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Design of a Novel Video-Assisted Tube Over Tube Rigid Bronchoscope for the Removal of Foreign Bodies from the Bronchi Following Aspiration by McEwan, Sarah Ann
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- One of the major problems facing drilling operations is the performance of the drilling Bits. The ability of the Bit to crush the rock and the removal of the crushed rock from the wellbore effectively. It is necessary to understand the fundamental difference in Bit design for different rock textures because many variables tend to affect Bit optimization, particularly the type of formations, economics and Bit selection. However, the cost of drilling a well has a considerable effect on the selection and the design of a particular Bit, therefore this paper focuses on the development of a model that will predict future Bit performance and optimization for actual well design and construction. The variables to optimize Bit performance provide means of handling cost estimation hence the model becomes more realistic and dynamic in its application. The input variables and control factors for this model are stretched to minimize cost and maximize performance. The cost per foot and the break even calculations were done using data from the reference well X14 and also the evaluation well X35 from a field-X in the Niger Delta region. A Visual Basic dot Net program model was developed, tested and validated with the real field data to know its accuracy. The model interface shows the detailed application of the Bits in validating the data to provide the equivalent results for the five different Bits. Each set of the Bit record was ran separately on the software and the results for each application developed for comparison. In the software, data application were grouped into two distinct methods namely; rentals method and historical method. Under the rentals method, data were uploaded into the software and ran to generate results while the historical method was basically used for model prediction. The breakeven analysis provided a technique for calculating the performance required for an alternative Bit type to match the cost per foot of the current Bit. Based on the model results, Hughes Tungsten Carbide (HTC) Bit and Security Bit (SEC) used to drill well X14 and X35 were well optimized and should be encouraged in drilling wells within the area. 2 results 2
- Asset pricing 1 results 1
- Bit selection and design 1 results 1
- Break-even analysis 1 results 1
- Cost of capital 1 results 1
- Cost per foot analysis 1 results 1
- Drill bit performance optimization 1 results 1
- Economic uncertainties 1 results 1
- Foreign Direct Investment 1 results 1
- Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) is a major source of liquidity to domestic firms. However, foreign exchange-risk makes returns to foreign investors uncertain thereby discouraging FPI. This uncertainty is more pronounced in developing economies where exchange rates play key roles and markets for hedging are underdeveloped. While studies from different economies have shown that firms hedge foreign exchange-risk or pay a premium to investors who bear it, previous studies on Nigeria have paid little attention to this important source of risk. A manifestation of this risk was the exchange rate depreciation from N117.97 per US dollars in 2007 to N132 in 2008 coinciding with an outflow of N633.96 billion from the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE). Therefore, this study analysed the foreign exchange-risk exposure and the premium (price) paid to risk-averse investors bearing this risk. The Adler and Dumas international capital asset pricing model was modified to incorporate the liquidity state of the NSE and this provided the framework for estimating the Fama and MacBeth two-pass regressions. Employing NSE data on 200 Nigerian firms from January 2000 to December 2009, the first-pass time-series regressions were used to estimate the risk exposure, while the second-pass pooled cross-sectional time-series regressions, with corrected standard errors, were used to estimate the risk prices. The pooled regressions solved the error-in-variable problem and the loss of the first five years typical of the Fama and MacBeth method. Deviations from Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) were also computed and used to complement changes in the bilateral rates and Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) that were the conventional measures of foreign exchange-risk. Moreover, empirical analyses were broken down by firm-size, sector and episodes of exchange rate changes. More than 80.0% of Nigerian firms were exposed to bilateral exchange rate risk; over 60.0% to PPP-deviation risk and about 12.0% to REER risk. Foreign exchange-risk exposure was mostly negative; implying that Nigerian firms were net importers. Thus, because firms were unable to hedge their exposure to foreign exchange risk, their average monthly values reduced by 1.67% as a result of exchange rate depreciation. Foreign exchange-risk exposure was higher generally in larger firms and particularly in financial firms and there was the tendency for more firms to be exposed during episodes of naira depreciation. Further, foreign exchange-risk was priced (undiversifiable) on the NSE as risk-averse investors demanded a monthly premium of 1.65% on the bilateral rate risk, 0.99% on the PPP-deviation risk and 0.23% on the REER risk. Exposure to the bilateral exchange rate risk, the PPP-deviation risk and REER risk therefore raised the annual cost of capital of Nigerian firms by 19.80%, 11.88% and 2.76% respectively. The widespread foreign exchange-risk exposure commanded a risk premium on the Nigerian stock market. Therefore, the regulatory authorities should recognise that firms’ costs of capital tend to rise as Nigeria’s exchange rate system becomes more market-determined and should design appropriate instruments for hedging. Nigerian firms also need to actively manage their exposure to foreign exchange-risk. 1 results 1
