Full Text Available
Access Repository
Search Results - Egg while
- Go to Previous Page
- Showing 41 - 42 results of 42
-
Agro-Industrial by-products and farm wastes for poultry production in Nigeria: challenges and opportunities
Published 2011-06Call Number: Loading…
Located: Loading…Article Loading… -
ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION OF PANDEMIC A/H1N1 INFLUENZA VIRUS FROM PIGS IN AN INTENSIVE PIGGERY COMPLEX IN LAGOS, NIGERIA
Published 2014Call Number: Loading…
Located: Loading…
Search Tools:
Refine Results
Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- Cholesterol 2 results 2
- Helminthes 2 results 2
- Nigeria 2 results 2
- Rate of fecundity, life cycle, morphometic characteristics of Ephestia cautella and control were investigated. These were done on sterilized dried date (Phoenix dactylifera) as substrate. Mean daily fecundity of 17 eggs was recorded, while a total of 1117 eggs were laid by 15 adults female E.cautella within 6 days of oviposition in perforated date. In another separate setup the life cycle from egg to adult took 37 ± 1.92 days, under a temperature and relative humidity of 32.5 ± 1 °C and 70 ± 5% respectively. First filial generation (F1) of 1, 217 adults emerged after 30 days of culture using two pairs of E.cautella, from this Fl, 54.7% and 45.3%, were males and females respectively. The morphometric characteristics of E.cautella revealed that female and male adult mean total body length ranges between 8.2 - 10.00mm and 7.9 - 8.9 mm respectively. The control set up on larval stage using varied poly then bag layers of three, two, and one layer with thickness of 0.056mm confirmed that three bags layers was the best treatment. Recorded percentage mortality values of 74.20%, 19.36% and 0.26% were obtained respectively from the set up. 2 results 2
- Technical efficiency 2 results 2
- "Four diets were formulated to study the influence of varying crude protein levels on the performance, egg quality, serum and haematological characteristics at the first phase of laying cycle of sixty Bovan Nera laying birds that were randomly allotted to dietary treatments. The four experimental diets had five replicates each and three birds per replicate. Diet 1 contained 14% crude protein (CP), while diet 2 contained 15% CP, diets 3 and 4 contained 16% and 17% CP respectively. The experimental birds were fed for 10 weeks and the data collected were statistically analysed. Apparent variations recorded for all the performance characteristics such as Egg number, Hen-day production, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) and weight gain were significantly different (p < 0.05). The best FCR value were recorded by birds fed 17% CP (3.45), while the highest weight gain mean value were also recorded by birds fed 17% CP value. Findings indicated a direct relationship between dietary crude protein values and performance. " 1 results 1
- A cross-sectional study design in two primary schools in Ibadan and Akure was used to determine the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis, and the human humoral immune response to schistosome antigens in individuals with malaria co-infection. Urine samples were collected from 163 children, while 112 gave blood samples. Malaria parasitaemia was determined by microscopy after Giernsa staining and schistosomiasis by centrifugation technique. Serum samples were analyzed for antibodies to crude S. mansoni soluble egg, adult worm antigens, and crude S. haematobium egg antigen by ELISA. The sample population consisted of 40% (62/163) infected with schistosomiasis, 31% (50/163) with malaria, and 6% (10/163) co-infected. All the co-infected students had asymptomatic malaria with parasite densities ranging from 200 - 4,420 parasites/ul blood. IgG titres to the various Schistosoma antigens did not vary significantly. However, antibody titres to the soluble egg antigen increased with age of volunteers. Antigen specific isotype distribution showed a higher prevalence of IgG3 and lgG4. 1 results 1
