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Humans or machines? scientific determinism within the context of Yoruba human ontology
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PATTERN OF ACCEPTANCE OF HEPATITIS B VACCINATION AMONG CLINICAL STAFF OF THE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HOSPITAL, IBADAN
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Conceptualising virtue in Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus
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SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN ACCESSIBILITY TO SECONDARY SCHOOL FACILITIES IN OYO STATE
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- Acceptance 1 results 1
- Clinical Staff 1 results 1
- Cognition 1 results 1
- Freewill 1 results 1
- Freewill has been a subject of intense study in the history of philosophy, this revolves around the debate that are humans free or are their actions determined? While there has been a lot of questions on the nature of human will, the search for answers remains relevant in contemporary studies as seen in the entrance of neuroscience to this quest. Neuroscience, in the study of the human will arrived at a conclusion based on empirical studies that freewill is an illusion because the human will is determined by cerebral activities. The discovery in the field of neuroscience therefore challenges the traditional belief about freewill and our beliefs that humans are in full control of their will. This submission indicated that human decisions for actions were initiated before humans became aware of them, that is, likening humans to machines, thereby creating a lacuna especially within the Yoruba religious and cultural contexts. This study therefore, interrogated the position of neuroscience on the human will by focusing on how scientific determinism can be viewed from the Yoruba worldview. Scientific determinism evident in the field of neuroscience was examined with a view to situating the findings of neuroscience on human will within the context of Yoruba human ontology. 1 results 1
- Hepatitis B Virus Infection 1 results 1
- Hepatitis B infection is one of the most important occupational hazards for clinical staff of hospitals. Despite the availability of an effective hepatitis B vaccine, information is scanty on the acceptance of this vaccine and factors influencing decision to accept it. This study was therefore carried out to identify pattern of acceptance of hepatitis B vaccination among clinical staff at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey involving 438 clinical staff members who have regular contact with blood and other body fluids and by implication have had possible exposure to hepatitis B infection were carried out. The instrument was a semi-structured questionnaire which was self-completed by the respondents. Data analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 11. The respondents comprised of nurses (96), physicians (145), dentists (39), laboratory scientists (37), surgeons (67), obstetricians and gynaecologists (54). The ages of the respondents ranged between 21 and 65 years with a mean score of 39 (±9). All respondents had worked for at least one year in the hospital. Majority of the respondents (69.9%) had history of needle-prick injury. More than two-third (79.7%) had frequent accidental exposure to blood or other body fluids. Three hundred and seventy-two respondents (84.9%) agreed to being more at risk of HBV infection than other persons. Overall, the respondents scored an average of 22.3 points (±2.82) on a 27- point hepatitis B knowledge scale with those specializing in obstetrics and gynaecology having a significantly higher mean score of 23.7 (p< 0.05). Most of the respondents (78.8%) agreed that hepatitis B infection is a serious disease. Out of 411 respondents who answered the questions on vaccination status, only (56.0%) were vaccinated. The physicians had the highest acceptance rate (61.9%) followed by the surgeons (57.6%), obstetricians and gynaecologists (55.1%), nurses (51.7%), dentists (51.3%), and laboratory scientists (47.2%). Ninety-three (40.4%) of those who had accepted the vaccine were persons aged between 31and 40 years of age, who had spent less than 10 years in the profession. The commonest reasons for accepting the vaccine were awareness of the importance of Hepatitis B vaccination and fear of hepatitis B virus infection. The factors strongly associated with the acceptance of the vaccination were type of specialty, age of personnel (≤ 40 years), number of years spent in the profession (≤ 10 years), and knowledge of hepatitis B virus infection. Among those that were not immunized, concern about side effects of the vaccine (39.2%), and lack of time (36.5%) were the major reasons given for not receiving the vaccination. A good number of the respondents suggested free offer of vaccination (32.6%) and more education on the efficacy of the vaccine (31.3%) as best ways of encouraging better acceptance of the vaccine. The study shows that knowledge about hepatitis B was high, attitude was positive but uptake was low. There was still considerable gap in adoption of this preventive behaviour. Health education is needed to encourage compliance. 1 results 1
- Neuroscience 1 results 1
- Occupational Hazard 1 results 1
- Scientific Determinism 1 results 1
- The developing countries of the world have come to realise that issues involving human resource development and basic values may need to receive attention before regional problems can be successfully attacked either directly or indirectly, through sustained national economic growth. Need arises to tackle fundamental structural problems before growth and development can proceed to a point where it positively affects remaining structural problems. In the three preceding decades, Nigerian governments (civilian and military) have made various attempts to drastically raise the income level as well as the standard and quality of life of the people at both urban and regional scales. Since independence, elaborate social welfare programmes (health and education in particular) have always been an important feature of development planning in the old Western Region (now Oyo, Ogun, Ondo, Lagos and Bendel States). Education facilities are among the public services that profoundly affect human well-being the availability of which has far reaching implications for a people's income and quality of life and increases the attractiveness of an area. More recently, Oyo State government acknowledged the need to enhance the quality of life of the people and increase their level of participation in decision-making and access to social opportunity. Between October 1, 1979 and December, 1983, Oyo State government attempted to ensure equality of access to secondary schools in social and physical term by the introduction of 'free education at all levels’ and/or proliferation of secondary schools designed to remove any barriers to the consumption of secondary school education. The policy objectives in this regard have been to improve access to educational resources by distributing them among Local government areas equitably according to need, and to correct territorial injustices and maintain efficiency in the allocation of secondary school education resources among areas. But how far have these objectives been realized? The main thrust of this study is to describe and explain the geographical variations in accessibility to secondary schools among a set of settlements and across Local government areas of the study area. The objectives therefore are to: examine the implications of State government policy (1979-1983) on accessibility of the people