- Foreign exchange-risk exposure 1 results 1
- Liquidity 1 results 1
- Niger Delta drilling operations 1 results 1
- Nigeria’s share of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows to Africa fell from 35.3% in 1990 to 13.6% in 2000 then rose to 16.3% in 2005 and stood at 14.1% in 2010. In theory, uncertainty adversely affects FDI inflows. However, very little attention is given to the effects of economic and political uncertainties on FDI inflows in developing countries. This study, therefore, examined the effects of economic and political uncertainties on FDI inflows to Nigeria at the aggregated and across sectors (agricultural, manufacturing, trade and business and mining and quarrying sectors), covering the period between 1970 and 2010. A traditional investment model, extended to incorporate the role of uncertainty on FDI inflows, was employed. An Error Correction Model (ECM) measuring the cost of capital, inflation and exchange rate variability, political instability and investors’ confidence was used to determine the short- and long-run effects of economic and political uncertainty on FDI inflows with data sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical Bulletin. The most preferred estimates were established using the Schwarz and Akaike information criteria. Prior to the estimations, stationarity conditions of each of the variables were ascertained using the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) tests, while the Johansen method was used to determine cointegrating vectors. Tests of parameter stability, using the Chow test, were also carried out. Economic and political uncertainties adversely and significantly affected FDI at the aggregate level. Inflation, exchange rate variability, and cost of capital (real lending rate) had negative and significant (at P<0.05) effects on FDI inflows, both in the short-run (-0.16, -0.12, -0.38) and the long-run (-1.12, -0.12, -0.10). Economic and political uncertainties influenced FDI flows into the sectors only in the short-run in varying degrees. The cost of capital, exchange rate variability and inflation had significant and mostly negative impacts on FDI inflows into manufacturing (-0.08, -0.28, -0.15); mining and quarrying (-0.40, 0.23, -0.41); and trade and business services (-0.05, 0.05, -0.07) sectors. This implied that the FDI inflows to manufacturing, mining and quarrying, and trade and business services sectors were market-seeking cum efficiency-seeking, and economic uncertainty acted as a disincentive to the FDI inflows. The cost of capital and inflation had a negligible, but positive impact on FDI inflows to the agricultural sector (0.01, 0.01), while exchange rate variability was insignificant. This supported the view that the FDI inflow to this sector was resource-seeking. Economic and political uncertainties exerted a negative influence on Foreign Direct Investment inflows in the short- and long-run. The maintenance of a stable macroeconomic environment is essential if the adverse effects of economic uncertainty on Foreign Direct Investment inflows are to be effectively curtailed. 1 results 1
- One of the major problems facing drilling operations is the performance of the drilling Bits. The ability of the Bit to crush the rock and the removal of the crushed rock from the wellbore effectively. It is necessary to understand the fundamental difference in Bit design for different rock textures because many variables tend to affect Bit optimization, particularly the type of formations, economics and Bit selection. However, the cost of drilling a well has a considerable effect on the selection and the design of a particular Bit, therefore this paper focuses on the development of a model that will predict future Bit performance and optimization for actual well design and construction. The variables to optimize Bit performance provide means of handling cost estimation hence the model becomes more realistic and dynamic in its application. The input variables and control factors for this model are stretched to minimize cost and maximize performance. The cost per foot and the break even calculations were done using data from the reference well X14 and also the evaluation well X35 from a field-X in the Niger Delta region. A Visual Basic dot Net program model was developed, tested and validated with the real field data to know its accuracy. The model interface shows the detailed application of the Bits in validating the data to provide the equivalent results for the five different Bits. Each set of the Bit record was ran separately on the software and the results for each application developed for comparison. In the software, data application were grouped into two distinct methods namely; rentals method and historical method. Under the rentals method, data were uploaded into the software and ran to generate results while the historical method was basically used for model prediction. The breakeven analysis provided a technique for calculating the performance required for an alternative Bit type to match the cost per foot of the current Bit. Based on the model results , Hughes Tungsten Carbide (HTC) Bit and Security Bit(SEC) used to drill well X14 and X35 were well optimized and should be encouraged in drilling wells within the area. 1 results 1
- Political instability 1 results 1
- Pooled regressions 1 results 1
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