Full Text Available
Access Repository
Search Results - Low source country
- Go to Previous Page
- Showing 21 - 27 results of 27
-
Financial development and shadow economy in Africa: evidence from panel quantile regression
Published 2023-06Call Number: Loading…
Located: Loading…Article Loading… -
Household energy choice relationships and determinants in Nigeria
Published 2002Call Number: Loading…
Located: Loading… -
INDIGENOUS USURY SYSTEM AND INFORMAL MICROFINANCE IN IBADAN, NIGERIA
Published 2017-04Call Number: Loading…
Located: Loading… -
Activated carbon from agricultural waste: process description and economic analysis
Published 2009Call Number: Loading…
Located: Loading… -
Awareness and perception of risk for cervical cancer among women in Ogbomoso, Nigeria
Published 2017Call Number: Loading…
Located: Loading… -
The current status of kidney transplantation in Nigerian children: still awaiting light at the end of the tunnel
Published 2020Call Number: Loading…
Located: Loading… -
INTERDEPENDENCE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND MIGRATION IN A GLOBALISING ECONOMY: THE EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIA
Published 2013-01Call Number: Loading…
Located: Loading…
Search Tools:
Refine Results
Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- Awareness 3 results 3
- "Prices are the most readily available and often the most reliable information on developing country marketing systems. The study examined the level of market integration in tomato markets in rural and urban markets of Oyo State, Nigeria. Secondary data on tomato price spanning 2003 -2010 were sourced from Oyo State Agricultural Development Programme (OYSADEP). The data were analyzed using Augmented Dicker Fuller (ADF) test. Indices of market concentration were also used to measure the degree of market integration. Results indicated that the maximum rural price of tomato was N131.74/kg in May, 2009 while the minimum price was N43.23/kg in August, 2004. In the urban areas, the maximum price was N132.I3/kg in May, 2009 while the minimum price was N40.98tkg in September, 2004. The restilts also revealed that prices of tomato were stationary at their level. Urban tomato market does not granger cause rural tomato market (P > 0.05), while rural tomato market granger cause urban tomato market (P< 0.05). None of the markets links exhibited bi -directional granger causality or simultaneous feedback relationship. The Index of market connection (IMC) indicates that the markets exhibit low short run market integration. It is recommended that there should be efficient flow of information, good access road and infrastructural development to improve market performance." 1 results 1
- "The study investigated the impact of financial development on shadow economy in Africa, using data for 41 African countries. The informal outputs, computed by Elgin et al. (2021), and the three financial development indicators were sourced from the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) respectively. The dynamic panel quantile regression technique was employed as it captures better the nature of the African economy and the heterogeneous nature of the shadow economies. The study shows that average FIA and FID in Africa is 0.074 and 0.160 respectively; suggesting that accessing credit from financial institution, as well as the coverage of credit and other financial services in Africa is low and could be accompanied with high degree of bottlenecks. The FIE on average is 0.520; suggesting that credits from financial institution in Africa are used for their intended purposes. However, financial development must be pursued alongside other macroeconomic goals, particularly urbanization. 1 results 1
- Adequate financing of university’s research is often believed to be one of the strong catalysts for successful economic development. However, in Nigeria, the problem of financing university’s research in particular and education in general is acute. This study, therefore, examined the trends in the financing of research in Nigeria’s publicly-owned federal universities. Secondary data obtained from various national statistical bulletins and other individual sources were used to answer the four research questions raised in the study. The results showed that research funding in Nigerian universities continuously witnessed a downward trend given the real Naira value over the years. Specifically, the study discovered that for a period of twenty years (1990-2009), the average research funds available to Nigeria’s federal universities was a dismal 1.3% of the total universities’ actual spending. Similarly, only 0.3% of the nation’s total GNP was spent on research in Nigeria as against 2.0% in South Korea; 3.0% in Japan and Germany; and 3.4% in the United States of America. The low investment in university-based research in Nigeria could have serious negative implication on the social and economic wellbeing of the country. In view of the imponderable benefits of university research, the study recommended that solid and deliberate effort be made by government towards improving financial investment in university research in the country 1 results 1
