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Rising cost of living in Nigeria: implications on the welfare of aged women
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Rising cost of living in Nigeria: implications on the welfare of aged women
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EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
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Demand, Supply Response and Preference Switch for Rice in Nigeria
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The effects of porosity and angle of inclination on the deflection of fluid flow in porous media
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The effects of porosity and angels of inclination on the deflection of fluid flow in porous media
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COVID-19 in Nigeria: Is the pharmaceutical sector spared?
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- "The movement of contaminated fluid from a solid waste landfill into a portable water aquifer located beneath is an example of unwanted underground flow with the problem of limited portion of land available for building construction in the cities, coupled with the rise in price of good and accessible land, there is a need for quick and urgent solutions to environmental pollution that may be resulted from this problem. In this research, a laboratory setup consisting of a big transparent cylindrical pipe 108 5cm long with radius 2 23cm was used as inlet pipe and five small equal transparent cylindrical pipes with radii 0.03cm were used as outlets, which were joined to the circular plastic plate on the top of the inlet pipe at different angles ranged from 0° to 90° from a normal point. The inlet pipe and outlets pipes were filled with samples of soil of different porosities and titled at different angles of inclination. The volume of water discharged was measured directly with measuring cylinder from the set-up in each case. The volumetric flow rate and volume flux were computed from the values of volume discharged. These were done in order to determine how the arrangement of porous material of different porosities with a particular angle of inclination can influence the deflection of fluid flow from its linear direction. This is sequel to its practical applications in designing a construction with a cross-section of soils in deflecting contaminated fluid from septic tank to different directions from the source of water within the same small portion of land. It was observed that angle of inclination does not have a significant effect on the deflection of fluid but volume flux increases with increasing angle of inclination. Also, the greater the difference in the porosity of the cross-section of the media in which the fluid is flowing the greater the volume flux However, the most suitable arrangement of cross-section of soils for deflection of fluid at higher angle from normal is when it flows through a medium of low porosity to that of higher porosity. " 1 results 1
- "The movement of contaminated fluid from a solid waste landfill into a portable water aquifer located beneath is an example of unwanted underground flow. With the problem of limited portion of land available for building construction in the cities, coupled with the rise in price of good and accessible land, there is a need for quick and urgent solutions to environmental pollution that may be resulted from this problem. In this research, a laboratory setup consisting of a big transparent cylindrical pipe 108.5cm long with radius 2.23cm was used as inlet pipe and five small equal transparent cylindrical pipes with radii 0.03cm were used as outlets, which were joined to the circular plastic plate on the top of the inlet pipe at different angles ranged from 00 to 900 from a normal point. The inlet pipe and outlets pipes were filled with samples of soil of different porosities and titled at different angles of inclination. The volume of water discharged was measured directly with measuring cylinder from the set-up in each case. The volumetric flow rate and volume flux were computed from the values of volume discharged. These were done in order to determine how the arrangement of porous material of different porosities with a particular angle of inclination can influence the deflection of fluid flow from its linear direction. This is sequel to its practical applications in designing a construction with a cross-section of soils in deflecting contaminated fluid from septic tank to different directions from the source of water within the same small portion of land. It was observed that angle of inclination does not have a significant effect on the deflection of fluid but volume flux increases with increasing angle of inclination. Also, the greater the difference in the porosity of the cross-section of the media in which the fluid is flowing the greater the volume flux. However, the most suitable arrangement of cross-section of soils for deflection of fluid at higher angle from normal is when it flows through a medium of low porosity to that of higher porosity. " 1 results 1
