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INTEGRATED METHODS FOR DELINEATING GROUNDWATER RESOURCE IN ADO-EKITI, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA
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INTEGRATED METHODS FOR DELINEATING GROUNDWATER RESOURCE IN ADO-EKITI, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA
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PRIVATE CAPITAL FLOWS AND MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE: GROWTH IMPLICATIONS OF SHOCKS FOR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN ECONOMIES
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Diaspora is Not Like Home a Social And Economic History of Yoruba in Kano, 1912-1999
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Social Cohesion: Its Meaning and Complexities
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- Basement complex 2 results 2
- Geomorphology 2 results 2
- Groundwater potential 2 results 2
- Lineament extraction 2 results 2
- Gross domestic product per capita 1 results 1
- In theory, private capital flows (PCF) strengthen domestic investment for economic growth. In sub-Saharan African (SSA) economies, Foreign Direct Investment per Capita (FDIC), Portfolio Investment per Capita (PIC) and Bank Lending per Capita (BLC) components of PCF grew inversely to Gross Domestic Product per Capita (GDPC). While growth rates of FDIC, PIC and BLC respectively averaged 269.6%, 31.7% and 55.6% in 1981-1990; 42.9%, 36.6% and 28.6% in 1991-2000; 30.7%, -174.7% and 24.2% in 2001-2010; GDPC growth rates were -1.3%, -0.4% and 2.2% over the periods. Previous studies have attributed this problem largely to recipient economies’ structural features, with little attention paid to PCF shocks (sharp fluctuations from the equilibrium path). This study, therefore, investigated the effects of PCF shocks on the macroeconomic performance of selected SSA countries. A stochastic model within a dynamic open-economy framework was developed to evaluate the relationship between shocks to gross inflows of PCF components (FDIC, PIC and BLC) and macroeconomic performance indicators (GDPC, Gross Fixed Capital Formation per Capita (GFCC), and Exchange Rate (ER)). Shocks were measured, using the Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) model, as one-standard deviation of orthogonal structural errors. The Maximum Likelihood estimation technique employed yielded asymptotically efficient estimators which were invariant to the model’s re-parameterisation. The effects of the shocks on GDPC long-term growth were determined using the instrumental variables regression method. Annual data on fourteen SSA countries from 1990 to 2010 were employed, based on data availability. The data were collected from the International Monetary Fund’s International Financial Statistics Yearbook and the World Bank’s Global Development Finance databases. Reliability and robustness of estimators were ascertained using Johansen-Fisher co-integration and SVAR stability tests. Statistical significance was determined at 0.05 level. Shocks to PIC consistently reduced GDPC by $0.33, $0.31 and $0.28 in the first, second and third post-shock years, respectively. Similarly, BLC shocks reduced GDPC by $2.46, $2.54 and $2.49 over the same periods. Both PIC and BLC shocks respectively reduced GDPC long term growth rate by 0.9% and 1.2%. They also led ER to appreciate by 0.02 points and 0.22 points, while GFCC increased by $0.35 and UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN iii $3.52, in that order. However, shocks to FDIC led ER to depreciate by 0.40 points but induced GDPC and GFCC to increase by $0.75 and $0.20, respectively. These results suggested that both real flows (FDI) and financial flows (PIC and BLC) enhanced capital formation. Only real flows effectively induced economic growth, though local currency depreciated because the induced increase in GDPC raised local demand for foreign currency. Financial flows hampered economic growth as the induced ER appreciation constrained GDPC. Shocks to private capital flows significantly influenced macroeconomic performance of sub-Saharan African countries, with foreign direct investment being more growth inducing than private portfolio investment and bank lending. These countries should manage portfolio investment and bank lending flows more effectively to mitigate the negative effects of their shocks. Also, efforts should be intensified to attract foreign direct investment for rapid economic growth. 1 results 1
- Maximum likelihood estimation 1 results 1
- Meaning 1 results 1
- Organisational Commitments 1 results 1