- Adsorption refrigeration technology has been intensively investigated in many countries of the world because of its promising potential for competing with conventional vapour compression refrigeration, its relatively low operating cost and its environmental friendliness. The search for a good adsorbent for solar powered refrigeration technology has led to various attempts to manufacture activated carbon of high adsorptive property. In this study coconut shells plus 10% animal bones, agricultural wastes, were used as basic raw materials for the local production of activated carbons. The properties determined were the particle size diameter, iodine no, hardness no, bulk density, and tamped density of the activated carbon samples. The results for the coconut shells only of mesh size 14 and maximum particle size of 2.36mm are: iodine no, 906.68mg/g, hardness no, 1, bulk density, 0.504g/ml, tamped density, 0.562g/ml and ash content, 0.012%; while that of the coconut shells with 10% bones of mesh size 14 and maximum particle size of 2.36mm are: iodine no, 870.51mg/g, hardness no, 1, bulk density, 0.585g/ml, tamped density, 0.604g/ml and ash content, 0.06%. In comparison with the imported activated carbons these can be classified as medium grade carbons, This work has established the fact that activated carbons, the principal component for solar powered refrigeration technology can be locally sourced without compromising standards. 1 results 1
- Africa 1 results 1
- Aim: A survey was set out to evaluate the knowledge of patients about tooth replacement as a whole, and assess their awareness of implant-retained prosthesis as an option of tooth replacement. Materials and Methods: Information on sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge about implant-retained tooth as an option for missing tooth replacement, cost implication, source of information and knowledge about other options of tooth replacement were obtained from patients attending the dental clinics of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, using structured self-administered questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Result: A total of 220 patients aged 18-84 years with a mean age of 37.6 (±16.5) years participated in the study, with a male to female ratio of 1:1.1. The majority (92.5%) knew that missing teeth can be replaced, while a significantly lower proportion (28.9%) knew about dental implants as an option (P < 0.01). Dentists were the major source of information on dental implants (68%). Only 21 (36.8%) of those who had heard about dental implant had knowledge about the cost (P < 0.000). Conclusion: A low level of awareness about dental implant as tooth replacement option exist in this environment, although most of the study participants were aware that missing teeth can be replaced 1 results 1
- Aim: A survey was set out to evaluate the knowledge of patients about tooth replacement as a whole, and assess their awareness of implant‑retained prosthesis as an option of tooth replacement. Materials and Methods: Information on sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge about implant‑retained tooth as an option for missing tooth replacement, cost implication, source of information and knowledge about other options of tooth replacement were obtained from patients attending the dental clinics of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, using structured self‑administered questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Result: A total of 220 patients aged 18-84 years with a mean age of 37.6 (±16.5) years participated in the study, with a male to female ratio of 1:1.1. The majority (92.5%) knew that missing teeth can be replaced, while a significantly lower proportion (28.9%) knew about dental implants as an option (P < 0.01). Dentists were the major source of information on dental implants (68%). Only 21 (36.8%) of those who had heard about dental implant had knowledge about the cost (P < 0.000). Conclusion: A low level of awareness about dental implant as tooth replacement option exist in this environment, although most of the study participants were aware that missing teeth can be replaced 1 results 1
- Background Diabetes, particularly type 1 diabetes, at younger ages can be a largely preventable cause of death with the correct health care and services. We aimed to evaluate diabetes mortality and trends at ages younger than 25 years globally using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Methods We used estimates of GBD 2019 to calculate international diabetes mortality at ages younger than 25 years in 1990 and 2019. Data sources for causes of death were obtained from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and other surveillance systems for 1990–2019. We estimated death rates for each location using the GBD Cause of Death Ensemble model. We analysed the association of age-standardised death rates per 100 000 population with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and a measure of universal health coverage (UHC) and described the variability within SDI quintiles. We present estimates with their 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings In 2019, 16 300 (95% uncertainty interval 14 200 to 18 900) global deaths due to diabetes (type 1 and 2 combined) occurred in people younger than 25 years and 73·7% (68·3 to 77·4) were classified as due to type 1 diabetes. The age-standardised death rate was 0·50 (0·44 to 0·58) per 100 000 population, and 15 900 (97·5%) of these deaths occurred in low to high-middle SDI countries. The rate was 0·13 (0·12 to 0·14) per 100 000 population in the high SDI quintile, 0·60 (0·51 to 0·70) per 100 000 population in the low-middle SDI quintile, and 0·71 (0·60 to 0·86) per 100 000 population in the low SDI quintile. Within SDI quintiles, we observed large variability in rates across countries, in part explained by the extent of UHC (r²=0·62). From 1990 to 