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Efficiency of health systems in Sub-Sahara Africa: a comparative analysis of time varying stochastic frontier models
Published 2016-06Call Number: Loading…
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AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES AND THEIR POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOIL FERTILITY AND FOOD PRODUCTION IN KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA
Published 2011-10Call Number: Loading…
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HOUSEHOLD COPING STRATEGIES FOR DOMESTIC ENERGY PRICE CHANGES IN NORTHEASTERN NIGERIA
Published 2011-11Call Number: Loading…
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ANALYSIS OF THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF A COMMON CURRENCY FOR THE SECOND WEST AFRICAN MONETARY ZONE
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EVALUATION OF MEHLICH - 3 AS A MULTIPURPOSE EXTRACTANT OF PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM USING BELL PEPPER (Capsicum annuum L.) IN SOME NIGERIAN SOILS
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- 'True' random effect 1 results 1
- Agro-ecological zones 1 results 1
- Agroforestry practices 1 results 1
- Asymmetric shocks 1 results 1
- Behavioural models 1 results 1
- Bell pepper yield 1 results 1
- Coping strategies 1 results 1
- Domestic energy 1 results 1
- Efficiency 1 results 1
- Energy Prices 1 results 1
- Farm enterprises 1 results 1
- Fiscal policy distortion 1 results 1
- Health expenditure 1 results 1
- Health systems 1 results 1
- Households 1 results 1
- In Nigeria, high cost of Domestic Energy (DE) has put untold hardship on households. Coping strategy is therefore imperative to meet household domestic cooking and heating needs. Investigating evolving strategies would better inform DE experts and policy makers. This study was therefore designed to investigate strategies devised by households in Northeastern Nigeria for coping with the escalating prices of DE. The domestic energy types considered in the study include Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), kerosene, electricity, coal, solar energy, animal dung, agricultural residues and wood energy. Other potential energy sources in Nigeria include volcanic and refuse fuel, tidal and wind energy and geothermal, which are yet to be exploited. Borno, Gombe and Taraba states were selected for the study through stratified random sampling that gave due cognisance to representative vegetation zone of Northeastern Nigeria. Twenty percent of the total number of Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Borno (27), Gombe (11) and Taraba (16) states respectively were randomly selected comprising urban, semi-urban and rural LGAs. Two wards were selected from each LGA making a total of 20 wards for the study. Four sets of questionnaire were administered, each on 25 household heads, six DE marketers, two heads of government forestry agencies and three community leaders in each ward. Information elicited focussed on DE price changes, factors determining choice of DE and coping strategies evolved by households between 2006 and 2007. Descriptive statistics, Chi-Square, Logistic regression and correlation tests were used to analyse the data at p≤0.05. Eighty two percent of the household heads were male, 81.7% were married, and 33.2% had secondary school education while 54.2% were farmers. The mean age of household heads was 42.0 ± 3.0 years while the mean monthly income was ₦11,228 ± 2,345:00. Fuelwood, (90.0%), kerosene, (74.4%), charcoal, (83.2%), electricity (49.2%) and, cooking gas (13.6%) were DE severally identifiable by community leaders. Factors determining choice of DE among households were cost (94.8%), regular availability (94.4%), and ease of use (81.8%). UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY iii Mean monthly expenditure on DE in the urban areas was N12,300.00 ± 1000.00 compared to N4,345.00 ± 525.00 for those in semi-urban and N932.00 ± 178.00 in the rural areas. Fuelwood was the most popular DE (81.3%), followed by electricity (14.0%) and kerosene 5.7%. Findings from DE marketers indicated that kerosene had the highest price increase from N17.00/litre to N53.6/litre (215.5%), followed by fuelwood N20.00/33% of a cord to N45.3/33% of a cord (126.7%), charcoal N200.0/16kg to N412.0/16kg (106%) and cooking gas N7,500.0/12kg cylinder to N13,350/12.5kg cylinder (78%) between 1999 to 2005. The favoured household coping strategies on DE were reduction in the rate of DE use (40.8%), cutting expenditure on other household needs (21.2%), and suspension of capital projects (13.1%). Substituting of fossil-based energy with biomass (13.1%) and keeping of domestic animals (11.8%). Adoption of coping strategies varies significantly among households’ characteristics. Gender and settlement type significantly influenced adoption of coping strategies. The price sensitive to adjust to price of fuelwood from that of kerosene are noticed in the semi-urban (r = 0.9729) and urban (r= 0.9623) areas of guinea savannah, urban areas of Sudan (r = 0.9616) followed by rural areas of guinea savannah (r = 0.9166), while the least price sensitive to adjust to prices of fuelwood from that of Kerosene are in the semi-urban (r = 0.7893) and urban (r = 0.7873) of Sahel zone areas and rural (r = 0.6670) areas of Sudan. Ninety three percent of heads of government forestry agencies attributed the upsurge in the use of fuelwood by households to high cost of fossil-based DE and viewed it as a threat to forest conservation. Fuelwood is the most popular alternative DE in the Northeastern Nigeria. This could have potential negative impact on the fragile savannah ecosystem. Increased efforts at afforestation will compliment fuelwood supply in the region and help in stabilizing the ecosystem. Key words: Domestic energy, Energy Prices, Coping strategies, Households, Northeastern Nigeria Word count: 490 1 results 1
- Mehlich-3 extractant 1 results 1
- Multipurpose soil extractants 1 results 1
- Northeastern Nigeria 1 results 1
- Optimum Currency Area 1 results 1
- Phosphorus uptake 1 results 1
- Soil degradation 1 results 1
- Stochastic Frontier Analysis 1 results 1
- Sub-Saharan Africa 1 results 1
- The purpose of the current study was to estimate efficiency of health systems in sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) and to compare efficiency estimates from various time-varying frontier models. The study used data for 45 countries in SSA from 2005 to 2011 sourced from the Word Bank World Development Indicators. Parametric time varying stochastic frontier models were used in the analysis. Infant survival rate was used as the outcome variable, while per-capita health expenditure was used as main controllable input. The results show some variations in efficiency estimates among the various models. Estimates from the ‘true’ random effect model were however preferable after controlling for unobserved heterogeneity which was captured in the inefficiency terms of the other frontier models. The results also suggest a wide variation in the efficiency of health systems in sub-Sahara Africa. On average health system efficiency was estimated to be approximately 0.80 which implies resource wastage of about 0.20. Cape Verde, Mauritius and Tanzania were estimated to be relatively efficient while Angola, Equatorial Guinea and Sierra Leone were among the least performers in terms of health system efficiency. The findings suggest that the omission of unobserved heterogeneity may lead to bias in estimated inefficiency. The ‘true’ random effect model was identified to address the problem of unobserved heterogeneity. The findings also suggest a generally poor performance of health systems in terms of efficiency in the use of resources. While resource commitment to the health sector is critical, it is important to also ensure the efficient use of these resources. Improving the performance of institutions in the health sector may go a long way in improving the general health status of the African population. 1 results 1
- The second West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ), comprising The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria and Sierra Leone, was initiated in 1999 to fast-track the common monetary policy objective of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). However, uncertainties about the economic implications of the policy have been major obstacles to regional integration. Economists and policymakers are yet to agree on the potential costs and benefits of a common currency. Available empirical studies on WAMZ focused separately on the elements of costs and benefits of monetary union, which makes them limited in scope. This study, therefore, offered an integrated analysis of the costs and benefits of a common currency in WAMZ spanning 1980 to 2009. A two-step methodological procedure, based on the Optimum Currency Area (OCA) and the New Optimum Currency Area (NOCA) frameworks, were used to estimate the costs and benefits of monetary union in WAMZ. First, behavioural models, capturing the elements of costs (asymmetric shocks, loss of seigniorage and fiscal policy distortion) and benefits (trade creation, financial integration effects and policy coordination gains), were