- Potable water supply in Ado-Ekiti is inadequate resulting in increased demand for groundwater in the metropolis. Geologically, Ado-Ekiti is underlain by hydrogeologically challenging crystalline basement rocks whose hydraulic properties are characterised by extreme variations over short distances. Prospective groundwater zones are poorly defined in the hard rock terrain. A thorough and definitive evaluation of the overall groundwater resource in such terrain is imperative. This study was therefore designed to use integrated investigations comprising Hydro-geophysics, Remote Sensing and Physicochemistry, in delineating areas suitable for sustainable groundwater development. Landsat imageries were used for landuse and landcover mapping, while lineament analysis was used for groundwater prospecting. Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission Digital Elevation Model (SRTM DEM) was used for drainage network extraction, slope and geomorphological analysis. Well inventory data were obtained from 108 wells with physicochemical analysis of the water samples. One hundred and thirty three Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were carried out to generate geoelectric parameters including the Dar Zarrouk Parameters. Application of Geographical Information System (GIS) enabled the preparation of various thematic maps which were analysed in terms of hydrogeologic importance. The thematic maps of the extracted features were re-classified for integration using appropriate software. The groundwater potential maps generated were validated against the existing groundwater yield data. Well yield data were superimposed on the groundwater potential maps. Data were analysed using descriptive method. The light vegetation and bare soil area cover was 110.9 km2, with the rock outcrops covering a total area of 14.9 km2. Hills, pediments, pediplains, alluvium and valley fills were the hydrogeomorphic units delineated. The lineaments showed predominantly, NNW-SSE, ENE-WSW and NNE-SSW orientations and subsidiary NW-SE and W-E trends. The weathered/fractured basement layer revealed a range of resistivity value of 16.5 Ωm – 1214.0 Ωm with thickness varying from 0.2 m to 53.2 m. The overburden thickness, coefficient of anisotropy and groundwater head had values varying from 1.0 m - 63.2 m, 1.0 – 3.0 and 292.2 – 460.4 m amsl, respectively. Groundwater potential maps generated from remote sensing – GIS and VES – GIS gave highest correlation with borehole yield data of 56.7% and 60%, respectively. Integration of the thematic layers of bedrock resistivity, weathered basement resistivity, overburden thickness, lineament density, geology, geomorphology and anisotropy yielded a groundwater potential map with a marked improvement of 73.3% correlation. The area was classified into very low, low, medium and high groundwater potential zones covering 61.4 km2, 118.9 km2, 38.2 km2 and 16.8 km2, respectively. Valley fills/basement depressions and major groundwater recharge/discharge zones were delineated as groundwater pockets with the flow approximately lying along the NW-SE direction. The integrated approach has proven to be efficient and effective for delineation of groundwater potential zones in Ado –Ekiti. This approach will minimize the time and cost for identifying groundwater potential zones and suitable recharge structures in basement terrains 1 results 1
- Potable water supply in Ado-Ekiti is inadequate resulting in increased demand for groundwater in the metropolis. Geologically, Ado-Ekiti is underlain by hydrogeologically challenging crystalline basement rocks whose hydraulic properties are characterised by extreme variations over short distances. Prospective groundwater zones are poorly defined in the hard rock terrain. A thorough and definitive evaluation of the overall groundwater resource in such terrain is imperative. This study was therefore designed to use integrated investigations comprising Hydro-geophysics, Remote Sensing and Physicochemistry, in delineating areas suitable for sustainable groundwater development. Landsat imageries were used for landuse and landcover mapping, while lineament analysis was used for groundwater prospecting. Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission Digital Elevation Model (SRTM DEM) was used for drainage network extraction, slope and geomorphological analysis. Well inventory data were obtained from 108 wells with physicochemical analysis of the water samples. One hundred and thirty three Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were carried out to generate geoelectric parameters including the Dar Zarrouk Parameters. Application of Geographical Information System (GIS) enabled the preparation of various thematic maps which were analysed in terms of hydrogeologic importance. The thematic maps of the extracted features were re-classified for integration using appropriate software. The groundwater potential maps generated were validated against the existing groundwater yield data. Well yield data were superimposed on the groundwater potential maps. Data were analysed using descriptive method. The light vegetation and bare soil area cover was 110.9 km2, with the rock outcrops covering a total area of 14.9 km2. Hills, pediments, pediplains, alluvium and valley fills were the hydrogeomorphic units delineated. The lineaments showed predominantly, NNW-SSE, ENE-WSW and NNE-SSW orientations and subsidiary NW-SE and W-E trends. The weathered/fractured basement layer revealed a range of resistivity value of 16.5 Ωm – 1214.0 Ωm with thickness varying from 0.2 m to 53.2 m. The overburden thickness, coefficient of anisotropy and groundwater head had values varying from 1.0 m - 63.2 m, 1.0 – 3.0 and 292.2 – 460.4 m amsl, respectively. Groundwater potential maps generated from remote sensing – GIS and VES – GIS gave highest correlation with borehole yield data of 56.7% and 