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Vulnerability and Poverty Transitions Among Rural Households in South West Nigeria
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EVALUATION AND INHERITANCE OF SINGLE AND MULTIPLE RESISTANCE TO VIRAL DISEASES OF COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp)
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SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN ACCESSIBILITY TO SECONDARY SCHOOL FACILITIES IN OYO STATE
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- A 56-day feeding trial to investigate the effects of stocking density, energy and protein content on performance of broiler chickens during late wet season was carried out. In a 3 x 2 x 3 factorial arrangement using completely randomized design, six diets with three energy and two crude protein levels were formulated. Three stocking densities (birds/m2) of 10, 12 and 14 were used. A total of 576 one-week old Arbor Acre broilers chickens were assigned to the respective diets and stocking density, at 32 birds per treatment. Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, survival rate, carcass yield, live weight/m2 and feed cost / live weight were assessed. Data were analyzed, using descriptive statistics and ANOVA α0.05. Energy x crude protein x stocking density interaction affects the feed intake (p<0.05) and the highest value was obtained using diet with low energy and crude protein levels. Treatment did not affect (p>0.05) survival rate, however, stocking density at 12 birds/m2 resulted in the best values (p<0.05) of weight gain (2230.71g) and feed conversion ratio (2.10) and the use of diets with lower crude protein and energy increased (p<0.05) the weight gain (2312.42g). The carcass yield was affected (p<0.05) by the interaction of energy x crude protein x stocking density, (p<0.05) with the lowest value (67.33%) found with birds raised on stocking density, 10 birds/m2 and diets with low crude protein and recommended energy. The lowest feed cost/live weight (p<0.05) was observed with stocking density at 12 birds/m2. Broiler chickens may be economically raised at stocking density 12 birds/m2 and on diet containing 2933kcal/kg ME with 21.92% crude protein for starter phase and 3095 kcal/kg ME and 19.14% crude protein for finishers during late wet season in Nigeria. 1 results 1
- A general survey of phytoparasitic nematodes associated with yam (Dioscorea spp.) in the Mid-Western State of Nigeria showed that Seutellonema bradys and Meloidogyne spp. were the economically important nematodes of yam tubers. S. bradys was associated with the ’dry rot' of yam tubers causing storage losses estimated between 80 and 100%. Nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne were found associated with galling of tubers of water yam (D. alata). Studies on the rate of population build-up of S. bradys in storage showed that S. bradys increased 9-fold, 8-fold and 5-fold in the tubers of D. rotundata, D. cayenensis and D. alata respectively during 6 months of storage. These increases in population influenced the severity of ’dry rot’ disease. Results of investigations into the depth of penetration of S. bradys in 5 different varieties of D. rotundata showed that there were differences in varietal susceptibility. The bulk of the nematode population was found in the periderm to a depth of between 0-1.5 cm, but depth of penetration was greater in the head portions of each of the tubers than either the middle or bottom portions. Observations on the activities of the nematodes in tuber tissues (histopathology) suggested that the 'dry rot' was mainly due to mechanical damage to the cells and the host reaction to intracellular feeding by S. bradys. Studies on changes in the carbohydrate constituents of the yam tuber infected by S. bradys showed an increase in the percentages of monosaccharides and disaccharides like sucrose, glucose and galactose, fruobose with a concomitant decrease in starch, amylose and amylopectin when compared with healthy yam. Qualitative and quantitative determination of amino acid constituents of nematode-infected tubers of white yam (D. rotundata). yellow yam (D. cayenensis) and water yam (D. alata) showed that the relative numbers of free amino acids were not materially changed following infection by 5, bradys. but a reduction occurred in the number of 'essential' amino acids in the infected tubers. Eighteen ninhydrin positive amino acids were detected in the protein hydrolysate. Except in the case of white yam and in a few other cases, increases in protein amino acids were recorded in the infected tubers of yellow and water yam. The percentage protein was also increased by infection in all species except white yam (D. rotundata). Observations on the rate of weight loss (cumulative percentage weight and mean percentage weight loss) in 3 different species of Dioscorea stored in a yam barn showed that there was a significant difference in the rate of weight loss between nematode-infected and nematode-free tubers of D. rotundata and D. cavenensis, but no significant difference was recorded between the infected and healthy yam tubers of D. alata. Estimation of the edible portions in nematode-infected and nematode-free tubers of D. rotundata. D. cavenensis