- A nationwide equine influenza virus surveillance was carried out between January 1989 and January 1995 during which nasopharyngeal swabs, tracheal washes and respiratory tract tissue homogenates were obtained from symptomatic and asymptomatic equine species in various parts of Nigeria for virus isolation and characterisation. Three equine influenza viruses were independently isolated in 10-11 day old embryonated hen eggs and Madin Darby canine kidney monolayer cells with TPCK-trypsin incorporated into the culture medium. The virus isolates were characterized antigenically, immunogenically and genetically which made them the first equine influenza viruses isolated and characterized in tropical Africa. Antigenic analyses with mono-specific antisera raised against a number of respiratory disease viruses including Paramyxoviruses, Adenoviruses, Herpes viruses, Alphavirus, Rhinoviruses, Equine arteritis viruses, African horse sickness viruses and Influenza viruses showed that the three virus isolates were influenza A viruses while haemagglutination and neuraminidase inhibition assays using influenza virus specific Mabs and polyclonal antisera showed the three viruses to be antigenically H3N8, members of equine-2 subtype of influenza A viruses. The three isolates were respectively named A/Equine/Ibadan/4/91, A/Equine/Ibadan/6/91 and A/Equine/Ibadan/9/91 in accordance with the recommendations of the World Health Organisation and the International Committee on Virus Taxonomy. Their antigenic cross-reactivity with panels of Mabs and polyclonal antisera indicated that the three viruses were antigenically divergent although they were all H3N8 viruses and were representatives of a homogenous population. They were reactive with Mabs and antisera directed against H3 equine viruses isolated in 1963, 1976, 1979, 1981 and 1986. This broad reactivity suggested that these isolates were similar to but not still different from those isolated in Europe and USA between 1963 and 1987. Virus protein synthesis and cleavability of the HA polypeptide in tissue culture were investigated by pulse-chase experiments. The results showed some heterogeneity in the non-glycosylated polypeptides particularly those of the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex while the HA glycoproteins of the three viruses were not cleaved in any of the cell types used in contrast to equine H7 and pathogenic avian H5 and H7 HAs. The molecular weights of the polypeptides were within the range previously determined for influenza A viruses. The heterogeneity of the RNP complex and antigenic divergence of the viruses’ HAs were confirmed by sequence analysis carried out in molecular studies. Virus infectivity was investigated by plaque assay using chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) monolayer cells and virus titration in embryonated hen eggs. The results showed that the viruses were infectious with plaguing efficiency being comparable to efficiency of virus infectivity in embryonated hen eggs. Infectivity, antigenicity and immunogenicity of the three viruses were confirmed in-vitro using peripheral blood lymphocytes in lymphoproliferation assays and in-vivo in an equine model in which the viruses induced haemagglutination inhibiting and protective neutralising antibodies following experimental infections. The proliferating cells were also characterised and the immunoglobulin isotypes produced were determined. Molecular characterisation and genetic analyses of the three viruses were accomplished to determine the origin of the genes encoding the virus non-glycosylated polypeptides as well as those of the surface HA glycoprotein. Reverse transcription (RT) results showed the eight RNA segments of the three isolates and confirmed them as influenza A virus RNAs. No subgenomic RNAs or defective interfering particles were observed in the RNA transcripts. Nucleotide sequence analyses were carried out using three sequencing strategies of cDNA, vRNA and plasmid DNA sequencing with the dideoxy chain termination procedure. Partial nucleotide sequences were obtained from cDNAs, vRNAs and plasmid DNA clones of RNA segments 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 8 with the method of multiplex RT/PCR and cycle sequencing using radiolabelled segment specific oigonucleotides of 18, 24 or 25 mers. Complete nucleotide sequences of segment 4 (HA genes) were also determined on the same PCR products (cDNA) and vRNA using end-labelled oligonucleotides of both plus and minus sense. The partial nucleotide sequence data were analysed using a programme for "best-local-homology- rapid-search" on a digital array processor while the complete HA nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence analyses were carried out using the University of Wisconsin Genetics Computer Group (GCG) package of programmes. Phytogenetic analysis was done with the