60%, respectively. Integration of the thematic layers of bedrock resistivity, weathered basement iii resistivity, overburden thickness, lineament density, geology, geomorphology and anisotropy yielded a groundwater potential map with a marked improvement of 73.3% correlation. The area was classified into very low, low, medium and high groundwater potential zones covering 61.4 km2, 118.9 km2, 38.2 km2 and 16.8 km2, respectively. Valley fills/basement depressions and major groundwater recharge/discharge zones were delineated as groundwater pockets with the flow approximately lying along the NW-SE direction. The integrated approach has proven to be efficient and effective for delineation of groundwater potential zones in Ado –Ekiti. This approach will minimize the time and cost for identifying groundwater potential zones and suitable recharge structures in basement terrains. Keywords: Basement complex, Geomorphology, Groundwater potential, Lineament extraction Word count: 461 1 results 1
- Private capital flows 1 results 1
- Social Capital 1 results 1
- Social Cohesion 1 results 1
- Structural vector autoregressive 1 results 1
- The concept Social cohesion is relative and a somewhat difficult concept to define. Many scholars have offered varying degree of definitions but the main challenge noticed in the definition, is the multiple definitions based on individual scholar’s orientation or ideology .Another problem poised by these definitions of the concept is that of multi-level and multi-dimensional nature. Contemporary scholars of social cohesion have defied a way of treating the concept as a phenomenon with a multi-dimensional feature or as a kind of potentially construct concept structured around many varying indices. Academics and policy makers have unanimously arrived at a consensus that ,"Social Cohesion" as a concept, is enjoying an ever-increasing popularity. Inspite of this perceived ubiquity in many literatures, the concept of social cohesion is still a hugely ill-defined concept that exact meaning varies from one scholar to another. While some scholars or researchers understand the concept as being synonymous to trust, solidarity and peace; many others tend to be of the view that the concept can incorporate such terms as inclusiveness, poverty and social capital. Sociologists however have associated or aligned the concept to ideas that includes social integration and system integration. In furtherance of the search for a clear definition, sociologists have attempted to simplify the challenges embedded in its definition. They highlighted interest in developing a general theory of social cohesion that is confronted with a complex body of work that involves various definitions of social cohesion and engaged specialized literatures on particular dimensions of social cohesion (e.g., membership turnover, organizational commitment, categorical identifications, interpersonal attachments, network structures) and encourage lines of inquiry that is focused on the specific types of groups (e.g., families, schools, military units and sports teams. The apparent theoretical confusion pointed out by other scholar critically is geared towards a critical view of the concept of cohesion which could be viewed as nothing beyond a "quasi-concept" or "concept of convenience" that can be seen to be flexible enough to allow for tweaking, meanderings and also offer rooms for necessities associated with political action in its everyday activities. The goal of the article therefore is to proffer an in-depth analysis of how the concept of social cohesion has been defined and applied in the literature, taking into cognizance the two traditions used in analyzing social cohesion. The first that has its origin in the disciplines of social sciences such as Political Science, Sociology, Social Psychology etc. Coming after social science discipline is the more recent and increasingly significant approaches that were formulated by policy-makers. 1 results 1
- Theories 1 results 1
- Yoruba migration to Kano was shaped both by social and economic reality of the British colonial rule and trajectories of the post-colonial state. In Kano, the wider opportunity for the advancement of commercial frontier attracted generations of Yoruba traders, artisans, entrepreneurs and professionals. This book articulates the historical process that led to the evolution as well as the consolidation of the Yoruba commercial diaspora in Kano. Three interconnected themes: migration, entrepreneurship and intergroup relations in a commercial diaspora were systematically pursued in this work. All through the trajectory, the book has reconstructed the historical metamorphosis of the Yoruba trading diaspora chronologically from colonial period to the post-colonial era and, by extension, part of the commercial history of modern Kano. In 1912, Yoruba commerce in Kano entered a- new phase from the socio-cultural bases already established in the pre-colonial economy. Linder the British rule, Yoruba identity in Kano was dramatically transformed to become “non-natives” or “strangers." The British used diverse measures including stereotype, criminalisation and ethnic segregation to control Yoruba migration to Kano. Resentment and criminalisation were used to segregate and exclude the Yoruba from the mainstream Kano society. In this respect.