and D. alata showed a significant difference in the percentage peeling losses between the infected and healthy tubers. Chromatographic analysis of the incubation solution of S. bradys showed that 5 amino acids - aspartic acid, phenylalanine, hydroxylnol acetic acid, leucine and isoleucine were discharged by this nematode. The absence of the steroid group of compounds in the nematode-infected yam tubers revealed by spectrometrie analysis might be disease-related as evidenced by its appearance in the healthy tubers. Polygalacturonase and amylase activities were detected in homogenates of S, bradys. Studies on fungi associated with the dry rot disease of yam tubers showed Aspergillus niger. Penicillium sclerotigenum. Triohoderma viride. Rhizopus nigricans and Fusarium oxvsporum. Botrvodiplodia theobromae and Fusarium moniliforme as the main species. Studies on the possible interrelationshipsbetween S. bradys and 3 fungi A. niger. P. sclerotigenum and F. oxysporum showed that the presence of the nematode seemed to increase the degree of pathogenicity of Fusarium and Penicillium species on yams. But the presence of S. bradys did not increase the degree of pathogenicity of Aspergillus niger. In greenhouse experiments, the interaction between S. bradvs and A. niger was found to be disadvantageous to the nematode. The presence of the fungus seemed to have some effect on the number of nematodes that invaded the roots and tubers and subsequently on nematode development. This was thought to be due to an anti-biotic action of A. niger on S. bradys. A host range study of 30 crop plants and weeds revealed that beniseed (Sesamum indicum L.), cowpea (Vigna unguioulata (L.) Walp.), were good alternative hosts of S. bradys. Small populations of the nematode also survived endoparasitically in the roots of Bupatorium. avnedrella. roselle faib1scus sab dar if f a L.). kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), melon (Cucurbita pepo L.); jute (Corchorus olitorius L.); yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) (Hochst ex A Rich) Harms., soko (Oelosia araentia L.) and pigeon pea (Ca.lanus ca.ian (L.) Druce). Non-hosts included maize and tobacco. Dipping nematode-infected tubers of D. alata and D. cayenensis in hot water at temperatures ranging between 50 and 60°C for 40 minutes completely eliminated the nematode. However, at temperatures above 55°C for an exposure time of 1+0 minutes, the tubers so treated suffered a physiological damage and rotted very rapidly. Temperatures between 50 and 55°C had no adverse effect on percentage emergence, growth, yield and palatability of tubers of D. alata. Field trials on chemical and cultural control of S. bradys on D. alata showed that the yield of yam was increased and the nematode population suppressed by the application of organic manure at the rate of 1.5 kg/heap or 1 ,886.3 kg/ha. Although the application of nemagon at the rate of 35.2 kg/ha. considerably suppressed nematode population, the yield of yam was significantly reduced. The results showed that there is a good deal of potential for experimentation with various cultural methods of nematode control. Studies on the effect of gamma irradiation on S. bradys showed that dosages between 5 and 15 Krad did not eliminate the nematodes completely, but suppressed sprouting and signs of deterioration in tubers. Dosages between 20 - 30 Krad eliminated about 70 - 80% of the nematode population. 1 results 1
- A total of 76 animal experiments, involving young Nigerian Dwarf Sheep, were conducted to investigate the growth response to effects of varying levels of dietary energy. The studies also embraced digestibility trials and carcass evaluation. Results obtained appear to indicate that between the ages of 3 - 6 months, a daily intake of 107.1 kcal metabolizable energy was required for maintenance while from 6 - 9 months of age the requirement increased to 129.2 kcal per day. A growth requirement of 215 kca1 ME/day/W0.73kg and 1387 kcal ME/dayW0.73kg was obtained for animals between 3 - 6 months and 6 - 9 months respectively. An analysis of the pooled results seems to indicate that 134.04 kca1 ME per day and 647kca1/ME/day/W0.73kg was the requirement for maintenance and increase of 1 kg. live-weight respectively. Studies on digestibility of feeds revealed that the effects of variations in the type of ration on digestibility was less marked than the effects due to age of the animals. Crude fibre digestibility coefficient for the basal diet was about 68.04% for the older animals while the corresponding values for the younger animals ranged between 54.4% and 56.0%. values for the mixed diet and concentrate ration ranged from 68.3% to 77.45% and 71.3% to 79.5% respectively with the older animals while the corresponding values for the younger animals were in the range of 58:01% to 60.59% and 63:8% to 65.02%. Results of animal performance indicated that younger animals are capable of faster growth than older ones but the effect of low plane of nutrition as indicated by growth rates is more adversely felt by the younger animals. Thus the mean daily weight gains of the older animals were 79.6g, 83.8g, 82.2g, 55.7g for treatments A, B, C and D respectively while the corresponding values for the younger animals were 