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Determinants of vegetable women farmers’ economic security in Boke region, Guinea
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Anopheles gambiae complex: Molecular forms and occurrence of the KDR gene in rural Southwestern Nigeria
Published 2011Call Number: Loading…
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LEAST-COST RATIGNS FOR BROILERS - A LINEAR PROGRAMMING APFROACH
Published 1979-09Call Number: Loading…
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EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON DRACUNCULIASIS IN OYO STATE, NIGERIA
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PHYTO-BENEFICIAL EFFECTS AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION OF RHIZOBACTERIA OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYSL.)
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- 16S rDNA gene 1 results 1
- An investigation focusing on the molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae complex and occurrence of the knockdown resistance (kdr gene) was carried out from June to July 2001 and August to September 2002 at Igbo-Ora, Nigeria usirig aspirator and DNA analyses. Of the 127 An. gambiae s. l. analysed, there were 66 (51:9%)M and 61 (48.03%) S forms, both recorded in An. gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis. The forms were virtually sympatric throughout the study. Two of the An. gambiae s.s. examined harboured the kdr gene (RR, RS). The occurrence of the kdr gene at Igbo-Ora indicated the existence of the gene in the savanna woodland populations; earlier records were from the rain forest and Guinea savanna. The implications of these results, within the context of incipient speciation in Anopheles gambiae s.s. are discussed. 1 results 1
- Economic Security 1 results 1
- Expenditure 1 results 1
- Income 1 results 1
- It has been established that Nigeria has a food problem especially where protein intake is concerned. The poultry industry has been identified as the quickest means of expanding protein supply and lowering its cost within the short run (10-12 weeks for broilers). However, feeds account for 65-75 percent of the total costs of production. Moreover, the numerous problems facing the feed industry coupled with the poor quality of feeds produced have greatly limited the profitability and rapid expansion of the industry. The linear programming (L.P.) tool was utilized to formulate least-cost diets which made use of locally available ingredients. The scarcity and rising costs of the grains (maize and guinea-corn) which provide over 60 percent by weight of broiler feeds prompted the use of cassava flour as an energy providing Substitute. Feeding trials were carried out to test the efficiency of the least-cost diets. The objectives of the study are (1) To use L. P tool to formulate different least-cost rations which meet specific nutritional specifications for broilers, using readily available feed ingredients. Cassava and soya-bean are being tested as energy and protein providing substitutes respectively. (2) To compare the least-cost formulated diets with the diets used by some commercial farms. (3) To find the optimum killing age/weight. (4) To find the rate of Substitution of cassava flour for maize and guinea-corn in the ration for broilers. (5) To determine the economics of using different levels of cassava flour in the rations for broilers. Experimental results showed that starter diets with 24 percent Protein and 5 percent fibre level were better than those with 26 percent protein and 3 percent fib re levels. The computerised starter and finisher diets tested were cheaper and were found to perform better than the commercial diets. For the cassava based diets, analysis of the experimental results showed significant (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, differences in Feed Conversion Efficiency (F.C.E.) in both starter and finisher diets in which guinea- corn and maize were replaced. For weight gain, significant (P 0.01) differences were found only in Starter and finisher diets in which cassava replaced maize. For feed intake, significant differences (P < 0.0l) occurred only in Starter diets in which cassava replaced maize. The diets that caused significant differences were those in which the cassava contents were very high (25-40 percent) and they performed poorest. Even though growth is suppressed due to reduced feed intake caused by the powdery nature of the feeds, it is pertinent to note that diets with 40 percent cassava are still highly tolerable to the birds. Analysis of the weight response as cassava level increases showed that the decrease in weight gain was more rapid when cassava was being substituted for by maize