to secondary schools; determine the level of provision of secondary schools among Local government areas in relation to needs; examine the extent to which state citizens are better or worse off as a result of government policy on education; examine the extent to which proliferation of secondary school facilities in the State has improved distributional efficiency; and find out the major factors that determine the distribution of secondary schools in a typical region of a Third World country. In doing this work both population and secondary school data were used and they were collected from secondary sources; while data on physical distance from facility location point to user settlement) was generated from the base map. The methods of analysis employed include access opportunity model as put forward by Schneider and Symons (1971), Gini-coefficient, Lorenz curves and ratio of advantage or disadvantage, planning standards as laid down by Ministry of Education and multiple regression model. This study has revealed some facts about the distribution of secondary schools before and after 1979-1983 education programme in the State. The study shows that mass provision of secondary school facilities has increased accessibility of the population in the State to secondary school education. Enrolments in secondary schools increased from about 11% in 1978 to 36.3% in 1983. In 1978 50% of secondary schools was controlled by 39 % of the population of the State but this increased to 45% in 1983. This implies that state government policy on secondary school education has increased people's access to a larger share of the facilities by 6%. Average access opportunity to secondary schools and teachers increased by 140.51 and 108.80 percent respectively in 1983; while total population without secondary schools declined by 54 percent. Total weighted distance declined from 32,009,271 in 1978 to 9,844,663 person kilometres in 1983; while in 1983 mean weighted distance decreased by 49 percent. The mass establishment of secondary schools has also redistributed secondary school facilities in a more egalitarian direction than ever before. The spatial concentration of secondary schools and teachers in urban areas declined by 7 and 3 percent respectively while proportion of the population controlling 50 percent of secondary schools and teacher in the rural areas increased by 13 and 18 percent respectively. Thirdly, the increased number of secondary schools has not improved the distributional optimality with which the facilities were delivered. Inefficiency in the distribution of secondary school teachers and schools was overwhelming during the periods. Proliferation of secondary school facile ties has not altered the inefficiency level of social service delivery system in Nigeria. The level of inefficiency that characterizes the system has remained relatively stable over time. Fourthly, the study has shown that egalitarian approach to the provision of social services has substantially reduced inequalities and inequities in secondary school provision. The result is that disparities between the spatial pattern of need and spatial pattern of secondary school provision got reduced. There was redistribution of services in a more egalitarian direction than before. The study shows that decentralization of schools is less efficient, but it is more equitable in the sense that differences among urban and rural areas, between and within local government areas have been reduced. There was no evidence that State government made any efforts to implement the laid down distributional standards in the provision of secondary schools in the State hence the high level of inefficiency in the distribution of secondary schools among Local government areas of the State. Finally, the relationship between need (population) and provision of secondary school facilities was considerably stronger than any other identified explanatory variables implying that territorial justice exists with regards to the distribution of secondary schools in Oyo State. It shows that social and territorial justices can only be sustained if services are distributed in relation to population (need) rather than on the basis of political considerations. Areas of high population concentration attract social services and other developmental infrastructure than areas of scanty and scattered population. The observed mis-match between enrolments and provision of teachers revealed that the quantitative growth of secondary school resources was not accompanied with development. In the provision of secondary school facilities (1979-1983) there was growth but no development. The structure of this thesis is as follows. Chapter one gives the background to the study; while Chapter two deals with conceptual and theoretical framework and literature review. The extent to which mass provision of secondary schools in the State improved access opportunity to secondary schools in 1983 was examined in Chapter three; while levels of inequity in the distribution of secondary schools among Local government areas, and between urban and rural areas were examined in Chapter four. Although mass provision of secondary school, increases access opportunity of the population to secondary school education, yet it does not improve the optimal distribution of secondary school facilities among Local government areas of the State. Chapter five confirms this postulate; while Chapter six looks at factors that shape the spatial aspects of secondary school facilities in the state. Chapter seven is conclusion. 1 results 1
- This essay focuses on Oedipus Tyrannus, a Classical archetypal tragedy. Its spatial and temporal settings and characterisation situate this tragedy as an archetype for appraising the tragic hero. Given this canonical status among tragedies, scholars, since the Classical era, have attempted to appraise the underlying causes of Oedipus ' tragic fall from various perspectives. The question of free will and moral responsibility in the face of predestination as represented by Oedipus ' and his parents ' lives, is the crux in some of those studies. This paper, therefore, takes a trajectory different from this generic approach, shedding light on the admirable qualities of virtue which Oedipus possesses, as typified by the tough choices and decisions he gallantly makes in order to resolve the internal and external conflicts of identity and regicide-cum- parricide that plague him and the Thebans. The analysis carried out from the hermeneutics perspective evaluates Oedipus’ rather familiar ‘vices’ as having the inherent properties of Prudence, Justice, Fortitude, and Temperance, which make up the Aristotelian conceptualisation of virtue. It finds that justice in Sophocles' tragedy is a bifurcated fusion of divine will and retribution that often plays out on an innocent life as it happened in the case of Oedipus, who, along with his parents, consistently sacrifices any position of gain by birth and circumstance; and proactively bears the weight of his father’s misdeed even when that means paying the ultimate price in order to avert or revert the ill-fated curse placed on him before his conception. The study concludes that Oedipus’ actions are virtuous and worthy of emulation—not castigation—and that he should be regarded as a national hero and selfless leader, a model for the contemporary leaders and individuals. “I learnt that courage was not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. The brave man is not one who does not feel afraid, but he who conquers that fear.” Nelson Mandela 1 results 1
- Vaccination 1 results 1
- Yoruba Human Ontology 1 results 1
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