance, all breeds suffered from seasonal fluctuation which depresses the milk production and reproductive efficiency. It can be stated that milk production of the sow is not the only limiting factor to higher productivity under the tropical condition. It is a combination of environment and management procedures in that seasonal depression has been implicated in most of the traits studied. Another major contributing factor has been the sub-clinical level of hygiene under which the animals exist. Reports have indicated that crossbreds are less susceptible to performance problems when they are bred and selected in the environments in which they are expected to perform as borne out by the results of this study. Crossbreeding might be a solution to most of these breeding problems especially by incorporating favourable genes of adaptation, disease resistance and some yet to be discovered traits in our indigenous pigs with those of the exotic purebred to develop a new breed of pig in the tropics for the tropics. The results were therefore discussed in the light of superiority of crossbreeding and adaptation of the indigenous sow. 1 results 1
- Ageing 1 results 1
- An experiment was conducted to elucidate the interdependence of conformation traits and to predict body weight from their independent factor scores using principal component extraction method. Bodyweight and eight morphometric variables namely body length, chest girth, thigh circumference, thigh length, hind leg length, fore leg length, ear length, and head length of 47 pre pubertal heterogeneous rabbit crosses were measured. Mean body weight were 993.31±40.66 and 1110.50±63.61 for male and female rabbits, respectively. Phenotypic variations between body weight and other morphometric variables were highly significant (r = 0.37 – 0.86 at P<0.01). Pairwise correlations ranged from moderate to high for most of the measured variables. However, there were no significant correlations between head length and ear length; fore leg length and ear length; thigh circumference and ear length. Cumulative contribution ratio from the first principal component (PC1) to the fourth principal component (PC4) was 85.50%. The PC1 accounted for 34.98% of the total variance with loadings for body length, chest girth, thigh circumference, hind leg length and fore leg length and described the general size. PC2 was determined by thigh length and accounted for 22.15% of the total variance, while PC3 had loading for head length and accounted for 14.77% of the generalized variance. The PC4 loaded for ear length, accounting for 13.60% of the generalized variance. The stepwise regression for orthogonal variables derived from factor scores accounted for about 84% of the variation observed in body weight of rabbits whereas the original morphometric variables accounted for 89.7% of the observed variation in body weight. 1 results 1
- As part of an ongoing project to investigate the epidemiology of gastrointestinal helminths of cattle in Nigeria, we carried out a systematic random sampling of cattle slaughtered in a major abattoir in Ibadan, south-western Nigeria. Using sedimentation and floatation methods, we analyzed fecal samples from 397 animals between March and May 2013. Overall, 163 (41.6%) of the animals had at least one astrointestinal helminth egg, comprising a total of eight helminths from different genera (i.e., four nematodes, three trematodes, and one cestode), with nematode infection being the highest (71.54%). In addition, eggs of four helminths of zoonotic importance were also obtained. Among the cattle examined, the Bunaji breed was the most infected (46%; 69/150). Furthermore, female animals (OR = 1.1; 95% CI: 0.60–1.84) and animals with moderate body condition (OR = 1.2; 95% CI: 0.80–1.79) are more likely to be positive to helminth infection. Our findings reveal that there were helminth infections of both zoonotic and socioeconomic importance among the cattle screened. Considering the impact of the infections on animal production and public health, we advocate that effective prophylactic measures be adopted as a first step to curtail helminth infections of cattle in Nigeria. 1 results 1
- Broiler chicken performance 1 results 1
- Community dwelling 1 results 1
- Conventional protein ingredients are expensive, thus necessitating the use of alternative sources of the nutrient. Feather Meal (FM) is high in Crude Protein (CP) but poorly digested by monogastric animals due to the presence of keratin. Poultry requires exogenous enzymes to break it down to its constituent amino acids. Information on digestibility of CP of FM in broilers is scanty. Therefore, ileal CP digestibility of FM supplemented with protease in broiler chickens was investigated.Broiler feathers were hydrolysed to obtain FM using standard procedures. The feathers and FM were analysed for their respective chemical compositions. One hundred and forty-four 2-week old broilers weighing 223.0±11.1g were randomly allotted to four diets containing 0, 2, 4 and 6% FM and TiO2 at 5 g/kg diet as marker for two weeks. Body Weight Gain (BWG, g/bird), Feed Intake (FI, g/bird) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were assessed. Digesta was collected from all birds to determine Apparent CP Digestibility (ACPD). Another 336 twenty-one-day old broilers were randomly assigned to eight diets containing 0, 2, 4 and 6% FM with 0 or 5 g protease/kg diet and TiO2 in a 2x4 factorial arrangement. At day 28, digesta was collected from all birds for Digestible CP (DCP) determination in FM using standard procedures. In a growth study, 360 1-day old broilers were randomly allotted to twelve diets containing 0 or 2% FM at three CP levels (15.5, 17.5 and 23%) based on recommended matrix value of protease and two protease levels (0 and 5 g/kg). They were fed for 42 days in a 2x2x3 factorial arrangement. The BWG, FI, FCR, carcass measures and organ weights were determined. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α0.05.Percentage chemical composition were 88.6 CP, 5.0 ether extract, 0.3 ash, 0.03 calcium, 0.04 phosphorus and 4.4 Kcal/g Gross Energy (GE) for the broiler feathers and 83.8 CP, 10.3 ether extract, 0.6 ash, 0.02 calcium, 0.03 phosphorus and 4.3 Kcal/g GE for FM. The ACPD (%) were 42.0±2.1, 52.0±1.9, 58.0±2.4 and 63.0±2.8; FI obtained were 358.3±9.8, 323.6±15.6, 283.9±13.1 and 307.8±1.2; BWG were 218.9±24.9, 194.6±19.0, 145.7±15.6 and 152.8±16.8 and FCR were 1.6±0.3, 1.7±0.2, 2.0±0.3 and 2.0±0.2. With protease supplementation, ACPD (%) were 58.8±2.0, 64.1±2.0, 75.8±1.5 and 85.3±2.3 for birds on diets 0, 2, 4 and 6% FM respectively. The DCP in FM was 65.9%±1.4 and 76.1%±2.3 without and with protease respectively. The functional relationship between DCP and CP intake from FM without protease supplementation was highly significant (R2=0.98). The FM inclusion significantly decreased FI from 63.4±2.1 to 55.2±0.7 and BWG from 243.7±7.5 to 197.3±6.6 but increased FCR from 2.7±0.1 to 2.9±0.1 at 0-21days. At 22-42 days FI decreased from 1647.5±25.3 to 1302.9±23.2, BWG from 605.4±15.0 to 579.1±18.7 and FCR from 2.8±0.0 to 2.3±1.0. Protease supplementation improved live weight, percent dressed weight and significantly increased the breast meat by 2.1, 1.9 and 4.1% at 42 days.Feather meal inclusion levels above 2% and its ileal digestibility required protease supplementation for improved broiler performance 1 results 1
- Developing country 1 results 1
- Factor Loadings 1 results 1
- Generalized variance 1 results 1
- Grower rabbits 1 results 1
- Growth indices 1 results 1
- Hydrolysed feather meal 1 results 1
- Ileal digestibility 1 results 1
- Insomnia 1 results 1
- NATURAL SCIENCES::Biology::Organism biology::Morphology 1 results 1
- Orthogonal 1 results 1
- Protease supplementation 1 results 1
- Regression 1 results 1
- Shea 1 results 1
- Study Objectives: To determine the incidence and risk factors for insomnia among an under-studied population of elderly persons in Sub-Saharan Africa. Setting: Eight contiguous predominantly Yoruba-speaking states in south-west and north-central Nigeria representing about 22% of the national population. Participants: 1307 elderly community-dwelling persons, aged 65 years and older. Measurements: Face-to-face assessment with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, version 3 (CIDI.3) in 2007 and 12 months later in 2008 to determine the occurrence and risk factors of incident and persistent insomnia, defined as syndrome or symptom. Results: The incidence of insomnia syndrome in 2008 at 12 months was 7.97% (95% CI, 6.60–9.60), while that of insomnia symptom was 25.68% (22.68-28.66). Females were at elevated risk for both syndrome and symptom. Among persons with insomnia symptom or syndrome at the base¬line, 47.36% (95% CI 43.07–51.68) continued to have it one year later. Decreasing economic status was associated with increasing incidence of insomnia. Persons with chronic medical conditions at baseline were at increased risk for new onset of insomnia. Compared to persons with the lowest body mass index (BMI) (< 18.5), those with higher BMI were at elevated risk for persistence of their insomnia, with those in the obese range (≥ 30) having a 4-fold risk. Conclusions: There is a high incidence and chronicity of insomnia in this elderly population. Persons with chronic health conditions are particularly at risk of new onset as well as persistence of insomnia. 1 results 1
- The studies were designed to collect baseline information to form essential data base for effective planning and subsequent evaluation of guineaworm control programme in Oyo State. In order to establish the epidemiology of dracunculiasis and assess the impact of the disease on the economic life of the affected population, pretested questionnaire data sheets were administered to 2,415 individuals and 257 heads of household in eight different villages in Oyo State. The data analysis was done by using analysis of variance and coefficient of determination and multiple range tests, using the IBM computer, utilizing the SPSSH package. The survey of concurrent parasitic diseases was carried out in one village by examining faecal and blood samples of 287 individuals. The antibiogram and profile of bacteria associated with secondary infection was determined. Simple methods of chemical, biological and physical control of guineaworm vector under laboratory conditions were described. Of 2,415 individuals examined in eight villages of Oyo State in 1988, 76.9 per cent had history of dracunculiasis while the infection rate at the