rather than by guinea-corn. This could be attributed to the availability of nutrients or the amino-acid balance of the guinea-corn based diets. Carcass qualities of the birds were not taken into consideration because they are not highly rated in this society. The diets were further investigated to see how the nutrients contents and energy-based ingredients influenced performance, using the multiple linear regression model. The square root and quadratic functions were fitted but the quadratic forms gave the lead equations using the laid down criteria. Feed, protein, energy and the amino-acids intakes proved to be significant explanatory variables for the live- weight gain in the birds. Marginal Analysis was performed on some selected functions. The elasticity of production for energy and protein showed increasing returns to scale in the Starter and finisher diets at the mean value of inputs. As higher levels of inputs are used, diminishing returns is likely to set in. The elasticity of Substitution exhibits a unitary one also at the mean value of inputs. A percentage increase in the energy content of the feed results in an equal percentage decrease in the protein level of the diet. The extent of substitution is limited by the requirement of the birds. Optimum quantities of the energy-based ingredients to produce the Optimum broiler weight gain were determined. Production surfaces, isoquants and isoclines were produced for selected functions of the energy-based ingredients. The rate of Substitution between guinea-com/cassava and maize/cassava were found to be declining with increasing level of output as more of cassava and less of maize or guinea-corn are used. Estimates of revenue over feed costs for the various diets were computed. It was discovered that non-significant differences between diet without cassava was not synonymous with equal revenue yielding diets. In general, the computerised diets without cassava gave higher revenue than the commercial diets. For the diets in which cassava replaced the grains, the revenue accruing to the farmer decreased as the percentage cassava content increased. The revenue from guinea-corn diets were however higher than in the maize diets. Diets with 10 percent cassava had higher or equal revenue with the commercial diets. Diets with higher cassava levels were costlier because cassava is costlier than the grains. It is however envisaged that prices of cassava may fall in the near future because of increases in production. Revenue from the diets was therefore obtained using varying costs of diets as cassava price varies. When cassava was made to assume the same price with guinea-corn, all the computarised diets except that with 30 percent cassava level had higher revenues than the commercial diets. The revenue increased as the cassava prices were reduced but the diets with 30 percent cassava gave the lowest revenue all the time. Optimum killing age determined suggested that broilers be sold at eleven weeks for most of the diets except those in which five and 10 percent cassava replaced guinea-corn. The implications of this study are that efforts to improve returns — poultry farmers must be focused on the cost and quality of feeds. Particular attention must be paid to cheap sources of protein, carbohydrate and oils. There is a very high potential for the use of cassava if its adoption becomes a reality in the future. Further investigations are necessary in testing the least-cost diets with the existing various breeds of broilers. Comparison can also be made of the use of soya-bean and groundnut cake as a protein providing ingredient in broiler diets. 1 results 1
- Maize growth 1 results 1
- Maize is a crop that harbours diverse groups of rhizosphere microorganisms, among which are beneficial rhizobacteria known to enhance maize growth. However, there is limited information on their use in southwestern Nigeria due to challenges in selection and identification of isolates. Therefore, a good understanding of these beneficial isolates is needed. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine the phyto-beneficial effects of rhizobacteria with a view to enhancing maize growth in southwestern Nigeria and to characterise the rhizobacteria. Four locations were randomly selected in each of the five ecological zones (Guinea savannah, Derived savannah, Lowland rainforest, Fresh water swampy forest and Mangrove forest) in southwestern Nigeria. For each location,rhizosphere soil samples were collected from five randomly selected maize plants in five different farm sites. Overall, 25rhizosphere soil samples were collected and pooled together to form a composite soil for each location. Bacteria load and growth promoting characteristics such as production of