estimated with the Vector Auto-regression (VAR), Error Correction Model (ECM) for each of the sampled countries and panel estimation techniques for the group. Second, weighted composite indices were constructed for the costs and benefits indicators using the parameter estimates obtained from the various estimation techniques. The VAR impulse response and forecast error methods were employed to estimate countries‟ response to shocks. Robustness tests, including data calibration for the net-benefit using a money metric baseline and ranking, were carried out to permit comparison of results among countries. Fiscal policy distortion and loss of seigniorage were the main cost indicators of monetary union in the zone rather than asymmetric shocks. The share of fiscal policy distortion stood at 72.4%, while loss of seigniorage contributed 18.4% to the costs of monetary union. Ghana recorded the highest costs of 36.0% for fiscal policy distortion and 65.0% for loss of seigniorage in the zone. The Gambia had the lowest seigniorage cost of 8.0%. Considerable variations existed among Sierra Leone, The Gambia and Nigeria as fiscal policy distortion accounted for 30.0%, 22.0% and 12.0%, respectively. Trade creation shared 89.0% of the total benefits for the zone. Policy coordination gains had the lowest share of 1.6% for the region. Trade creation gains ranged between 41.0% and 3.0% among the countries with Sierra Leone and Nigeria sharing the highest UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY iii and lowest gains, respectively. The net-benefit of monetary union for the zone was potentially high with substantial variations among members. Sierra Leone and Nigeria had the highest and lowest net-benefit respectively from the ranking scale. Trade creation accounted for a substantial proportion of the potential benefits of common currency in WAMZ. However, fiscal policy distortion constitutes serious policy challenge to monetary union in the zone. Dealing with this challenge may require in the short-run, systematic macroeconomic adjustments to improve fiscal-monetary policy interactions in order to enhance the benefits of monetary union in the zone. Key words: Optimum Currency Area, Behavioural models, Seigniorage, Fiscal policy distortion, Asymmetric shocks. Word count: 489 1 results 1
- Unsustainable forest land use practices have resulted in land degradation in the northern part of Nigeria leading to low crop yield. Agroforestry is a viable option for reversing dwindling crop yields through proper soil management practices. There is notably no sufficient published information on the contributions of agroforestry to food production in Katsina State. The practices of agroforestry and its potential to slow down the pace of soil degradation and boost food production in Katsina State was therefore investigated. Multistage stratified sampling was used to select respondents for the study. Three Local Government Areas (LGAs) were randomly selected from each of the agro-ecological zones (Sahel, Sudan and Guinea) of Katsina State. Within each of the selected LGAs, one community was randomly selected and forty respondents were randomly sampled from each community. Using structured questionnaire, information was sought on the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of respondents, Agroforestry Practices (AP), attitude to AP, information sources on AP and AP perceived benefits. Chemical characteristics of soil samples from agroforestry and non-agroforestry plots of respondents in the three zones were also determined using standard methods. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square and ANOVA at p = 0.05. Most of the respondents (96.3%) were married, 82.5% were male and 50.0% were between 30 and 49 years of age. Their primary occupation was mostly farming (66.1%) while modal annual farm size was 1 – 2 hectares. Means of land acquisition was more by inheritance (50.8%) and 33.1% of the respondents made an annual income of between N30,000.00 – 40,000.00. The major farm enterprises were food crop production (74.1%), livestock (5.2%), tree crops (0.6%) and various combinations of these (19.0%). Multipurpose trees on farmland (79.2±11.1%), windbreaks (50.0±13.3%), woodlots (49.7±3.9%), improved fallow in shifting cultivation (32.2±26.3%) and home gardens (24.7±6.9%) were the common AP by the respondents. Benefits of AP to the respondents included preservation of the environment (98.5%), provision of fruits and leaves (98.3%), improvement of soil fertility (97.5%), erosion control (97.5%), improvement of farmers income (95.8%) and provision of fodder (92.7%). Also, 93.9% of the respondents reported increased yield of arable crops from a mixed tree and arable crop farm. Majority of the respondents (70.3%) identified scanty rainfall, land shortage and inadequate labour as problems while 12.8%, 4.7% and 4.4% respectively identified each of the problems as limiting AP. Although significant variation was observed in AP in the zones, sources of information significantly impacted adoption of AP in Sahel and Sudan but not in Guinea savanna zone. Significant variation was observed in soil pH, total nitrogen, Mg2+, K+ and Na+ between agro-forestry and non agro-forestry plots with soil nutrient and organic matter content skewing in favour of agroforestry plots. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY iii Agroforestry practices enrich the soil with important nutrients and prevent soil erosion. The adoption of multipurpose trees on farmland in Katsina state will help in preventing environmental degradation, desertification and enhance food crop production. Keywords: Agroforestry practices, Agro-ecological zones, Farm enterprises, Soil degradation Word Count: 476 1 results 1
- Use of single soil specific extractants to determine plant available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium for crops such as bell pepper, are costly, laborious and time wasting. Bell pepper, rich in antioxidants, requires phosphorus and potassium for high quality fruit yield. Mehlich-3 (M3), a multi-purpose extractant could extract phosphorus and potassium simultaneously. However, M3 has not been evaluated and adapted for Nigerian soils. Therefore, M3 as a multi-purpose extractant of P and K from soil for bell pepper was evaluated. Phosphorus and potassium extractions were carried out on soil (0–15 cm) samples from 12 purposively selected sites belonging to eight soil series across three agro-ecological zones (derived savanna, humid forest and northern guinea savanna) of Nigeria. Bray 1 (B1), Bray 2 (B2) and Olsen were used to extract phosphorus; 1M Ammonium acetate pH 7.0 (AAc) was used to extract potassium, while M3, Ammonium hydrogen flouride+DTPA (ABD) and modified M3 (MM3) were used to extract phosphorus and potassium simultaneously. Concentrations of phosphorus and potassium extracted by different extractants were determined using standard procedures. In the screenhouse, pots were filled with 3 kg each of the 12 soil samples and laid in a completely randomised design (n=108). Bell pepper was grown at one plant per pot for four weeks. Phosphorus and potassium uptakes were determined. Field experiment was conducted on Egbeda, Apomu and Jago soil series for three cropping seasons to determine critical range of soil phosphorus and potassium and optimum fertiliser rates using M3. Phosphorus (0, 30, 45 and 60 kg/ha) and potassium (0, 15, 30 and 45 kg/ha) were applied in a split plot arrangement in a randomised complete block design, replicated thrice. Fruit yield of bell pepper was measured. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation and quadratic regression at α0.05. Phosphorus extracted by B1, B2, Olsen, ABD, MM3 and M3 were 8.34±1.22, 11.19±2.62, 5.11±1.68, 30.33±4.32, 15.68±3.48 and 14.41±4.32 mg/kg, respectively, while potassium extracted by AAc, ABD, MM3 and M3 were 0.47±0.02, 0.21±0.02, 0.36±0.05 and 0.59±0.09 cmol/kg, respectively. Phosphorus and potassium uptakes were 2.34±0.5 and 22.62±2.28 g/kg, respectively. Significant correlations exist between extracted phosphorus and potassium with their uptakes, except ABD for potassium. Correlations of phosphorus and potassium extracted by M3 with their uptakes were the highest (r=0.95), while the lowest was in B1 (0.78) for phosphorus UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY iii and MM3 (0.93) for potassium. The yields (t/ha) of bell pepper across seasons were 15.02±0.51 (Egbeda), 14.19±0.36 (Apomu) and 5.15±0.40 (Jago). Fruit yield was significantly influenced by applied fertilisers with phosphorus lowest in Apomu (r2=0.65) and highest in Jago (r2=0.99), for potassium, the least was in Jago (r2=0.52) and highest in Egbeda (r2=0.99). Critical ranges of phosphorus and potassium in the soils were 15 (Apomu) to 20 (Jago) mg/kg and 0.20 (Apomu) to 0.25 (Jago) cmol/kg, respectively. Optimum phosphorus and potassium concentrations for bell pepper were 45 kg/ha and 30 kg/ha, respectively. Mehlich-3 is a good simultaneous extractant of phosphorus and potassium across the agro-ecological zones. It is therefore recommended for evaluating soil phosphorus and potassium. Keywords: Multipurpose soil extractants; Mehlich-3 extractant; Phosphorus uptake; Bell pepper yield; Word count: 494 1 results 1
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