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Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection and associated risk factors in ruminants in Gauteng Province, South Africa
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The impact of paraffin on germination of selected crop seeds and its possible pest repellent action by Kadende, John Sembeba
Published 2015Get full text
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- Crop rotation 2 results 2
- Glomus etunicatum 2 results 2
- Intercropping 2 results 2
- Rhizobium japonicum 2 results 2
- Abscess 1 results 1
- Anaerobic digestion 1 results 1
- Antibiotics 1 results 1
- Biogas yield 1 results 1
- Capsicum frutescens 1 results 1
- Clarias gariepinus 1 results 1
- Fish growth 1 results 1
- Fish wound healing 1 results 1
- Ginger rhizomes 1 results 1
- High cost of conventional feedstuffs and competition between livestock and fish for ingredients necessitate research into low cost, non-conventional feedstuffs for profitable fish farming. In aquaculture, the emphasis is on producing feeds that promote growth and health of fish. There is scanty documentation of the potential of onion (Allium cepa) bulbs and walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) leaves in fish production. The growth performance of Clarias gariepinus on diets containing Onion Bulb (OB) and Walnut Leaf (WL) and their antibacterial activities were therefore investigated. Growth experiments, replicated 3 times with 20 fish per replicate, were carried out for 18 weeks on C. gariepinus juveniles. Experimental diets composed of control (0%), OB2 (0.5%), OB3 (1.0%), OB4 (1.5%), OB5 (2.0%), WL6 (0.5%), WL7 (1.0%), WL8 (1.5%) and WL9 (2.0%) were fed twice daily at 3% body weight. Mean Weight Gain (MWG), Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were measured. Also, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Haemoglobin (Hb), Total Protein (TP), Amino Alanine Transferase (ALT) and Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST) contents were determined using standard methods. Antibacterial activities and inhibition of diameter of ethanol and methanol extracts of OB and WL were evaluated against four clinical strains of bacteria isolates from C. gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus using agar well diffusion method. Microbial loads of water and fish tissues (skin, gill, intestine and liver) were determined using American Public Health Association (APHA) methods. Clarias gariepinus juveniles were innoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 5.0x10-6cfu/mL intraperitoneally and fed the different diets to assess their Level of Protection (LP). Wound (1cm2) was created on lateral and caudal parts of the C. gariepinus and percentage Dermal Wound Healing (DWH) was investigated using standard methods. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p=0.05 Fish on OB and WL based diets had higher growth rates than the control diet but C. gariepinus fed WL8 had significant higher MWG, SGR and FCR of 53.81±1.20g, 1.09±0.11g and 2.16±0.01 respectively. The PCV (34.5±0.7%), Hb (10.65±0.07g/dL), TP (5.70±0.99g/dL), ALT (22.50±3.40 μ/L) and AST (139.00±9.90 μ/L) in WL were significantly higher than those of OB. The OB and WL extracts had inhibition zones of 10±0.01mm and 12±0.01mm diameter respectively against P. aeruginosa; 11±0.00mm and 11±0.01mm diameter against Pseudomonas fluorescens; 11±0.01mm and 13.5±0.01mm diameter against Staphylococcus aureus. Microbial loads in water (log10cfu/mL) 4.37±0.02, skin, gill, intestine and liver (log10cfu/g) were 3.35±0.05, 3.20±0.06, 3.27±0.04 and 3.25±0.07 respectively in fish on WL diets. These values were significantly lower than the corresponding values for OB. The LP against P. aeruginosa were higher in WL8 (90%) and OB2 (90%) than uninnoculated fish. The DWH of C. gariepinus was better on lateral and caudal parts (100%, 100%) in WL8 compared to the control (98%, 80%) respectively. Fish fed with onion bulb and walnut leaf diets had improved mean weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio, and were more resistant to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection 1 results 1