indole-3-acetic acid, chitinase enzyme activity, phosphate solubilization and effect on maize seed germinationwere assessed using standard methods. Phyto-beneficial effect of isolates on maize was carried out in the screenhouse using complete randomized design with three replications. Parameters assessed included disease expression, bacteria load, soil pH, plant height, stem girth, Number of Leaves (NL), leaf area, Shoot Dry Matter (SDM) and nutrient uptake. The best growth promoting rhizobacteria were selected and characterised using 16S rDNA. Total genomic DNA was extracted by quick prep method, from which the 16SrDNA gene was amplified and sequenced. The sequences obtained were compared with those of GenBank reference strains for similarity. Data were analysed using ANOVA at p = 0.05 and Pearson correlation. The bacteria load (11.5 x 106 � 191.0 x 106cfu/g of soil) significantly varied with respect to each location across the ecological zones. A total of 445 bacteria were isolated, 10.8% of them produced indole-3-acetic acid, 7.0% showed high chitinase enzyme activity, 6.7% solubilized phosphate, 9.3% enhanced maize seed germination and 66.2% did not show any growth promoting characteristics. Nineteen isolates exhibitedphyto-beneficial effects on maize plant with evidence of no disease symptoms. Out of these, 12 consistently performed better as phyto-beneficial rhizobacteria. Maize plant height, stem girth, NL, leaf area, SDM and nutrient uptake were significantly enhanced by the 12 rhizobacteria. Relationship (r = 0.510) existed between soil pH andbacteria load. The sequences of beneficialrhizobacteriaisolates showed 90.0�99.0% similarity to those of GenBank reference strains. Phylla taxonomy group showed that, Proteobacteria dominated (41.6%), followed by Bacteroidetes (33.3%) and then Firmicutes (25.1%). The 16S rDNA revealed isolates identity as Myroidesodoratus(4 strains),Enterobacterpyrinus, Enterobacterradicincitans, Bacillus aeolius, Bacillus niacini, Lysinibacillusboronitolerans, Citrobacterfameri, Stenotrophomonasmaltophilia and Azomonasmacrocytogenes. Different species of phyto-beneficial rhizobacteria inhabiting rhizosphere of maize plants in southwestern Nigeria were identified using 16S rDNA molecular technique. The phyto-beneficial rhizobacteria enhanced maize growth and nutrient uptake, thus, could be employed in maize farming. 1 results 1
- Phyto-beneficial rhizobacteria 1 results 1
- The studies were designed to collect baseline information to form essential data base for effective planning and subsequent evaluation of guineaworm control programme in Oyo State. In order to establish the epidemiology of dracunculiasis and assess the impact of the disease on the economic life of the affected population, pretested questionnaire data sheets were administered to 2,415 individuals and 257 heads of household in eight different villages in Oyo State. The data analysis was done by using analysis of variance and coefficient of determination and multiple range tests, using the IBM computer, utilizing the SPSSH package. The survey of concurrent parasitic diseases was carried out in one village by examining faecal and blood samples of 287 individuals. The antibiogram and profile of bacteria associated with secondary infection was determined. Simple methods of chemical, biological and physical control of guineaworm vector under laboratory conditions were described. Of 2,415 individuals examined in eight villages of Oyo State in 1988, 76.9 per cent had history of dracunculiasis while the infection rate at the time of study was 47.9 per cent. There was no significant difference in the infection rate between the sexes. However, the risk of infection increased with age. Infection occurs at any age above 1 year and reinfection is common, indicating that on clinical grounds, no protective immunity is developed after infection. There was a general awareness by individuals that they were infected before the formation of the guineaworm bleb. Mean percentage of 18.9 ± 1 had the sympoms in 1 day. The sites of guineaworm emergence differ significantly for each victim (P < 0.05), and no anatomical part of the body was apparently exempted with regard to worm emergence. Majority of the affected people (a mean per cent of 54 ± 6.7) became clinically ill in the dry season; and also a mean per cent of 54.3 ± 2.3 suffered severe infection. 5 - 8 weeks was the most frequently occuring period of incapacitation. 54.5% of the victims had no form of assistance on the farm during the period of incapacitation. Majority of the heads of household held various wrong beliefs of causes and prevention of the diesease. 