- Aged Women 1 results 1
- Aged women 1 results 1
- COVID-19 1 results 1
- COVID-19 pandemic 1 results 1
- Community pharmacy 1 results 1
- Hospital pharmacy 1 results 1
- Imported rice 1 results 1
- In 1973 the industrial countries of the world abandoned the Bretton – Wood adjustable - peg exchange rate system as a means of international payments, and embraced a floating exchange rate system. By the beginning of the 1980's some developing countries of the world joined the league of exchange rate-floaters. It was thought that a floating exchange rate system is intrinsically superior to a fixed one because it not only insulates an economy from the events in other economies but also provides automatic adjustment of the trade balance and the balance of payments. From the mid 1980's however there have been calls in the industrial countries for yet a change in the international payments system from a floating one back to the Bretton-Woods fixed system (Marris, 1984; Dunn, 1983) or to some other variant of a fixed system. The questions then are - is there an ideal exchange rate regime? - is there reason to believe that a given exchange rate regime enhances the performance of an economy better than another? These questions form the focus of this study. There have been several positions in the literature. While Mundell-Fleming (1960, 1962) maintain that a floating exchange system is better than a fixed one if a country tends to depend more on monetary policy, but that a fixed exchange rate regime is ideal when fiscal policy is the major instrument employed in an economy, Sohmen (1965) maintained that a floating regime is superior whatever the more dominant economic policy (fiscal or monetary). Demberg (1970) maintained that the performance of an economy does not depend on the exchange rate regime per-se but rather on the optimal mix of fiscal and monetary policy. In the developing world there is fear that a floating exchange regime would aggravate rather than reduce the problems of inflation. debt-service burden and balance of payments disequilibrium (Olofin, Akinkugbe, Ajayi 1986). This study therefore attempted to find out which of the positions in the literature really holds in the case of developing African economies. To find answers to the issues raised we chose three African economies who had experienced both fixed and floating exchange rate systems, Namely, Ghana. Nigeria and Uganda. We built a model of each economy in the manner of Rhomberg (1964) and Tullio 1981. Each model has two versions. The shorter version has seven stochastic equations and tries to capture the economy under a fixed system, while the longer version added two additional stochastic equations to the first set and endogenizes exchange rates and interest rates as obtains under a floating exchange system. Utilizing quarterly data for 1977 to 1990 for Nigeria and Ghana, and for 1981 to 1990 for Uganda and employing the Ordinary Least Squares technique we estimated the shorter version of the model for the period 1977:1- 1990:4 and the longer version for the period 1986:4-1990:4 for Ghana and Nigeria. In the case of Uganda we estimated the longer version for the period 1981:1 to 1990:4 and the shorter version for 1987:2 to 1990:4. Beyond the statistical tests of the individual equations and parameters, we attempted to carry out rigorous tests of the validity of our model(s) through dynamic simulation. Thus we solved our model(s) using the Time Series Processor (TSP) econometric Software (Version 4.0) developed by Hall in 1983. When we solved each model using the Gauss -Seidel iterative technique, each converged for each endogenous variable and for each year demonstrating that each model is internally consistent. Utilizing different policy scenarios we tried to find out the effects of monetary, fiscal and exchange rate policy changes on internal sectors' macroaggregates of prices, real demand for money and money supply, as well as on external sector's macroaggregates of exports, imports and the trade balance. The results of our estimation exercises reveal that in Ghana a floating exchange rate system does not fuel inflation as is suggested by casual empiricism; rather it is the money supply that is the major propeller of domestic prices, given an exchange rate elasticity of domestic prices of 2% which is statistically insignificant at the 5% level and a money supply elasticity of domestic prices of 19% that is statistically significant at the 5% level. In Uganda there is a remarkable pass through from nominal exchange rates onto prices which contradicts Elbadawi's (1990) position, that it is not nominal exchange rates that fuel inflation in Uganda but fiscal deficits. The exchange rate elasticity of domestic prices in Uganda is 11% and this is statistically significant at the 5% level. However even in Uganda, nominal money supply and nominal