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Purification of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens lipopeptides for postharvest disease control by Mazibuko, Sebenzile
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- Foreign policy 2 results 2
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- Cocoa contributes immensely to Nigeria’s export earnings but it has low domestic value addition. In order to improve this, there is a need to ascertain the competitiveness along cocoa value chain. However, there’s a dearth of information on the competitiveness at each stage of cocoa value chain. The competitiveness of cocoa along the value chain in Southern Nigeria was therefore investigated. Using three-stage sampling procedure, six cocoa producing Local Government Areas (LGAs) were purposively selected from Oyo, Ondo and Cross River states in Southern Nigeria using two LGAs per state. In each LGA, two cocoa producing communities were randomly selected. A total of 250 cocoa farmers and 102 cocoa marketers were randomly selected from the twelve communities proportionate to the number of cocoa farmers and cocoa marketers in each community. Fifty-four cocoa processors were randomly selected from the study area. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data on the participants’ socio-economic characteristics, input and output prices at each stage (production, marketing and processing) of cocoa value chain. At production stage, there are Sharecropped Farmers (SF), Self-Owned Farmers (SOF) and Leased/Rented Farmers (LRF); at marketing stage, there are exporters, Licensed Buying Agents (LiBA) and Local Buying Agents (LoBA), while at processing stage there are Cocoa Butter Processors (CBP), Cocoa Powder Processors (CPP) and Black Soap Processors (BSP). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, policy analysis matrix and partial equilibrium analysis at α0.05. The working experience of cocoa producers, cocoa marketers and cocoa processors were 23.5±14.1, 18.3±8.3 and 9.2±9.2 years, respectively. At the production stage, SF, SOF and LRF had Private Profit (PP) of ₦468 729.76/ha, ₦397 465.03/ha and ₦331 465.03/ha, respectively while Private Cost Ratio (PCR) were 0.22, 0.24 and 0.25, respectively. The SF, SOF and LRF had Social Profit (SP) of ₦792 038.37, ₦536 178.10 and ₦468 729.76, respectively. Also, SF, SOF and LRF had Nominal Protection Coefficient (NPC) of 0.75, 0.85 and 0.79, respectively. At the marketing stage, exporters, LiBA and LoBA had PP and PCR of ₦43 018.01/tonne, ₦36 104.98/tonne, ₦24 279.81/tonne and 0.18, 0.27, 0.40, respectively. Exporters had the highest SP of ₦51 159.04/tonne while exporters, LiBA and LoBA had NPC of 0.98, 0.94 and 0.90, respectively. At the processing stage, CBP, CPP and BSP had PP and PCR of ₦730 229.77/tonne, ₦309 708.13/tonne, ₦92 262.26/tonne and 0.02, 0.05 and 0.27, respectively. The CBP had the highest SP of ₦814 273.32/tonne and lowest Domestic Resource Cost of 0.02. The NPC of 0.95, 0.94 and 0.79 for CBP, UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY iv CPP and BSP, respectively showed lack of fiscal policies’ protection on cocoa processing. Welfare loss of producers was ₦429 432.36/tonne, while consumers’ gain was ₦123 492.22/tonne in the value chain. Competitiveness and comparative advantage along the stages of cocoa value chain exist in Southern Nigeria. The most competitive stage is cocoa processing. Cocoa production, marketing and processing were profitable to cocoa stakeholders in the study area. It is recommended that input use efficiency technologies should be introduced to maintain the competitiveness along the entire cocoa value chain. Keywords: Cocoa value chain, Social cost benefit, Comparative advantage, Effective protection coefficient. Word count: 497 1 results 1
- Cocoa value chain 1 results 1
- Colonialism 1 results 1
- Comparative advantage 1 results 1
- Competitiveness 1 results 1
- Conflict 1 results 1
- Conflict, Nigeria 1 results 1
- Democratic participation 1 results 1
- Democratic participation. 1 results 1
- Economic Development 1 results 1
- Economic Diplomacy(ED) is the management of international relations aimed at promoting exports and increasing access to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Nigeria has embarked on various policy reforms including bank recapitalization policy, privatization, anti-corruption campaign, and poverty alleviation. However, various studies on Nigeria's ED had focused more on the process of its implementation rather than its outcomes. This study, therefore, investigated the outcomes of the various ED policies on the nation's Gross Domestic Product (GDP); FDI, citizens' ability to meet family obligations and democratic participation. The political-economy theory was employed. A Cross-sectional survey research design, was conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire elicited information on citizens' perception