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Voice over IP gateway for internet telephony
Published 2011
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TAKĀFUL IN NIGERIA.
Published 2013-02
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TAKĀFUL IN NIGERIA.
Published 2013-02
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Exposure and connectedness to natural environments: An examination of the measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 6...
Published 2024
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FRELIP Subject
ActiveX
1 results
1
Connectedness to nature scale
1 results
1
Cross-cultural
1 results
1
Detachment from nature is contributing to the environmental crisis and reversing this trend requires detailed monitoring and targeted interventions to reconnect people to nature. Most tools measuring nature exposure and attachment were developed in high-income countries and little is known about their robustness across national and linguistic groups. Therefore, we used data from the Body Image in Nature Survey to assess measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and the Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups (N =56,968). While multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA) of the NES supported full scalar invariance across gender identities and age groups, only partial scalar invariance was supported across national and linguistic groups. MG-CFA of the CNS also supported full scalar invariance across gender identities and age groups, but only partial scalar invariance of a 7-item version of the CNS across national and linguistic groups. Nation-level associations between NES and CNS scores were negligible, likely reflecting a lack of conceptual clarity over what the NES is measuring. Individual-level associations between both measures and sociodemographic variables were weak. Findings suggest that the CNS-7 may be a useful tool to measure nature connectedness globally, but measures other than the NES may be needed to capture nature exposure cross-culturally.
1 results
1
Echo
1 results
1
Full-Duplex
1 results
1
Internet Phone
1 results
1
Jitter
1 results
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Measurement invariance
1 results
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Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CPA)
1 results
1
Nature exposure scale
1 results
1
PSTN network
1 results
1
Takāful, Islamic mutual cooperative insurance, is fast gaining grounds all over the world and many countries have tapped into its potentials to grow their economies. Nigeria also licensed Takāful windows to three conventional insurance outfits (African Alliance PLC, Niger Insurance PLC and Cornerstone Insurance PLC). Studies have addressed banking and other aspects of Islamic finance in Nigeria but none has examined the practice of Takāful. This study, therefore, investigates the extent and form of practice, level of awareness of operations and patronage of Takāful in Nigeria with a view to determining the challenges and prospects of its full operation. The study adopted Pascal and Fermat’s theory of probability which determines actuarial calculations and risk assessment in insurance business. Survey design involving the use of random and purposive sampling methods was adopted in the administration of copies of a questionnaire to 270 Civil Servants, 102 Engineers, 105 Accountants, 100 Bankers, 210 Teachers, 80 Lawyers and 33 Artisans in six randomly selected states (Kano, Gombe, Kwara, Edo, Imo and Ogun) in Nigeria’s geo-political regions and purposively selected Lagos and Abuja, for their economic and political importance respectively. In-depth interviews were conducted with nine top Takāful officials of the windows. Qualitative data were subjected to content analysis, qualitative data were analysed using percentages. Takāful practice in Nigeria remained at the windows level. The windows offered both general and life Takāful products. They adopted Al-Muḍārabah (Profit-and-loss sharing) model and operated the account components required of Takāful operation (Participants’ Account and Participants’ Special Account) in line with standard international practice. The windows did not disclose the volume of subscription but confirmed low patronage. They were found not to have done enough in awareness creation, hence, the low patronage could be consequent on public’s poor knowledge of the workings of Takāful. Takāful officials identified lack of support institutions like Central Sharī ‘ah Council, liquid secondary market, re-takāful outfits and few Sharī ‘ah-compliant investment products as challenges to confront full Takāful operations. They mentioned the need for personnel, education and awareness creation as germane. Meanwhile, 69.8% of respondents were aware of the existence of the windows, but very few (26.5%) subscribed to Takāful products. About half of these were satisfied with their subscriptions. Moreover, 65.2% of respondents were willing to subscribe to Takāful plans. A large percentage of respondents (83.6%) opined that full Takāful operation would succeed in Nigeria. Furthermore, respondents believed that the following could serve as prospects for Takāful: the Muslim population (70.3%), existence of many Islamic organisations (76.0%), poverty level in Nigeria (71.5%) and the existence of ḥalāl (lawful) investment products in Nigeria (68.8%). In addition, 57.7% of respondents supported the need for appropriate regulations for Takāful. Takāful in Nigeria, though still at the windows level, is consistent with acceptable global practice. Awareness and patronage are still low but there is a great potential for the country to benefit maximally from this system. Thus, government needs to create awareness, build institutions and provide regulations for its full take off.