- ethnic relations were mediated by colonial encounter. Colonialism challenged the migrants’ identity and self-understanding. The r transformative effects of this challenge redefined inter-ethnic relations to produce new imbalances, crystallisation of communal identities and social cohesion. As such, inter-ethnic rivalry sustained the British rule and remained pervasive in the post-colonial context. The intriguing feature of ethnic segregation as model of state structure and development provided stimulus for diaspora identity. Despite the control measures, the groundnut export and urbanisation processes in Kano influenced the greater proportion of Yoruba migration within the framework of kinship linkages. But Yoruba traders encountered structural disadvantages in the commodity trade. Commercially, Yoruba women were among the active traders whose entrepreneurial activities linked the rural markets with the urban economy and stimulated income and distribution of Kano made goods. From 1985 and up to 1999, a downward trend was recorded in Yoruba enterprise in Kano due to economic contraction and urban crises. The methodology for this study was primarily empirical in approach: In-depth oral interviews, research visits to neighbourhoods, fact finding surveys made on individuals, organisations and institutions as data sources in an interactive manner. The emphasis on field experience and broader interviews across ethnic, occupational and gender categories facilitated the validation of data collected and interpretation ensured that the analysis was a product of communal reflections. In this study, it has been found that ethnicity was fundamental in social and economic networks through which commerce was undertaken. The overriding value of Yoruba ethnic identity in Kano was the creation of a socio-economic community that allocated productive resources in the employment of labour, capital mobilisation, entrepreneurship and social security. The recreation and reorganisation of ethnic associations were largely influenced by successful entrepreneurs who played significant leadership roles. However, social functions restricted entrepreneurial investment in commercial activities. The study has examined the survival strategy employed by the Yoruba in combating incorporation and exclusion prism that curtailed, challenged or encouraged their commercial activities. As a trading community, the Yoruba used their flexible identity, professional skills and religions (both Christianity and Islam) for commercial success. The special skills of the entrepreneurs and complimentary commercial roles of artisans had led to the transfer of technical skills, improved craft industry, urban development, stimulated income and growth of markets, and tho over increasing urban population that provided the much needed skilled labour tor tho expanding industries. Yoruba enterprise generated labour supply, provided employment and above all, contributed to the process of capital accumulation Indeed, the special skills and complementary commercial roles of the Yoruba Christians constituted an invaluable asset to their acceptance among the Muslim host community Many of the Yoruba Muslim migrant households have been complotely absorbed into the cultural and religious values of Kano. Closely connected to this, is the fact that, many of the unassimllatod younger gemmation of tho Muslim Yoruba Migrants developed a plural identity As n consequence, tho commercial diaspora produced a hybrid generation namely; the Kano Yoruba, who had a stronger sentiment for the hosl community. Empirically, the two ethnic groups (Hausa and Yoruba) still retain many of tho loan words borrowed from each other’s languages for Islamic, commercial, equestrian and sundry matters. These extensive social network and marital linkages had facilitated ethnic harmony and hospitality. A remarkable aspect of this study is the discussion on tho ambivalent Hausa and Yoruba relations namely: economic competition on one hand and cultural constraints of identity on the other hand. Yoruba commercial activities in Kano have occasioned stress and suspicion generated considerably by economic competition. Some of the riots in Kano from 1953 to 1999 were caused by socio-political problems with devastating consequences on Kano economy most especially, state of insecurity of investment, tho fear of looting, wanton destruction of lives and economic gains, and tho exodus of migrant artisans and entrepreneurs. Some of the Yoruba experienced economic dislocation. Hence, they liquidated their businesses and or relocated to their places of origin or other commercial cities in Nigeria. The study concludes that Yoruba enterprise in Kano contributed to the transmission of technical skills among different communities and the transformation of modern Kano as a commercial metropolis in Nigeria. Without family connections and support network in a competitive context, Yoruba diaspora became ethnically assertive in terms of associational life. Thus, in the process, diaspora identity restricted the prospect of integration of the migrants into the host community. 1 results 1
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