2019, age-standardised death rates decreased globally by 17·0% (–28·4 to –2·9) for all diabetes, and by 21·0% (–33·0 to –5·9) when considering only type 1 diabetes. However, the low SDI quintile had the lowest decline for both all diabetes (–13·6% [–28·4 to 3·4]) and for type 1 diabetes (–13·6% [–29·3 to 8·9]). Interpretation Decreasing diabetes mortality at ages younger than 25 years remains an important challenge, especially in low and low-middle SDI countries. Inadequate diagnosis and treatment of diabetes is likely to be major contributor to these early deaths, highlighting the urgent need to provide better access to insulin and basic diabetes education and care. This mortality metric, derived from readily available and frequently updated GBD data, can help to monitor preventable diabetes-related deaths over time globally, aligned with the UN’s Sustainable Development Targets, and serve as an indicator of the adequacy of basic diabetes care for type 1 and type 2 diabetes across nations. 1 results 1
- Background Kidney transplantation (KT) is the gold standard treatment for childrenwith chronic kidney disease stage 5 (CKD5). It is easily accessible in well-resourced countries, but not in low/middle-income countries (LMICs). We present, a multicenter experience of paediatric KT of children domiciled in Nigeria. We aim to highlight the challenges and ethical dilemmas that children, their parents or guardians and health care staff face on a daily basis. Methods A multicentre survey of Nigerian children who received KTs within or outside Nigeria from 1986 to 2019 was undertaken using a questionnaire emailed to all paediatric and adult consultants who are responsible for the care of children with kidney diseases in Nigeria. Demographic data, causes of CKD5, sources of funding, donor organs and graft and patient outcome were analysed. Using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, we compared graft and patient survival. Results Twenty-two children, aged 4–18 years, received 23 KTs, of which 12 were performed in Nigeria. The male-to-female ratio was 3.4:1. Duration of pre-transplant haemodialysis was 4–48 months (median 7 months). Sixteen KTs were self-funded. State governments funded 3 philanthropists 4 KTs. Overall differences in graft and patient survival between the two groups, log rank test P = 0.68 and 0.40, respectively were not statistically significant. Conclusions The transplant access rate for Nigerian children is dismal at < 0.2%. Poor funding is a major challenge. There is an urgent need for the federal government to fund health care and particularly KTs 1 results 1
- Background: Cervical cancer, though preventable, remains the leading cause of cancer death among women in developing countries after breast. Lack of awareness and access to preventive methods remains a key factor contributing to high levels of cervical cancer in these populations. Objectives: The study aimed to assess the level of awareness of, and perception of risk for, cervical cancer among women attending Bowen University Teaching Hospital (BUTH) general outpatient clinic. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the BUTH, Ogbomoso. Data were obtained from 318 consenting women using systematic random sampling method. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to gather information about their sociodemographic characteristics, marital and reproductive history, and awareness and perception of risk for cervical cancer. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 23.0. The level of statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: Awareness for cervical cancer and its screening tests were 22.6% and 17.9%, respectively, with major sources of information being from health talks and hospital staffs. About 5.7% believed that they may be at risk whereas only 1.6% had ever 2 = 10.46,2 = 20.05, P = 0.005) and early coitarche (been screened. Perception of risk is significantly associated with age ( P = 0.015). Overall, respondents’ attitude was positive to cervical cancer screening. Conclusion: The level of awareness of cervical cancer and screening was low among the respondents. Increased media campaign about its risks and preventive measures is urgently needed. 1 results 1
- Background: Low-and Medium-Income Countries (LMIC) continue to record a high burden of under-five deaths (U5D). There is a gap in knowledge of the factors contributing to housing materials inequalities in U5D. This study examined the contributions of the individual- and neighbourhood-level factors to housing materials inequalities in influencing U5D in LMIC. Methods: We pooled data from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys for 56 LMIC conducted between 2010 and 2018. In all, we analysed the data of 798,796 children living in 59,791 neighbourhoods. The outcome variable was U5D among live births within 0 to 59 months of birth. The main determinate variable was housing material types, categorised as unimproved housing materials (UHM) and improved housing materials (IHM) while the individual-level and neighbourhood-level factors are the independent variables. Data were analysed using the Fairlie decomposition analysis at α = 0.05. Results: The overall U5D rate was 53 per 1000 children, 61 among children from houses built with UHM, and 41 among children from houses built with IHM (p < 0.001). This rate was higher among children from houses that were built with UHM in all countries except Malawi, Zambia, Lesotho, Gambia, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Indonesia, Maldives, Jordan, and Albania. None of these countries had significant pro-IHM inequality. The factors explaining housing inequalities in U5D include household wealth status, residence location, source of drinking water, media access, paternal employment, birth interval, and toilet type. Conclusions: There are variations in individual- and neighbourhood-level factors driving housing materials inequalities as it influences U5D in LMIC. Interventions focusing on reducing the burden of U5D in households built with UHM are urgently needed. 1 results 1