distances, neighbour joining and DNAPARS of the PHYLIP package. Analyses of the viruses’ gene sequences confirmed that their genomes were similar to each other and to those of other H3N8 influenza viruses isolated from equines and also revealed the origin, evolution and genetic relatedness of the genes. Comparison of the partial cDNA sequences with virus DNA sequences in the database (EMBL sequence library) showed that for segments 1, 2, 5, and 7, the closest related sequences were from equine H3 viruses isolated in 1986 in USA (Tennesse/5/86 for segments 2, 5 and 7, Kentucky/2/86 for segments 1 and 5. Segment 5 was equally related to both viruses). The nucleotide sequence for segment 3 was most closely related to an equine-1 virus isolated in U.K. in 1973 (London/1416/73, H7N7) probably due to genetic exchange while segment 8 sequence was most closely related to an equine H3N8 virus isolated in U.K. in 1976 (Newmarket/76). The complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences as well as phytogenetic analysis of the HA genes (RNA segment 4) showed a closer relationship albeit with nucleotide and amino acid substitutions between the three Ibadan viruses and those that were isolated in Europe in 1989 and 1991, the prototypic European strain, Suffolk/89 and Arundel/12369/91 isolated in U.K., Taby/91 isolated in Sweden, Hong Kong/92 isolated in the Far East in 1992 and Laplata/1/93 isolated in South America. These findings group the Ibadan viruses with those predominating and contemporarily causing disease in the Western Hemisphere rather than with viruses previously isolated from the north and south of African continent. Variation was observed in the nucleotide sequences of the Ibadan viruses HA genes. Some of the base changes resulted in amino acid changes which mapped to antigenic sites or within signal sequence in the HA1 domain as a result of a process of antigenic or genetic drift. The Ibadan viruses also showed some variation from the prototypic European virus (Suffolk/89) and these base changes also resulted in amino acid changes resulting in antigenic drift. Phytogenetic analysis showed the evolutionary lineages in equine H3 viruses isolated since 1963 along two paths one of which included the Ibadan viruses as well as viruses isolated in Europe between 1989 and 1991 and the Far East in 1992 and S. America in 1993 which form the 1989/93 cluster while the other lineage included viruses isolated in South America in 1987 and 1988 (Brazil/87, Laplata/88) and in the Far East in 1971 (Tokyo/3/71) all of which are very close to the original prototype equine-2 virus (Miami/63). These results demonstrate a faster evolutionary rate for recent equine H3 HA genes away from the original prototype virus. Overall, the results of these studies have (i) confirmed the occurrence of equine-2 H3N8 influenza viruses of distinct lineages in Nigerian equine populations in a tropical environment (ii) indicated antigenic drift among equine H3N8 viruses as earlier reported and confirmed that drift strains can co-circulate in equine populations, (iii) showed the origin, evolution and genetic relatedness of the viruses genes as well as their biological characteristics, (iv) provided the hitherto unavailable information on the status of equine influenza virus in this part of the world and (v) served to re-emphasise the potential of influenza virus for rapid global spread and the need for better control strategies. 1 results 1
- A serological survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of Newcastle disease (ND), infectious bursal disease (IBD) and egg drop syndrome ’76 (EDS ’76) antibodies in indigenous Nigerian local chickens. The survey was carried out in Ekiti, Osun, Oyo, Ogun and Lagos States in southwestern Nigeria. Out of 2010 serum samples assayed for ND, 1890 (94%) were positive. 720 (34%) out of 2090 samples were positive for IBD, while 500 (29%) out of 1740 samples were positive for EDS ’76. The prevalent rates are high enough to suggest that ND, IBD and EDS ’76 are still very active in these indigenous chickens. The implications of these findings in the control of ND, IBD and EDS ’76 in the commercial exotic poultry flocks are discussed. 1 results 1