of the outcomes of ED on democratic participation and ability to meet family obligations. Convenience sampling technique was used to select a total of 1029 respondents, comprising of 509 from the Northand 520 from the South. Eight In-depth Interviews(IDIs) were conducted with selected members of Senate Committees on Foreign Affairs, Privatisation, and Banking; Director of Research and a research fellow of the Nigeria Institute of International Affairs; an anthropology scholar and two research officers of Non-governmental Organisations. Publications of Central Bank of Nigeria, Africa Peer Review Mechanism country report and press reports were used to obtain data on the outcomes of ED policies on the nation's GDP and inflow of FDI. While secondary data was content analysed, primary data was analysed using descriptive statistics. The ED policies increased international trade and resulted in increases in the nation's GDP and FDI inflows by 5.5% and 61.9%, respectively. However, bank recapitalization policy and privatisation caused loss of jobs. Poverty alleviation enhanced self-employment and improved democratic participation. Improvement in citizen's democratic participation following poverty alleviation and privatization programmes, was indicated by more respondents in the North (18.8% and 11.9%respectively) than in the South (10% and 10.7% respectively). Conversely, increases in citizens' democratic participation, due to recapitalisation policy and anti-corruption reforms were reported bymore respondents in the South (35% and 15.7% respectively) than in the North (20.8%and 16.0% respectively). Privatization and bank recapitalisation policy was also indicated withability to meet family obligationsby more respondents in the South (15.7% and 20.8% respectively) than the North (12.3% and 20.2% respectively). Also more respondents in the South (19.5%) than the North (16.1%) reported that ability to meet family obligations was due to poverty alleviation programme. However, only 11.5% from North and 11.3% from South reported that bank recapitalisation policy enhancedability to meet family obligations. In addition, IDIs revealed that ED generally improved the nation's GDP and FDI but did not improve the social well-being and democratic participation. Nigeria's economic diplomacy contributed positively to increased Gross Domestic Product and inflow of Foreign Direct Investments. However, it led to job losses and did not improve citizens' ability to meet basic family needs and democratic participation. Policy makers should implement policies, that could improve the well-being of the citizens. 1 results 1
- Economic Diplomacy(ED) is the management of international relations aimed at promoting exports and increasing access to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Nigeria has embarked on various policy reforms including bank recapitalization policy, privatization, anti-corruption campaign, and poverty alleviation. However, various studies on Nigeria’s ED had focused more on the process of its implementation rather than its outcomes. This study, therefore, investigated the outcomes of the various ED policies on the nation’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP); FDI, citizens’ ability to meet family obligations and democratic participation. The political-economy theory was employed. A Cross-sectional survey research design, was conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire elicited information on citizens’ perception of the outcomes of ED on democratic participation and ability to meet family obligations. Convenience sampling technique was used to select a total of 1029 respondents, comprising of 509 from the North and 520 from the South. Eight In-depth Interviews(IDIs) were conducted with selected members of Senate Committees on Foreign Affairs, Privatisation, and Banking; Director of Research and a research fellow of the Nigeria Institute of International Affairs; an anthropology scholar and two research officers of Non-governmental Organisations. Publications of Central Bank of Nigeria, Africa Peer Review Mechanism country report and press reports were used to obtain data on the outcomes of ED policies on the nation’s GDP and inflow of FDI. While secondary data was content analysed, primary data was analysed using descriptive statistics. The ED policies increased international trade and resulted in increases in the nation’s GDP and FDI inflows by 5.5% and 61.9%, respectively. However, bank recapitalization policy and privatisation caused loss of jobs. Poverty alleviation enhanced self-employment and improved democratic participation. Improvement in citizen’s democratic participation following poverty alleviation and privatization programmes, was indicated by more respondents in the North (18.8% and 11.9% respectively) than in the South (10% and 10.7% respectively). Conversely, increases in citizens’ democratic participation, due to