- Maize and soyabean are among the staples in the world. Their sustainable production through the use of synthetic fertilizer causes soil degradation and ground water contamination. An alternative means of boosting and sustaining the production of these staples through the use of rhizobium and mycorrhiza have been reported but there are contradictory reports on interactions between the two organisms. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the influence of Rhizobium japonicum and Glomus etunicatum on maize and soyabean production. Three farmlands in Oyo town were purposively selected. In the first and second farmlands were planted sole maize and soyabean respectively and were rotated the following season while both crops were intercropped on the third farmland. The experimental layout was randomised complete block design in split plot with three replications. The treatments were mycorrhizal, rhizobium, combined inoculations and uninoculated (controls). Maize was inoculated with Glomus etunicatum, while soyabean was inoculated with Glomus etunicatum and broth of Rhizobium japonicum. The plants’ population densities were 66,667 and 266,667 respectively. Growth parameters were measured using established methods at two weeks interval. The plants’ biomass, yield, proximate and nutrient analyses were determined usin g standard methods. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p = 0.05. The average heights (cm) of mycorrhiza, rhizobium and combined inoculated plants were 59.8±3.0, 68.3 ±1.8 and 63.7±1.2 respectively while that of their uninoculated counterparts was 52.7±3.4 in both sole and intercropped soyabean. Similarly, significant differences in biomass production were obtained between inoculated (3.7, 3.9, 3.9 g) and uninoculated (2.9 g) soyabean. Sole and rotated soyabean had significant biomass values which were 34.7 and 23.4 % respectively higher than the intercropped soyabean. There was no significant difference in nutrient contents of soyabean; its percentage proximate contents showed significant effects of rhizobium (4.5), mycorrhiza (4.0) or combined inoculation (4.2) in relation to uninoculated treatments (3.1). In intercropped and rotated maize, higher values of number of leaves and plant height were obtained in the mycorrhizal inoculated treatments compared with uninoculated counterparts. Biomass values of the intercropped and rotated maize were 15.5 and 12.5 % respectively higher than that of sole maize. There was significant main effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on nutrient contents of maize in intercropped and rotated farmlands. The grain yields of sole and combined inoculated soyabean ranged between 648.1–738.7 kgha-1 and significantly outweighed that of the uninoculated counterparts (524.6–584.9 kgha-1). There were no significant differences in grain yield of sole and intercropped maize, however, grain yield of rotated maize (585 kgha-1) was significantly higher than that of sole maize (512.9 kgha-1). Interactions between R. japonicum and G. etunicatum stimulated growth of both crops, while intercropping enhanced growth and biomass production of maize but had negative effects on soyabean. Interaction between Rhizobium japonicum and Glomus etunicatum had synergistic effects on growth of maize and soyabean. The combination of the two organisms and the systems of farming favoured the yield of both crops. The use of both microsymbionts combined with the cultural farming systems is therefore recommended to boost soyabean and maize production. 1 results 1
- Maize and soyabean are among the staples in the world. Their sustainable production through the use of synthetic fertilizer causes soil degradation and ground water contamination. An alternative means of boosting and sustaining the production of these staples through the use of rhizobium and mycorrhiza have been reported but there are contradictory reports on interactions between the two organisms. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the influence of Rhizobium japonicum and Glomus etunicatum on maize and soyabean production. Three farmlands in Oyo town were purposively selected. In the first and second farmlands were planted sole maize and soyabean respectively and were rotated the following season while both crops were intercropped on the third farmland. The experimental layout was randomised complete block design in split plot with three replications. The treatments were mycorrhizal, rhizobium, combined inoculations and uninoculated (controls). Maize was inoculated with Glomus etunicatum, while soyabean was inoculated with Glomus etunicatum and broth of Rhizobium japonicum. The plants’ population densities were 66,667 and 266,667 respectively. Growth parameters were measured using established methods at two weeks interval. The plants’ biomass, yield, proximate and nutrient analyses were determined using standard methods. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p = 0.05. The average heights (cm) of mycorrhiza, rhizobium and combined inoculated plants were 59.8±3.0, 68.3 ±1.8 and 63.7±1.2 respectively while that of their uninoculated counterparts was 52.7±3.4 in both sole and intercropped soyabean. Similarly, significant differences in biomass production were obtained between inoculated (3.7, 3.9, 3.9 g) and uninoculated (2.9 g) soyabean. Sole and rotated soyabean had significant biomass values which were 34.7 and 23.4 % respectively higher than the intercropped soyabean. There was no significant difference in nutrient contents of soyabean; its percentage proximate contents showed significant effects of rhizobium (4.5), mycorrhiza (4.0) or combined inoculation (4.2) in relation to uninoculated treatments (3.1). In intercropped and rotated maize, higher values of number of leaves and plant height were obtained in the mycorrhizal inoculated treatments compared with uninoculated counterparts. Biomass values of the intercropped and rotated maize were 15.5 and 12.5 % respectively higher than that of sole maize. There was significant main effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on nutrient contents of maize in intercropped and rotated farmlands. The grain yields of sole and combined inoculated soyabean ranged between 648.1–738.7 kgha-1 and significantly UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY iii outweighed that of the uninoculated counterparts (524.6–584.9 kgha-1). There were no significant differences in grain yield of sole and intercropped maize, however, grain yield of rotated maize (585 kgha-1) was significantly higher than that of sole maize (512.9 kgha-1). Interactions between R. japonicum and G. etunicatum stimulated growth of both crops, while intercropping enhanced growth and biomass production of maize but had negative effects on soyabean. Interaction between Rhizobium japonicum and Glomus etunicatum had synergistic effects on growth of maize and soyabean. The combination of the two organisms and the systems of farming favoured the yield of both crops. The use of both microsymbionts combined with the cultural farming systems is therefore recommended to boost soyabean and maize production. Keywords: Glomus etunicatum, Rhizobium japonicum, Intercropping, Crop rotation Word count: 499 1 results 1
- Multi-feedstock 1 results 1
- Nigeria 1 results 1
- Ogun 1 results 1
- Onion bulb 1 results 1
- Pepper a perishable seasonal fruit, requires storage to extend its shelf-life. Appropriate postharvest handling and storage prolong longevity and preserve quality of Pepper Fruit (PF). However, there is dearth of information on its handling and storage in Southwest Nigeria. Therefore, the effects of postharvest handling methods and storage conditions on storability of PF were investigated. Two hundred Pepper Fruit Marketers (PFM) were randomly selected from pepper markets in Ibadan, Oyo State (Sasa and Bodija), Iwo, Osun state (Erunmu, Odo-Ori, and Station) and Akure, Ondo State (viz: Isikan, Oja-Oba, Sasa, NEPA and Isolo). Structured questionnaire was used to determine the socioeconomic characteristics of PFM and postharvest handling methods. Capsicum frutescens grown on the Teaching and Research Farm, University of Ibadan was harvested with and without pedicels at 10 and 100% ripeness. Postharvest handling was evaluated by comparing packaging in perforated polyethylene, non-perforated polyethylene and aluminium-foil before storing in either Ambient Conditions (AC) of 21.9-33.5°C and 58-62% Relative Humidity (RH); Refrigerator (4.0°C and 40-45% RH) or Evaporative Coolant Structure (ECS) (18 - 20°C and 70-75% RH). Pepper fruits were heat-sterilised, parboiled and unparboiled before oven-drying or sun-drying in order to determine the effect of processing on proximate and Vitamin C Content (VCC). Percentage Weight Loss (WL) was calculated. Firmness (FM) and Decay Level (DL) were evaluated on a scale of 1 to 4 and General Appearance (GA) on scale of 1 to 5. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation coefficient and ANOVA at p < 0.05. The average age of PF marketers was 45 years with male predominance (56%). Majority (69.0%) spread PF on cemented floor to minimise deterioration; Sixty-six percent removed spoilt fruits to reduce infection. Seventy-four percent sourced PF from middlemen these were inappropriately transported in commuter vehicles with used grain sack. Fruits were marketed at 100% ripeness without pedicels. Evidence of deterioration due to presence of insect larvae and rottenness was observed from the 5th day after storage. The shelf-life of PF harvested with pedicels at 10% ripeness and stored in refrigerator, ECS and AC was 27, 20 and 6 days, respectively, while shelf life of PF harvested at 100% ripeness was 21, 14, and 3 days, UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY iii respectively. In contrast, the shelf-life of PF harvested without pedicel at 10% ripeness was 21, 18 and 5 days while for 100% ripeness, it was 18, 15 and 2 days respectively. The WL, DL, GA and firmness of fruits harvested at 10% with pedicels and stored in refrigerator was 14.3%, 3.2, 4.0 and 3.5. The PF packaged in the aluminium-foil had significantly longer shelf life (30 days) than those packaged in perforated polyethylene (21 days) and non-perforated polyethylene (15 days). Parboiled-sundried pepper was significantly higher in crude protein (15.2%), fat (11.3 %), capsaicin (27.8%), and VCC (9.6 mg/100 g) compared to oven-dried pepper. Heat-sterilised fruits had the lowest nutrient contents. Storability of PF was best at 10% ripeness with pedicel. Parboiled-sundried method conserved nutrients better than other techniques. Keywords: Pepper storability, Postharvest handling, Capsicum frutescens. Word count: 487 1 results 1