time of study was 47.9 per cent. There was no significant difference in the infection rate between the sexes. However, the risk of infection increased with age. Infection occurs at any age above 1 year and reinfection is common, indicating that on clinical grounds, no protective immunity is developed after infection. There was a general awareness by individuals that they were infected before the formation of the guineaworm bleb. Mean percentage of 18.9 ± 1 had the sympoms in 1 day. The sites of guineaworm emergence differ significantly for each victim (P < 0.05), and no anatomical part of the body was apparently exempted with regard to worm emergence. Majority of the affected people (a mean per cent of 54 ± 6.7) became clinically ill in the dry season; and also a mean per cent of 54.3 ± 2.3 suffered severe infection. 5 - 8 weeks was the most frequently occuring period of incapacitation. 54.5% of the victims had no form of assistance on the farm during the period of incapacitation. Majority of the heads of household held various wrong beliefs of causes and prevention of the diesease. 82 ± 3.6 per cent attributed the cause of guineaworm to the act of God and that there was no remedy for it. Only 6.53 per cent treated the drinking water before consumption. The disease has an adverse impact on agriculture, while an average of 20 - 41 per cent of the pupils were absent from school with attendant poor academic performances. Of 487 samples examined for concurrent parasitic disease 278 (57.1 per cent) were infected with one parasitic disease or the other: Ascariasis (43.7%), hook-worm disease (27.1%), strongyloidiasis (2.5%), trichuriasis (31%), Entamoeba histolvtical infection (3.9%) and plasmodiasis (43.7%). The haematocrit value of the individuals in the community was generally low (26 - 30%) whilst eosinophilia was a common feature. The health implication was discussed. Klebsiella sp., Streptococcus sp., Proteus sp. and Staphylococcus aureus were common bacterial agents isolated from guinea worm ulcers. The phage types of Staph, aureus (the commonest agents) isolated were resistant to both penicilline and tetracycline. The epidemiological importance of the various phage types was discussed. The ecology of the environment where the copepod intermediate hosts breed and transmit racunculiasis was described and discussed. Cyclopoid copepods died within 60 minutes when the ironment was manipulated to 24.6mg/l. oxidizable organic matter concentration from the natural average value of 12.5mg/l. It was shown that cyclopoid copepods became inactive at 4 - 6°C in 4 hours and later regained activity in 15 minutes at room temperature. The study showed that ponds in a study area had the highest density of cylops in November/December (1988) and lowest density in July/August (1988) with natural cyclops infection rate of 6.5% at the peak of transmission. It was also shown that the concentration of cyclops was greatest when water was drawn at the time the pond water was still and undisturbed, especially with the first caller at the pond, with attendant higher risk of infection. The study also revealed that population mobility occasioned by marriage, socio-cultural and economic life of the people contributed to the diffusion and control of the disease. A variety of chemicals found in natrual waters, or used in the treatment of water were added to pond water and their effects on the survival of the cyclopoid copepods were assessed. The possible use of such chemicals as calcium hypochlorite, potassium permanganate, lime, etc., in individual houses as a preventive measure against the transmission of the disease was discussed. Furthermore, the study revealed that indigenous fishes like Hemicromis fasciatus. Barbus occidentalis. Tilapia nilotica and T. galilea; were very useful biological control agents of the vector of Dracunculus. It is believed that provision of safe drinking water and good health education with active case search to monitor the intervention programme will reduce the disease prevalence. 1 results 1
- There is a high demand for rabbit either as meat, pet or laboratory animal. However, its production is still at subsistence level in Nigeria. This could be due to the rising competition between man and livestock for conventional feeds tuffs. This study was aimed at investigating the suitability of shea butter nut meal (SBNM as an unconventional fee d stuff in rabbit diets. A total of 36 rabbits weighing about 1.2kg at 7wks old, were fed 0.0% (TJ, 2.0% (TJ and 6.0% (TJ SBNM for eight weeks. The results indicated significant differences (P<0.05) among the treatments. Body weight gain values ranged from 0.03g to 0.26g. The hind limb length varied 'from 0 .1 3 - 0.38cm, hair length (0.07 - 0.16cm) and the chest circumference value varied from 0.1 - 0.33cm. Although, it was observed that the values of growth indices monitored did not follow a definite trend among the treatments. There was an increase in value of all the parameters measured throughout the study period. Thus, SBNM may probably be a suitable feedstuff at 6.0% inclusion in rabbit grower diets. 1 results 1
- ageing 1 results 1
- community dwelling 1 results 1
- developing country 1 results 1
- insomnia 1 results 1
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