recapitalisation policy and anti-corruption reforms were reported by more respondents in the South (35% and 15.7% respectively) than in the North (20.8% and 16.0% respectively). Privatization and bank recapitalisation policy was also indicated with ability to meet family obligations by more respondents in the South (15.7% and 20.8% respectively) than the North (12.3% and 20.2% respectively). Also more respondents in the South (19.5%) than the North (16.1%) reported that ability to meet family obligations was due to poverty alleviation programme. However, only 11.5% from North and 11.3% from South reported that bank recapitalisation policy enhanced ability to meet family obligations. In addition, IDIs revealed that ED generally improved the nation’s GDP and FDI but did not improve the social well-being and democratic participation. Nigeria’s economic diplomacy contributed positively to increased Gross Domestic Product and inflow of Foreign Direct Investments. However, it led to job losses and did not improve citizens’ ability to meet basic family needs and democratic participation. Policy makers should implement policies, that could improve the well-being of the citizens. 1 results 1
- Economic Growth 1 results 1
- Economic diplomacy 1 results 1
- Economic diplomacy, 1 results 1
- Effective protection coefficient 1 results 1
- Export Processing Zone 1 results 1
- Export-led 1 results 1
- Foreign Direct Investment 1 results 1
- Foreign Direct Investment, 1 results 1
- Import Control 1 results 1
- Middle East 1 results 1
- Modern processing technologies 1 results 1
- Niger State 1 results 1
- Nigeria ranks fifth in world plantain production but has low export volume. The low export may be a result of activities along its value chain. However there is little information on the number of employment generated, comparative advantage, competitiveness and effects of policies on plantain. Therefore, the competitiveness of plantain along the value chain in southwestern Nigeria was investigated. A three stage sampling procedure was used. The ten high plantain producing Local Government Areas (LGA) were selected in southwestern Nigeria. In each LG, two plantain producing villages were randomly selected. Producers (260) and 100 processors were randomly selected based on probability proportionate to size of villages. One hundred and forty four marketers were also randomly selected in the geopolitical zone. Structured questionnaire was used to collect information on number of job generated, cropping systems, quantity of input, output and their prices on each stage (production, farm gate and market arena assembling, processing, in-situ and transit wholesaling and retailing) of the chain. Secondary data on port charges, import/export tariffs and exchange rates were sourced from Nigeria Port Authority and trade statistics. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, policy analysis matrix, sensitivity and partial equilibrium analyses. Major stages in plantain value chain were input supply, production, assembling, processing, wholesaling and retailing. Employment generated was 314 people/tonne with highest number (33.8%) in processing stages. Plantain/cocoa represented the highest cropping system (37.7%) while plantain/cassava (13.1%) was the least. Highest private and social profits of ₦514,547/ha and ₦1,593,611/ha were obtained in plantain/cocoyam at production stage respectively. Private Cost Ratio (PCR) ranged from 0.27 to 0.36 while Social Cost Benefit (SCB) ratio was 0.21 to 0.26. Profitability Coefficient (PC) of 0.20 to 0.32, Effective Protection Coefficient (EPC) of 0.26 to 0.37, and Subsidy Ratio to Producers (SRP) of -0.52 to - 0.62 were recorded at market price at the production stage. Plantain chips and flour had private profit of ₦426,339 and ₦408,701 and social profit of ₦764,793 and ₦561,969/tonne respectively at the processing stage. Both plantain chips and flour respectively had PCR of 0.15 and 0.11 and SCB of 0.34 and 0.33. Profitability coefficient of 0.73 and 0.56, EPC of 0.60 and 0.76 and SRP of -0.18 and -0.29 were obtained for plantain flour and chips respectively. Wholesalers had highest private profit of ₦36,800/tonne while farm gate assemblers had highest social profit of ₦137,812/tone at the marketing stage. The PC of 0.11 to 0.39, EPC of 0.12 to 0.41 and SRP of -0.24 to - 0.66 indicated lack of protection at the marketing stage. Aggregated value chain of the cropping systems had PCR of 0.18 to 0.35 and SCB of 0.30 to 0.37. Private profit of the producers respectively increased by 24.5% and 49.3% with 20.0% and 40.0% increase in yield levels. Net social loss in production was ₦6,552/tonne while consumers gained ₦28,295/tonne in the chain. Plantain/cocoyam production system had the highest private and social profits indicating that the system was profitable to participants and the southwestern economy. 1 results 1
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