- Pepper storability 1 results 1
- Pig 1 results 1
- Pigs are relatively prone to abscess formation especially in the skin. This study was designed to assess the occurrence of skin abscess in pigs on the Ifelodun farm settlement in Ogun state, South-West Nigeria and evaluate the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial organisms isolated from pus samples from the abscesses. A total of 2,909 pigs from 104 randomly selected farms on the Ifelodun farm settlement were physically examined. The anatomic locations of gross swellings on the skin were noted. Diagnosis of skin abscess was arrived at after palpation and aspiration of content. Pus samples from 14 intact abscesses were collected aseptically for isolation and sensitivity using standard cultural and disc diffusion method respectively. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. 26 (0.89%) of the 2,909 pigs examined across 22 (21.2%) farms out of 104 farms surveyed were affected. The anatomic distribution of the abscesses includes 43.3%, 6.67%, 16.67% and 33.33% on the neck, forelimbs, trunk, and hind limbs respectively. None was observed on the head. 10 bacterial species were isolated from the 14 tested isolates with Arcanobacterium pyogenes (57.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (42.8%) and Escherichia coli (35.7%) being most frequently isolated. Antibiotic sensitivity profile varied with more isolates being sensitive to Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Gentamicin, and Chloraphenicol for gram positive bacterial species and Ceftazidine, Cefuroxime, Gentamicin and Augmentin for gram negative species. Swine skin abscess affects various body regions in pigs on Ifelodun pig farm settlement. The neck and hind limbs were mostly affected likely due to poor injection practices. Based on availability of veterinary preparation readily available in the Nigerian market, Gentamicin, Tetracycline and Erythromycin remain viable options for post-surgical management of the abscesses while Chloramphenicol should be avoided due to its deleterious effect on humans. Antibiotic sensitivity is recommended in cases of recurring skin abscesses in a pig or herd. 1 results 1
- Postharvest handling 1 results 1
- Pre-storage treatment 1 results 1
- Purpose: Ginger rhizomes are highly susceptible to damage during postharvest storage due to soil borne pathogenic disorder. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of prestorage treatments required for sprouting and maintaining the quality of ginger plant in different storage periods at the Teaching and Research Farm, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso. Method: The rhizomes were treated with four different pre-storage treatments viz.,control, hydrated lime, - Mancozeb, and 100ml of Trichodermaharzianum solution at different storage periods of one, two and three months. The experiment was arranged in a complete randomized designand laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Data were collected on percentage sprouting, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and nutritional quality of ginger rhizomes. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using Statistical Analysis System Software (SAS, 2005). Differences among treatment means were compared using Least Significance Difference (LSD) at 5% probability level. Results: The storage periods significantly (P≤0.05) influenced the percentage sprouting andgrowth parametersof ginger at various sampling period. Highest growth of 9.05cm was recorded from ginger plant stored for three months while the least value of 6.94cm was obtained from rhizomes stored for one month. The pre-storage treatments significantly (P≤0.05) influenced the percentage sprouting, weight loss and growth parameters of ginger at various sampling period. Highest percentage sprouting (94.3%) was recorded from rhizomes treated with 100 ml Trichodermaharzianim solution followed by rhizomes treated with hydrated lime (88.3 %) while lowest percentage sprouting (61.5 %) were recorded from control. Highest percentage weight loss of 46.3% was recorded from control followed by hydrated lime (35.58 %) while the lowest percentage weight loss of 33.93 % was recorded from 100 ml Trichodermaharzianim solution. Conclusions: In conclusion, rhizomes treated with Trichodermaharzianim solution for a period of three months before planting produced better sprouting and enhanced the growth quality of ginger on the field 1 results 1
- Renewable energy 1 results 1
- Sprouting, nutritional quality 1 results 1
- Storage periods 1 results 1
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