97.7g, 71.8g, 45.7g and 21.7g respectively. The carcass evaluation showed that dressing percentages and percentage flesh increase with age. At six months and in all treatments, the range was between 34.3% to 43.8% while at 9 months it rose to 49.7% to 60.8%. Percentage of flesh in the carcass has been shown to range from 62.6% to 66.2% at birth with a possible increase of about 0.7% to 0.9% per kg live-weight gain. The results of this study have shown that the younger animals are capable of faster growth and respond faster to high plane of nutrition but the effect of low plane of nutrition as indicated by growth rates of all animals on the lower energy level diets, is more adversely felt by the younger animals. It is to be noted that the early weaned lambs cannot survive on pasture alone. The results also were discussed in terms of the economics of production. 1 results 1
- Adulteration of petroleum products with the resultant safety, health, environmental and economic impact on the end-users is a challenge in Nigeria and many developing countries. The current commonly used techniques by regulatory agencies and some end-users for quality assurance of the petroleum products are time-consuming and expensive. The development and use of real-time adulterated petroleum products detector in Nigeria will therefore alleviate these problems. This study was therefore designed to develop a device for real-time detection of petroleum products adulterated with liquid and particulate contaminants. Pure samples of Premium Motor Spirit (PMS), Automotive Gas oil (AGO) and Dual Purpose Kerosene (DPK) were collected from some major petroleum products marketers. Samples of distilled water, naphtha, commercial ethanol, pure and used commercial lubricating oil, and High Pour Fuel Oil (HPFO) were also obtained and used as liquid contaminants; while sawdust, ash and fine-grain sand were used as solid particulates. At temperatures 23:1:28oC, binary mixtures of the products mixed with liquid contaminants were prepared (100:0, 95:5, 85:15, 75:25, 70:30, 65:35 … 15:85, 5:95,0:100 v/v). Likewise, a fixed volume of pure petroleum products was mixed with varying quantity of solid particulates (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 g). The specific Gravity (SG) and Interfacial Tension (IFT) of the pure samples, binary mixtures were determined according to ASTM D1298 and D971 standards, respectively. These physiochemical properties (SG and IFT) of pure and contaminated fuel samples were used to develop a mathematical model. The model was then simulated into a microcontroller-based detector. A microcontroller of PIC16f876 microchip with multiple input/output pins and a load cell sensor with real-time response was used. The microcontroller takes the reading of the weight of liquid from the sensor to get the SG and IFT of the liquid in real-time. Values of SG and IFT of pure and contaminated samples of petroleum products were obtained using the developed adulteration detector and compared with laboratory measurements and those obtained using Kay’s mixing rule. Data were analysed using ANOVA at α 0.05. The SG and IFT (dynes/cm) of the pure samples were (PMS) 0.833, 47.0; (AGO) 0.812, 28.0; (DPK) 0.803, 25.0, for liquid contaminants ranged from (PMS) 0.853-0.890, 44.6-25.0; (AGO) 0.807-0.804, 46.2-29.5; (DPK) 0.811-0.947, 46.4-38.0 and for solid contaminants ranged from (PMS) 0.887-0.910, 47.8-27.2; (AGO) 0.884-0.887, 29.2-30.0; (DPK) 0.817-0.857, 25.8-32.8, respectively. The SG and IFT from Kay’s mixing rule ranged from (PMS) 0.851-0.900, 48.4-25.6; (AGO) 0.850-0.871, 40.1-35.4; (DPK) 0.864-0.881, 42.4-36.4, respectively. Adulteration of products was detected at 20.0-30.0% by volume and 10.0-20.0% by mass of contamination, respectively. The designed adulteration detector responded to the sample in real-time of 3-5s, displayed GREEN and RED for pure and adulterated samples, respectively, with their numerical SG values within ±0.01% of actual measurements. There was no significant difference between the actual and detected SG and IFT of the adulterated samples. A device that detects petroleum products adulteration in real-time and ambient temperature was developed. The method can be adapted to real-time evaluation of similar binary mixtures. 1 results 1
- African trypanosomosis, a disease complex of livestock caused by pathogenic trypanosomes (Trypanosomavivax, T. congolense, T. brucei), is characterised by intermittent fever, anaemia, progressive emaciation, rapid loss of condition and often terminates in death. The disease is associated with severe economic loss, thus posing a threat to food security in sub-Saharan Africa. The occurrence of Trypanosoma species in goats was investigated in Makurdi, Nigeria and experimental infections of West African Dwarf (WAD) and Red Sokoto Goats (RSG) were carried out to determine their susceptibility to trypanosomes. A retrospective review of records of 241 caprine cases from veterinary clinics located in Makurdi was done to determine the occurrence of trypanosomosis in goats between April 2005 and March 2009. Using purposive sampling, blood samples were collected from 254 household and market goats between December 2009 and January 2011 to determine the field occurrence of Trypanosoma species by standard parasitological techniques. Thirty-two goats comprising 16 WAD and 16 RSG were purchased from farms, sub-divided into groups of four animals each and stabilized. One group of WAD and RSG each were infected with 5.2x105/ml ofT. brucei(WADtb, RSGtb), T. congolense(WADtc, RSGtc), T.bruceiand T. congolense(WADtbc, RSGtbc), the fourth were uninfected controls (WADc, RSGc). Standard morphological methods and conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with specific primers were used to confirm the isolates. Post-inoculation parasitaemia, haematological values and serum biochemistry were determined weekly for seven weeks by standard methods. Scrotal circumference, body weight and mortality were also recorded weekly and post-mortem examination conducted. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA (p<0.05). Clinical records yielded a 1.7% prevalence of trypanosomosis. The occurrence of T. congolense and T. brucei from the field blood samples were 1.3% and 0.0% respectively. The PCR confirmed trypanosomes used for experimental infection as T. brucei (540bp) and T. congolense(750bp). The WADtb and RSGtb had significantly higher temperatures (41.37�0.50�C and 41.28�0.48�C respectively) than WADc (38.05�0.03�C) and RSGc (38.07�0.03�C). Log10parasitaemia at two weeks post-infection was in the order WADtb>WADtc>RSGtb>RSGtc>RSGtbc and highest at five weeks post-infectionin WADtbc. The RSGtbc had higher level of alanine aminotransferase (22.79�2.25U/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (165.60�28.25U/L) than RSGc with 20.61�0.93U/L and 117.35�8.67U/L respectively. Total protein was higher in WADtb (87.55�2.09g/L) and RSGtb (85.20�2.70g/L) than WADc (73.52�1.85g/L) andRSGc(74.13�2.01g/L) respectively while albumin-globulin ratio was lowest in RSGtb (0.47�0.04) compared to other groups. The lowest haemoglobin (15.82�0.03g/L) and mean corpuscular volume (16.96�1.50fL) was recorded in the RSGtb. Packed cell volume was lowest in RSGtc. The mean scrotal circumferences (cm) decreased and were WADtb 15.82�0.87, WADtbc 16.44�0.33, WADtc 17.33�0.34, RSGtb 17.80�0.23, RSGtc 18.02�0.59 and RSGtbc 19.24�0.49. Mortality in RSGtb, RSGtc and RSGtbc were 25.0%, 25.0% and 50.0% respectively, while no mortality was recorded in the infected WAD and control groups. Histopathology of RSGtb, RSGtc and RSGtbc showed haemosiderosis and Kupffer cell hyperplasia. Red Sokoto goats were more susceptible to Trypanosoma infection than West African Dwarf. The West African Dwarf should therefore be considered as a better breed of goat to boost animal production. 1 results 1
- Agroecological zones 1 results 1
- Analeptes trifasciata 1 results 1
- Anthropometry status 1 results 1
- Antiretroviral Therapy clinic 1 results 1
- Background: The burden of under-5 deaths is disproportionately high among poor households relative to economically viable ones in developing countries. Despite this, the factors driving this inequality has not been well explored. This study decomposed the contributions of the factors associated with wealth inequalities in under-5 deaths in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: We analysed data of 856,987 children from 66,495 neighbourhoods across 59 LMICs spanning recent Demographic and Health Surveys (2010-2018). Under-5 mortality was described as deaths among live births within 0 to 59 months of birth and it was treated as a dichotomous variable (dead or alive). The prevalence of under-five deaths was stratified using household wealth status. A Fairlie decomposition analysis was utilized to investigate the relative contribution of the factors associated with household wealth inequality in under-5 deaths at p<0.05. The WHO health equity assessment toolkit Plus was used to assess the diferences (D) ratios (R), population attributable risk (PAR), and population attributable fraction (PAF) in household wealth inequalities across the countries. Results: The proportion of children from poor households was 45%. The prevalence of under-5 deaths in all samples was 51 per 1000 children, with 60 per 1000 and 44 per 1000 among children from poor and non-poor households (p<0.001). The prevalence of under-5 deaths was higher among children from poor households than those from non-poor households in all countries except in Ethiopia, Tanzania, Zambia, Lesotho, Gambia and Sierra Leone, and in the Maldives. Thirty-four of the 59 countries showed significantly higher under-5 deaths in poor households than in non-poor households (pro-non-poor inequality) and no significant pro-poor inequality. Rural-urban contexts, maternal education, neighborhood socioeconomic status, sex of the child, toilet kinds, birth weight and preceding birth intervals, and sources of drinking water are the most significant drivers of pro-poor inequities in under-5 deaths in these countries. Conclusions: Individual-level and neighbourhood-level factors were associated with a high prevalence of under-5 deaths among poor households in LMICs. Interventions in countries should focus on reducing the gap between the poor and the rich as well as improve the education and livelihood of disadvantaged people. 1 results 1
- Bean common mosaic virus 1 results 1
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