rates of interest proved to be greater propellers of prices hence they have more dominant impact on inflation than the nominal exchange rate. In Nigeria there is some degree of pass through from nominal exchange rates onto prices given an exchange rate elasticity of domestic prices of 5%, which is statistically significant at the 5% level. However as in Ghana and Uganda money supply was the greater propeller of prices in Nigeria. What is more- the estimation results also showed that nominal exchange rates in the three countries follow the money supply. This goes to show that the behavior of the money supply and hence monetary policy influences the direction and degree of variability in nominal exchange rates under a floating system. Hence it shows that monetary policy is crucial to the success of the floating exchange rate system. Further the money supply was shown to vary in response to government fiscal deficits which makes fiscal prudence or otherwise the major determinant of exchange rate movements. For the simulation experiments we tried to find in what ways our endogenous variables change if a given macroeconomic policy varies while the others are kept constant. Thus we increased the rate of growth of government expenditure while keeping monetary policy and exchange rate policy constant. Similarly when we increased the rate of growth of the money supply we assumed fiscal and exchange rate policies to be constant. Our results show that in the long-run (over a period of at least ten years) a floating exchange rate performs better than a fixed one in terms of ensuring expanded output which ensures declining prices which in turn results in rising real demand for money and hence in rising rates of interests. A floating exchange rate regime also expanded exports and higher positive trade balance. Overall however the success of the floating system depends on coordinated and prudent macroeconomic policies; in the words of Goldstein (1984) "the capacity of the exchange rate system per-se to do good or harm should not be overestimated... the importance of discipline and coordinated macroeconomic policies for the successful operation of floating exchange rate regime should not be underestimated". 1 results 1
- Pharmacy practice 1 results 1
- Preference switch 1 results 1
- Rice demand 1 results 1
- Rising Cost of Living 1 results 1
- Rising cost of living 1 results 1
- Supply response 1 results 1
- The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the newly discovered Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. The World Health Organization declared the novel coronavirus outbreak as pandemic after it was previously referred to as a public health emergency of international concern [1]. The first case of the disease in Nigeria was reported by the Federal Ministry of Health on the February 27, 2020 in Lagos. Since this period, there has been a steady geometric rise in the number of daily reported cases in the country with over 58,000 confirmed cases and 1100 deaths as of September 25, 2020. Many sectors have been impacted by the pandemic and the pharmaceutical sector is not an exception. This letter emphasizes how COVID-19 pandemic has impacted industrial, community and hospital pharmacy practice in Nigeria. The emergence of this pandemic brought with it, unprecedented challenges, and changes to all the nations of the world, Nigeria inclusive [1]. In a bid to contain the spread of this virus and to decrease the associated mortality and morbidity, a consensus of restricted movement, total lockdown in some places, have been reached in various countries. As a result of this, a country such as Nigeria which is heavily dependent on importation to meet its demands, will suffer a huge blow to several sectors including the pharmaceutical industry. Even though the local industry in Nigeria fairs better when compared to its counterparts in other developing countries in Sub-Saharan Africa [2], Nigeria is only able to meet 25% of its local demand. Nigeria’s pharmaceutical market predominantly runs on imports of active pharmaceutical ingredients machinery and quality control analytical equipment from abroad [2] . In Nigeria, over 70% of the prescribed medications are produced from active ingredients primarily sourced from firms in China and India [2]. Taking these into consideration alongside the travel restrictions in most countries, and the recently imposed travel ban on Nigerians, the current and future drug security in Nigeria is threatened. The added COVID-19 burden on the feeble healthcare system of Nigeria provides cause for grave concern. In an effort to manage the situation, the Central Bank of Nigeria has provided credit support as a palliative measure to reduce the impact of the pandemic on the health sector [3] . However, the availability of this fund to pharmaceutical industries is unknown. Lack of adequate infrastructures such as constant power supply, good water supply, functional transportation system and under-utilized