- A study was carried out on the assessment of lead and cadmium in the eggs of Gallus gallus in Agbowo and Oluyole area of Ibadan. The aims and objectives of the study were to assess the level of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), study the relationship between lead and cadmium, study the trend of lead and cadmium levels and estimate the health risk in consuming the eggs. Egg samples were collected randomly and fortnightly between July to September 2013 as rainy season and January to February 2014 as representing dry season. Eggs were acid-digested after weighing out 0.5g using weighing balance. Digested egg parts were then transferred to the Buck Scientific's 210VGP Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) for heavy metal analyses of lead and cadmium. Results show that the mean metal concentration in the eggs were in the order for Pb as: Egg yolk<egg white<egg shell, while Cd was egg yolk<egg shell<egg white in the month of July 2013 in Oluyole, while in Agbowo for the same month was Cd: Egg yolk<egg white<egg shell, while Pb was egg white<egg yolk<egg shell. Similar trends were observable with slight variations for other months and locations, but with the egg shell usually having a higher mean concentration for both metals. The mean seasonal pattern of variation in the heavy metals in the egg parts showed that lead was higher for both seasons than cadmium throughout the study. The rainy season values for cadmium and lead were lower than that of the dry season in both Agbowo and Oluyole areas of Ibadan. In Oluyole, Cd was higher during the rainy season (0.1156ppm) than during the dry season (0.1022ppm) with a similar pattern repeating itself for Pb in the egg shell from Oluyole area. The target hazard quotient (THQ) used for assessing health risk exceeded 1 for both lead and cadmium in the eggs thereby indicating a potential health risk associated with the metals. There was correlation between the occurrence of lead and cadmium in the eggs for all the months and locations thereby indicating a relationship between the two metals. The study shows that eggs supplied in parts of Ibadan are impacted by heavy metals such as lead and cadmium with potential health consequences that needs to further investigated 1 results 1
- A study was carried out to examine the effects of various antibiotics, salt concentrations and pH on the hatchability of F. gigantica eggs. It was observed that tetracycline concentration of 0.5mg/ml and above inhibited the development and hatching of F. gigantica eggs. Salt concentration of 1% gave low hatchability while 2% concentration and above strictly inhibited the hatching of the eggs. Acidic pH of 3-5 inhibited hatching of F. gigantica eggs while pH of 7-8 promoted hatching of eggs to above 3.4%. The possibility of employing the results of this study to fashion out a control measure against fasciolosis in farm animals is discussed. 1 results 1
- Abelmoschus esculentus 1 results 1
- Active ingredients 1 results 1
- Agar gel precipitation test 1 results 1
- Akaka-Remo 1 results 1
- Alternative poultry feed 1 results 1
- Anopheles funestus 1 results 1
- Anthelminth 1 results 1
- Anthelmintic 1 results 1
- Antibiotic 1 results 1
- Antibiotics 1 results 1
- Antimicrobial agent 1 results 1
- Antiparasitic 1 results 1
- Apanteles sp 1 results 1
- Artificial insemination 1 results 1
- Attitude 1 results 1
- Availability of dietary energy is a major problem in poultry in Nigeria. Maize, a conventional energy ingredient is expensive. Cassava, which could be a cheaper alternative energy source, has not been tried in Nigeria. The performance of pullets and layers fed various Cassava Root Products (CRP) was examined in this study. The study was divided into two phases. In the first phase, 408 pullet chicks, 240 growing pullets and 240 layers were each allotted to eight diets. In diets 1, 2, 3, and 4, maize was replaced with 0%, 25%, 50% and 100% of Unpeeled Cassava Chips (UCC). Diet 5 contained 25% Peeled Cassava Chips (PCC), while diets 6, 7, and 8 had 25%, 50% and 100% replacement with Unpeeled Cassava Pellets (UCP). In phase two, UCC, UCP were compared with Unpeeled Cassava Grits (UCG) which replaced maize at 50% and 100% in the diets of 210 chicks, 210 growers and 315 layers. The Control Diet (CD) contained 100% maize. All experiments were in a completely randomized design with three replicates of 17, 10, 10, 10, 10 and 15 birds per replicate, respectively. Parameters measured for all the birds included Feed Intake (FI), Weight Gain (WG), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) and mortality. Age at First Egg (AFE) and Hen Day Production (HDP) were also recorded for growers and layers, respectively. Feacal and blood samples were collected for nutrient digestibility and serum thiocyanate determination. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA (P=0.05). Birds fed 25% CRP were not significantly different from those on CD for all the parameters. The WG of chicks fed 50% and 100% UCC and 100% UCP were significantly lower than those fed CD. Average FCR of 50% CRP was similar to those on CD. There were no significant difference between growers fed CRP and CD for WG (8.4 g/day - 10.0 g/day), FCR (8.0 - 9.4) and mortality (0.0-3.6%). Average FI, HDP and WG of layers fed 100% UCP were significantly lower than those on CD. Average FI, WG, and FCR of chicks fed 100% UCG (31.2 g/day, 10.7 g/day and 2.9 respectively) were similar to those on CD (30.9 g/day, 10.7 g/day and 2.9, respectively). Performances of growers fed UCG were not significantly different from that of CD, while AFE of growers fed 100% UCC (153 days), and 100% UCP (154 days) were higher than those on CD (146 days). Average HDP of layers fed 100% chips (57.8%), pellets (58.6%) and grits (58.3%) were significantly lower than those on CD (63.1%). Feed intake and WG for layers on 100% UCG were similar to those recorded for the CD. Nutrient digestibilities of growers were similar. Nitrogen retention of chicks and layers fed 100% CRP were lower than those on CD. Serum thiocyanate values of layers fed 50% CRP were higher than CD and lower than 100% UCC, UCP and UCG. Complete replacement of dietary maize with cassava chips, pellets and grits resulted in optimum performance for growers while 50% replacement achieved same for chicks and layers. 1 results 1
- Background: Infertility is a worldwide problem affecting about 10-15% of married couples and has social, economic and psychological implications1. A significant number of couples will require assisted reproduction following failure of common treatment options. Undergraduates form a rich source of potential gamete donors and it is imperative to assess their knowledge, attitude and willingness to participate in the expanding gamete donor programs in a developing country like Nigeria. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude of participants about assisted reproduction and to further evaluate their willingness to donate gametes for assisted conception or act as surrogates. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study of 1150 participants consisting of 511 male students and 639 female students of the University of Ibadan. Participants were selected by simple random sampling technique. A semistructured, self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information on sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude and willingness to participate in gamete donor programs. Participation was voluntary and data obtained was treated with utmost confidentiality. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS, New York) version 22. Descriptive statistics were generated, and the results summarized with the aid of a bar chart and frequency tables. Results: Eight seven percent of the respondents had good knowledge of Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART) and the most common source of awareness was the media (63.3%). More respondents were aware of sperm donation (75.5%) compared to egg donation (61.9%). Ninety percent of the participants were correctly able to identify the places where ART could be practiced in Nigeria. Most of the respondents (81.5%) supported ART services and the most common reason for not supporting was due to ethical considerations (45.1%). Only about 54.9% were willing to participate in gamete donor programs. Nine (0.8%) female respondents had previously participated in egg (oocyte) donation while none of the male respondents had ever donated sperm. About threequarters of the respondents demonstrated good knowledge about the practice of surrogacy. Conclusion: Despite good knowledge about ART, only about half of the respondents were willing to participate in gamete donor programs. Religious and health concerns were primarily responsible for their reluctance. Providing Information, Education and Communication (IEC) materials about the safety of ART will increase the level of awareness and confidence in ART thereby increasing participation by potential donors particularly undergraduates in a developing country like Nigeria. 1 results 1
- Bakers yeast 1 results 1
- Battery cage 1 results 1
- see all…