82 ± 3.6 per cent attributed the cause of guineaworm to the act of God and that there was no remedy for it. Only 6.53 per cent treated the drinking water before consumption. The disease has an adverse impact on agriculture, while an average of 20 - 41 per cent of the pupils were absent from school with attendant poor academic performances. Of 487 samples examined for concurrent parasitic disease 278 (57.1 per cent) were infected with one parasitic disease or the other: Ascariasis (43.7%), hook-worm disease (27.1%), strongyloidiasis (2.5%), trichuriasis (31%), Entamoeba histolvtical infection (3.9%) and plasmodiasis (43.7%). The haematocrit value of the individuals in the community was generally low (26 - 30%) whilst eosinophilia was a common feature. The health implication was discussed. Klebsiella sp., Streptococcus sp., Proteus sp. and Staphylococcus aureus were common bacterial agents isolated from guinea worm ulcers. The phage types of Staph, aureus (the commonest agents) isolated were resistant to both penicilline and tetracycline. The epidemiological importance of the various phage types was discussed. The ecology of the environment where the copepod intermediate hosts breed and transmit racunculiasis was described and discussed. Cyclopoid copepods died within 60 minutes when the ironment was manipulated to 24.6mg/l. oxidizable organic matter concentration from the natural average value of 12.5mg/l. It was shown that cyclopoid copepods became inactive at 4 - 6°C in 4 hours and later regained activity in 15 minutes at room temperature. The study showed that ponds in a study area had the highest density of cylops in November/December (1988) and lowest density in July/August (1988) with natural cyclops infection rate of 6.5% at the peak of transmission. It was also shown that the concentration of cyclops was greatest when water was drawn at the time the pond water was still and undisturbed, especially with the first caller at the pond, with attendant higher risk of infection. The study also revealed that population mobility occasioned by marriage, socio-cultural and economic life of the people contributed to the diffusion and control of the disease. A variety of chemicals found in natrual waters, or used in the treatment of water were added to pond water and their effects on the survival of the cyclopoid copepods were assessed. The possible use of such chemicals as calcium hypochlorite, potassium permanganate, lime, etc., in individual houses as a preventive measure against the transmission of the disease was discussed. Furthermore, the study revealed that indigenous fishes like Hemicromis fasciatus. Barbus occidentalis. Tilapia nilotica and T. galilea; were very useful biological control agents of the vector of Dracunculus. It is believed that provision of safe drinking water and good health education with active case search to monitor the intervention programme will reduce the disease prevalence. 1 results 1
- Vegetable Production 1 results 1
- Vegetable production had been a major source of livelihood among women in Guinea. This study therefore, assessed the determinants of vegetable women farmers’ economic security in the Boke region of Guinea. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 180 respondents for the study. Data was elicited from the respondents with the aid of interview schedule and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results revealed that average household and farm size cultivated respectively were 8.54±3.55 persons and 1.17±0.62 ha. Personal land (71.7%), household (97.2%) and hired labourers (84.4%) were used by respondents. Almost all (95.0%) relied on personal savings for the finance of vegetable farming. Prominent constraints against vegetable production were inability to access credit at banks (x̅=1.87), lack of storage (x̅=1.87) and processing (x̅=1.86) facility. Vegetable enterprise was not profitable for 53.3% of respondents. Income from vegetable farming was neither adequate (99.4%) nor stable (100.0%). Average annual expenditure ($4,664.92±1723.75) was higher than annual income ($704.49±1,379.98) Almost all the respondents were economically insecure (98.9%) thus unsustainable livelihood and inability to cope with emergencies. Significant predictors of economic security among respondents were household size(β=-0.229), use of personal land (β=-0.188), use of rented or lease land (β=-0.205), use of family land (β=-0.142), use of family/ hired labour (β=0.159), annual income (vegetable) (β=0.596) and the number of vegetables grown (β =-0.150). The study recommends that farmers be encouraged to form cooperatives in order to facilitate access to credit facilities, need for the establishment of cottage industries and promotion of value addition. 1 results 1
- Women Farmers 1 results 1
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