manufacturing capacity have been some of the major challenges facing pharmaceutical industry in Nigeria [2]. Efforts should be made to address these challenges in order to reduce the total manufacturing and distribution costs. Adopting and enforcing production and distribution friendly policies amid and post-COVID-19 pandemic is essential. Community and hospital pharmacies have also been impacted as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria [4]. For instance, mode of operations has also evolved from face-to-face counselling into window-dispensing/counselling in hospital and community pharmacies. Low pharmacy workforce in the pre-COVID-19 era has also been previously reported. In a study carried out by Aniekan et al., in 2018 [5], there were 21,892 registered pharmacists in the country, of which only 59% are in active professional practice. It further stated that 42% of this licensed workforce are in community practice and 11% are hospital-based. A steady rise in number of migrating pharmacists have been observed thus bringing the pharmacists-patients ratio to about 1:14, 000 in 2018 which is way below the WHO recommendation of 1:2000. This remains worrisome in this COVID-19 era where the essential roles of pharmacists are much-needed. A large proportion of patients have stayed away from hospitals with the notion that health facilities increase their risk of contracting the virus. This has therefore resulted to a decline in the frequency of hospital visits which will negatively affect the provision of pharmaceutical care services including provision of point-of-care testing to patients. In lieu of hospitals treating COVID-19 patients, healthcare workers including pharmacists are constantly exposed to this highly infectious disease. This is a further concern since the lack of adequate personal protective equipment has been reported in Nigeria. Of great concern is that most community and hospital pharmacies are also not structured for effective physical distancing. In Nigeria, there is no guideline or standard operating procedure specific to the community and hospital pharmacies on COVID-19. Guidelines from international bodies or countries may not be applicable to Nigeria due to significant differences in pharmacy practice, demographics, and different COVID-19 transmission dynamics. There is a need for relevant tailor-made guidelines on how to handle COVID-19 in community and hospital pharmacies. Decline in patients’ hospital visits implies a higher flux of patients to community pharmacies for refills and as first points of contact for minor ailments. A large proportion of COVID-19 patients present with mild symptoms similar to a cold or flu and do not require hospitalization. Consultation with such patients put the community pharmacist at risk of contracting the virus. More than 30 frontline pharmacists across the country have tested positive for COVID-19 [6]. This situation suggests a possible increase in pressure on the available community pharmacy outlets in the country. Coupled with the reduced importation capacity which signifies impending drug scarcity, the surge to community pharmacies intensifies the pressure on the available stock of medicines which may result into price hikes and scarcity. COVID-19 presents an opportunity for increased production of drugs locally, while also relieving stock-out burden on available retail outlets. It is time to rethink pharmaceutical sector in Nigeria and ensure that health emergencies do not disrupt their much-needed roles in the health system. 1 results 1
- The phenomenon of increasing rice importation defying several policy interventions has been of great concern in Nigeria. This rising importation is however driven by increasing demand, shortage in domestic supply and consumers’ preference for imported rice. Yet, comprehensive national studies on determinants of demand, supply response and preference switch for rice are scarce. Thus, the determinants of demand, supply response and preference switch for rice were investigated. Secondary data from the Nigeria Living Standard Survey (NLSS) of 2004 conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and time series data from the official records of International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), 1960-2008 were used. Due to elimination of households with missing values on variables of interest, a total of 18,861 out of 21,900 households were used in the NLSS. Variables used in NLSS included Household Size (HS), Non-Food Total Expenditure (NFTE), Years of Education (YE), sector (urban/rural), occupation (farming/non-farming) and Membership of Association (MA) which were hypothesized to influence household expenditures on Imported Rice (IR), Improved Domestic Rice (IDR) and Local Rice (LR). Data on area cultivated, level of import, fertilizer consumption and prices were used in IRRI rice statistics and these variables were also hypothesized to influence supply (output) of rice. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Tobit regression model, vector error correction model and generalised least square regression at p= 0.05. The HS and YE were 4.9±2.9 and 6.8±6.3 years, respectively. Rural dwellers, farmers and members of association constituted 76.1%, 82.7% and 54.2%, respectively. Monthly rice expenditure was N2, 712.40, representing 25.0% of total monthly food expenditure. The expenditure share of IR (45.0%) was higher than IDR (30.0%) and LR (25.0%). Urban sector, YE, HS and NFTE increased the demand for IR by 4.0×10-03, 2.0×10-04, 1.0×10-03 and 1.0×10-09, respectively, while Farming Occupation (FO) reduced it by 9.0×10-03. Also, FO increased IDR demand by 8.0×10-03. Conversely, HS, NFTE, and MA reduced IDR demand by 9.0×10-04, 2.0×10-08 and 1.0×10-09, respectively. Also, NFTE and MA, respectively, increased LR demand by 6.0×10-09 and 4.0×10-03. Price elasticities of IR, IDR and LR which were -3.0×10-03, -7.0×10-04 and -2.0×10-03, respectively implied that rice was price inelastic. Also, income elasticities of IR, IDR and LR which were, respectively, 7.0×10-08, 2.0×10-07 and 1.0×10-07 classified rice as ‘necessities’ and ‘normal’ good. In the long-run, area cultivated and fertilizer consumption increased rice output by 2.8 and 2.3 respectively. Rural Sector (RS), HS, FO, and price of IR increased consumers’ switch from IR to IDR by 55.1, 6.6, 130.4, and 30.7, respectively, while price of IDR reduced it by 19.4. Price of IR and RS positively influenced switch from IR to LR by 2.0 and 70.2, respectively, while price of LR reduced it by 16.3. Education and urban livelihood increased demand for imported rice. Increasing rice area cultivated and usage of fertilizer may boost domestic rice supply. Price reduction will be a veritable tool in switching consumers’ preference from imported to improved domestic and local rice. 1 results 1
- This paper delves into the impact of rising living costs on older women, using empirical evidence and theoretical frameworks to elucidate the complex ramifications of financial strain. Aged women are chosen for examination due to their vulnerability to economic hardships, stemming from fixed incomes and increased healthcare needs. The study aims to illuminate the specific challenges faced by elderly women amidst economic turbulence, emphasizing the importance of safeguarding their welfare for societal stability. It highlights the significance of addressing the welfare concerns of elderly women within the context of escalating living expenses, emphasizing tailored interventions to protect their well-being. The rising cost of living is characterized by a persistent increase in the prices of essential goods and services, dri ven by factors such as inflation and currency devaluation. This phenomenon affects elderly women in various ways, including financial distress and limited access to healthcare. Direct consequences include heightened economic adversity and decreased purchasing power, while indirect effects extend to the broader population through disrupted family dynamics and strained support systems. Recommendations for mitigating these impacts include targeted social welfare initiatives and enhanced healthcare access, with anticipated benefits including improved financial stability and social integration for elderly women, ultimately contributing to a more equitable and resilient society 1 results 1
- This paper delves into the impact of rising living costs on older women, using empirical evidence and theoretical frameworks to elucidate the complex ramifications of financial strain. Aged women are chosen for examination due to their vulnerability to economic hardships, stemming from fixed incomes and increased healthcare needs. The study aims to illuminate the specific challenges faced by elderly women amidst economic turbulence, emphasizing the importance of safeguarding their welfare for societal stability. It highlights the significance of addressing the welfare concerns of elderly women within the context of escalating living expenses, emphasizing tailored interventions to protect their well-being. The rising cost of living is characterized by a persistent increase in the prices of essential goods and services, dri ven by factors such as inflation and currency devaluation. This phenomenon affects elderly women in various ways, including financial distress and limited access to healthcare. Direct consequences include heightened economic adversity and decreased purchasing power, while indirect effects extend to the broader population through disrupted family dynamics and strained support systems. Recommendations for mitigating these impacts include targeted social welfare initiatives and enhanced healthcare access, with anticipated benefits including improved financial stability and social integration for elderly women, ultimately contributing to a more equitable and resilient society. 1 results 1
- Welfare 1 results 1
- and Welfare 1 results 1
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