1 results
1
Takāful, Islamic mutual cooperative insurance, is fast gaining grounds all over the world and many countries have tapped into its potentials to grow their economies. Nigeria also licensed Takāful windows to three conventional insurance outfits (African Alliance PLC, Niger Insurance PLC and Cornerstone Insurance PLC). Studies have addressed banking and other aspects of Islamic finance in Nigeria but none has examined the practice of Takāful. This study, therefore, investigates the extent and form of practice, level of awareness of operations and patronage of Takāful in Nigeria with a view to determining the challenges and prospects of its full operation. The study adopted Pascal and Fermat’s theory of probability which determines actuarial calculations and risk assessment in insurance business. Survey design involving the use of random and purposive sampling methods was adopted in the administration of copies of a questionnaire to 270 Civil Servants, 102 Engineers, 105 Accountants, 100 Bankers, 210 Teachers, 80 Lawyers and 33 Artisans in six randomly selected states (Kano, Gombe, Kwara, Edo, Imo and Ogun) in Nigeria’s geo-political regions and purposively selected Lagos and Abuja, for their economic and political importance respectively. In-depth interviews were conducted with nine top Takāful officials of the windows. Qualitative data were subjected to content analysis, qualitative data were analysed using percentages. Takāful practice in Nigeria remained at the windows level. The windows offered both general and life Takāful products. They adopted Al-Muḍārabah (Profit-and-loss sharing) model and operated the account components required of Takāful operation (Participants’ Account and Participants’ Special Account) in line with standard international practice. The windows did not disclose the volume of subscription but confirmed low patronage. They were found not to have done enough in awareness creation, hence, the low patronage could be consequent on public’s poor knowledge of the workings of Takāful. Takāful officials identified lack of support institutions like Central Sharī ‘ah Council, liquid secondary market, re-takāful outfits and few Sharī ‘ah-compliant investment products as challenges to confront full Takāful operations. They mentioned the need for personnel, education and awareness creation as germane. Meanwhile, 69.8% of respondents were aware of the existence of the windows, but very few (26.5%) subscribed to Takāful products. About half of these were satisfied with their subscriptions. Moreover, 65.2% of respondents were willing to subscribe to Takāful plans. A large percentage of respondents UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY xix (83.6%) opined that full Takāful operation would succeed in Nigeria. Furthermore, respondents believed that the following could serve as prospects for Takāful: the Muslim population (70.3%), existence of many Islamic organisations (76.0%), poverty level in Nigeria (71.5%) and the existence of ḥalāl (lawful) investment products in Nigeria (68.8%). In addition, 57.7% of respondents supported the need for appropriate regulations for Takāful. Takāful in Nigeria, though still at the windows level, is consistent with acceptable global practice. Awareness and patronage are still low but there is a great potential for the country to benefit maximally from this system. Thus, government needs to create awareness, build institutions and provide regulations for its full take off.
1 results
1
This paper presents the design and implementation of a Voice over IP Gateway, with special attention to a better voice communication and adding functionalities to the existing Internet communication. It makes use of the Speex codec Software in reducing latency and jitter faced with most VOIP systems. It offers an alternative means of Internet communication and it is accessible anytime, anywhere in the World. Modem is used as its Hardware platform and the Gateway is implemented by running several programs on the Modem under the Windows environment. It also summarizes the evolution of IP Telephony products, and how the new designed gateway adds to pre-existing functionalities in terms of Voice communication improvement and standardization. This paper is aimed at building a web-based Internet telephony system that uses Internet protocol to transmit voice data over the Intranet. It not only looks at VoIP technologies, but also designs and implements a VoIP gateway that allows users to make telephone call over a PSTN network and an IP network and also solves the issues posed by the existing systems such as Limit in available bandwidth, Packet loss, Jitter, Echo, Security and Reliability. As a result, users will not need to buy and install any applications before making a phone call.
1 results
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Voice over IP
1 results
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government needs to create awarenes
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