- Background: The African continent is behind by a wide margin in the childhood vaccination race which contributes significantly to the high childhood morbidity and mortality rate from vaccine-preventable diseases in the continent. Some African countries are still struggling to achieve routine immunization coverage for all recommended expanded program on immunization vaccines. Aim: In this study, we aimed to identify the barriers hindering childhood immunization in Africa and to identify the remarkable progress made so far. Materials and Methods: Peer-reviewed articles published in English that focused on the barriers to childhood immunization in Africa and the progress made so far was reviewed. This was achieved by searching relevant search terms in PubMed, Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library, and CINAHL databases dating back from January 2000 to June 2022. Result: A total of 30 papers were reviewed. The barriers include parents’ education status, economic status, and gender/age; place of birth and place of residence; cultural beliefs and religious affiliations; fear of contracting diseases and lack of trust in health public institutions; vaccine awareness and delivery; and dose-specific delays. The achievements include international support and oriented actions, plans for technological integration and its implementation, and domestic immunization-oriented actions and research work. Conclusion: Childhood immunization is still low in Africa with the majority of the countries yet to realize the global immunization targets. Technologies and immunization-related interventions have been implemented to support Africa but more concerted effort and aid are required to reduce vaccine-preventable deaths to the bare minimum. 1 results 1
- Background: The burden of under-5 deaths is disproportionately high among poor households relative to economically viable ones in developing countries. Despite this, the factors driving this inequality has not been well explored. This study decomposed the contributions of the factors associated with wealth inequalities in under-5 deaths in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: We analysed data of 856,987 children from 66,495 neighbourhoods across 59 LMICs spanning recent Demographic and Health Surveys (2010-2018). Under-5 mortality was described as deaths among live births within 0 to 59 months of birth and it was treated as a dichotomous variable (dead or alive). The prevalence of under-five deaths was stratified using household wealth status. A Fairlie decomposition analysis was utilized to investigate the relative contribution of the factors associated with household wealth inequality in under-5 deaths at p<0.05. The WHO health equity assessment toolkit Plus was used to assess the diferences (D) ratios (R), population attributable risk (PAR), and population attributable fraction (PAF) in household wealth inequalities across the countries. Results: The proportion of children from poor households was 45%. The prevalence of under-5 deaths in all samples was 51 per 1000 children, with 60 per 1000 and 44 per 1000 among children from poor and non-poor households (p<0.001). The prevalence of under-5 deaths was higher among children from poor households than those from non-poor households in all countries except in Ethiopia, Tanzania, Zambia, Lesotho, Gambia and Sierra Leone, and in the Maldives. Thirty-four of the 59 countries showed significantly higher under-5 deaths in poor households than in non-poor households (pro-non-poor inequality) and no significant pro-poor inequality. Rural-urban contexts, maternal education, neighborhood socioeconomic status, sex of the child, toilet kinds, birth weight and preceding birth intervals, and sources of drinking water are the most significant drivers of pro-poor inequities in under-5 deaths in these countries. Conclusions: Individual-level and neighbourhood-level factors were associated with a high prevalence of under-5 deaths among poor households in LMICs. Interventions in countries should focus on reducing the gap between the poor and the rich as well as improve the education and livelihood of disadvantaged people. 1 results 1
- Background: There has been a sustained increment in young people initiating smoking in low middle income countries like Nigeria. Health warnings on cigarette packages are a prominent source of health information and an effective means of communicating specific disease risks to adolescents and young adults alike. This study evaluated the perceived effectiveness of selected graphic warnings on smoking initiation amongst in-school adolescents. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted amongst secondary school students aged 13–17years in Igbo-Ora, Nigeria. A two-stage sampling technique with the school classes as the final sampling unit was used to select the students. An interviewer assisted questionnaire was used to obtain information on students demographic characteristics and their perception of graphic warnings using four images from the pictorial health warning galleries of the World Health Organization showing: ‘cigarette smoking causes cancer of the airways, harms children, causes stroke and causes impotence respectively'. Results: A total of 544 senior secondary students were included in this study with a male female ratio of 0.8:1. Of those interviewed, 40 (7.4 %) indicated that they had ever considered smoking, nine (1.7 %) responded that they had ever smoked and two students indicated that they were current smokers. With all the images, fear was the dominant emotion expressed by the respondents. This was expressed by 307 (56.4), 215 (39.5), 203 (37.3) and 228 (41.9 %) respondents to images 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. Furthermore, 76.7, 44.7, 58.5 and 62.1 % of respondents felt Images 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively will to a large extent prevent people from initiating smoking. There was no association between perceived effectiveness and gender. However, those younger than 15 years rated images on cancer of the airway and impotence as probably effective to a larger extent than did those who were 15 years and older (p = 0.032). Conclusion: Introduction of graphic health warnings, especially with an imagery depicting cancer and impotence may influence non-smokers to remain abstinent. Therefore, this study provides a template for a future policy-relevant study on graphic health warning in Nigeria. 1 results 1
- Background: There is both higher mortality and morbidity from cancer in low and medium income countries (LMICs) compared with high income countries (HICs). Clinical trial activities and development of more effective and less toxic therapies have led to signi¦ cant improvements in morbidity and mortality from cancer in HICs. Unfortunately, clinical trials remain low in LMICs due to poor infrastructure and paucity of experienced personnel to execute clinical trials. There is an urgent need to build local capacity for evidence based treatment for cancer patients in LMICs. Methods: We conducted a survey at facilities in four Teaching Hospitals in South West Nigeria using a checklist of information on various aspects of clinical trial activities. The gaps identi¦ ed were addressed using resources sourced in partnership with investigators at HIC institutions. Results: De¦ cits in infrastructure were in areas of patient care such as availability of oncology pharmacists, standard laboratories and diagnostic facilities, clinical equipment maintenance and regular calibrations, trained personnel for clinical trial activities, investigational products handling and disposals and lack of standard operating procedures for clinical activities. There were two GCP trained personnel, two study coordinators and one research pharmacist across the four sites. Interventions were instituted to address the observed de¦ cits in all four sites which are now well positioned to undertake clinical trials in oncology. Training on all aspects of clinical trial was also provided. Conclusions: Partnerships with institutions in HICs can successfully identify, address, and improve de¦ cits in infrastructure for clinical trial in LMICs. The HICs should lead in providing funds, mentorship and training for LMIC institutions to improve and expand clinical trials in LMIC countries. 1 results 1
- Barriers 1 results 1
- Biomass 1 results 1
- Blinder–Oaxaca Decomposition 1 results 1
- COVID-19 1 results 1
- COVID-19 pandemic 1 results 1
- Cervical cancer 1 results 1
- Challenges (source: medical subheading‑NLM) 1 results 1
- Childhood 1 results 1
- Cholera knowledge 1 results 1
- Cholera outbreak 1 results 1
- Cholera outbreaks have profound impacts on the health and well-being of communities. Rapid containment of outbreaks largely depend on people’s knowledge, perceptions and attitude to the disease. Studies have shown an increase of outbreaks in developing countries. Ibadan Northwest (IBNW) Local Government Area (LGA) experienced recurrent cholera outbreaks between June and November 2011 in spite of cholera control programmes in Oyo state. Furthermore several studies have been done on perception of emerging disease outbreak but few on cholera outbreaks. Information on knowledge, perception, attitude to cholera outbreaks are important for planning preventive health educational programmes and this study was conducted to assess knowledge, perception and attitude to cholera outbreak among residents of IBNW LGA. The cross-sectional design used a four-stage sampling technique to select 7 inner core, 4 transitory and 4 peripheral communities out of 28,15 and 17 communities respectively. Household from each community was selected based on sample size proportionate to size and 427 respondents from IBNW LGA. Respondents were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire which included questions on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, perceived vulnerability (likelihood of being infected by a disease), perceived severity and attitude to cholera outbreak. Knowledge was scored on a 19-point (score of ≤10 rated poor), perceived vulnerability on 15-point (scores of ≤7 rated low) while perceived severity was scored on 25-point (≤12 rated low) scales. A 24-point scale was used to score attitude to cholera outbreak (score of ≤ 12 rated negative). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square and logistic regression at p= 0.05. Respondents’ age was 35.0±11.4 years, 70.7% were females, 69.1% were married and 93.4% were Yoruba. Most (95.3%) of the respondents had good knowledge of cholera. About 71.4% respondents knew the cause of cholera and most (97.2%) knew diarrhoea and (96.3%) vomiting as clinical symptoms of cholera. Many (69.8%) ate food prepared outside the house. The commonest source of information during an outbreak was the radio (38.6%). Majority respondents (62.3%) perceived their vulnerability to cholera to be low while 98.1% perceived severity of cholera to be high. Significantly, more respondents residing in the inner core communities perceived themselves vulnerable to cholera (OR=23.7: CI 9.64-58.31). Majority (71.2%) of the respondents had positive attitude in the mitigating efforts during a cholera outbreak. Respondents aged 18 to 30 years were more likely to have positive attitude in the mitigating efforts during a cholera outbreak (OR=3.24: CI 1.30-8.09). Many (82.4%) had never reported cases while 69.3% were willing to report cases .About 70.0% reported they would submit to being investigated during an outbreak. Respondents’ good knowledge of cholera, high perception of its severity and positive attitude in the mitigating efforts during an outbreak offered windows of opportunity in the control of cholera outbreak. However specific risks communication should be aimed at improving hygiene practices and focus on perceived vulnerability. 1 results 1
- Cholera severity 1 results 1
- Cholera vulnerability 1 results 1
- Cigarette, besides being an important source of Excise tax revenue to many countries, has interesting theoretical implications mainly because of the very peculiar consumer needs it satisfies and because it has no exact direct substitute, except substitution among the different brands that exist. Over the years, the consumption of cigarettes in Nigeria has increased remarkably despite all the medical, social and religious campaigns against smoking. This study attempts at explaining the observed variations in the National consumption of cigarettes within the period 1950-71 as influenced by some variables, the strength of which the study tries to measure by applying econometric methods. The variables considered are economic and demographic factors; the economic factors include income and prices while the demographic variable is changes in the proportion of smokers in the population. The study therefore estimates the elasticities of demand for cigarette with respect to income, average price of cigarettes, price index of all other commodities and the demographic factor. The single equation model is adopted to analyse idle annual time- series used in the study. National aggregates as well as per capita data formulations were tested. For the dependent variable (i.e. quantity of cigarettes consumed) aggregation logically means the assumption that cigarettes are homogeneous. The function adopted is non-linear in the original data but linearized in logarithms, the parameters of which were derived by least squares. Besides these other variables, a war-year dummy was introduced in the function to take care of "erractic factors" which affected the consumption of cigarettes during the Nigerian civil-war period, 1967-70. The analysis was carried out on two levels; the static and the dynamic approaches. While in the former the current value of the independent variables influenced the current value of the dependent variable, in the latter, a lagged variable (the quantity variable was lagged) was introduced into the function explicitly. The latter analysis - i.e. the dynamic approach - was applied to test the habit- persistence hypothesis. The results obtained in the study are: (a) the elasticities of demand with respect to income and an average of cigarette prices are low though the income elasticity is comparatively higher. In both cases none was up to 0.7. The price elasticity was particularly low, it was under 0.4. (b) the cross elasticity of demand 'with respect to the price of all other commodities v/as positive and nearer 2 than 1. In other words, it was far greater than unity and thus tends to indicate that consumers were more sensitive to changes in the prices of other commodities than to cigarette prices. (c) 'population', perhaps the changes in the proportion of smokers to non-smokers or the extension of the smoking habit to -the women and members of the lower age group, is a significant factor accounting partly for variations in the National consumption of cigarettes. (d) the habit-persistence hypothesis was supported by the results of this study, that is, the more a person ha3 consumed cigarettes in the past, the more he will consume currently. The estimated "coefficient of adjustment' was about 0.86 which indicates a speedy adjustment of consumption to changes in prices and income. (e) the dummy variable shows positive sign which shows that the National consumption of cigarettes increased during the civil-war despite the temporary loss of the Eastern market. It was suggested from the above result that during major political upheavals the consumption of cigarettes will increase ceteris-paribus. This increase might have been due partly, to the high tension and depressive mood that engulfed the country and, of course, the military consumption. In conclusion, the economic and policy implications of the results were discussed. To the Government, cigarette is one of the products to tax to raise revenue. To the firms engaged in the Tobacco Industry, it might be profitable to pursue a relatively stable retail price policy in view of the high sensitivity of consumers to changes in the prices of other commodities. 1 results 1
- see all…