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SOW MILK YIELD AND COMPOSITION IN RELATION TO DAM AND LITTER PERFORMANCE
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ON GENERATING MECHANISMS AND DETECTION OF OUTLIERS IN MULTIVARIATE TIME SERIES
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NUTRITIVE VALUE OF ENSILED CASSAVA (Manihot esculentus, Crantz) TOPS AND GUINEA GRASS (Panicum maximum) FOR THE WEST AFRICAN DWARF SHEEP
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One medicine approach to emerging zoonotic diseases: a review
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- Actor network theory 2 results 2
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- This quasi-experimental study compared the relative efficacy of teacher instructions alone, peer education alone, and a combination of these two on reproductive health knowledge, attitude, perceived self-efficacy and sexual practices among secondary schools students in the lbarapa district of Southwestern Nigeria. A baseline questionnaire was administered to a systematic sample of students in four schools that were randomized into four treatment arms: teacher instructions alone (E1), peer education alone (E2), combination of teacher instruction and peer education (E3), and control, The results were used to design the contents of the interventions, which were implemented for one academic session. A follow-up survey using the same sampling procedures as baseline was conducted to measure the outcome of the intervention. The control group had superior reproductive health knowledge at baseline. By follow-up survey however, all three intervention schools showed significant knowledge gains, while the control school students' mean score increased slightly. Increase in knowledge was greatest among E3 (+5.0 points), followed by E2 (+3.4), E1 (+1.4) and C (0.3). The intervention schools showed a significant positive shift in attitude towards use of contraceptives with mean increase of 0.6, 0.5, and 0.9 points in E1, E2 and E3 respectively. Scores that measured the students' perceived self-efficacy for safe sex increased significantly among E1 (from 10.8 to 11.8) and E3 (from 10.4 to 12.6). Reported condom use was significantly higher among E2 (from 16.7 % to 62.8%) (p<0.05) and E3 (from 22.8% to 53%) (p<0.05) compared to E1 (28.6% to 47.4%) (p>0.05) and control (from 25% to 45.8%) (p>O.05). Overall, the students from E3 showed more improvement in knowledge, attitude and self-efficacy, than their counterparts from E2 and E3 and control. Multiple intervention strategies have greater potential of improving reproductive health of students 2 results 2
- Tradition 2 results 2
- kolaviron 2 results 2
- oxidative stress 2 results 2
- quercetin 2 results 2
- testes 2 results 2
- A study was designed to investigate the combined effects of neem and pawpaw leaves supplementation on performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens from 14–56 days of age. 360 one day-old unsexed Arbor acre broiler chickens were randomly allotted to the following diets T1 (0% leaf meal), T2 (0.5% NLM), T3 (2% PLM), T4 (0.5% NLM+PLM), T5 (1% NLM+PLM) and T6 (2% NLM+PLM). Results obtained from the study indicated that supplementation of NLM and PLM improved the dressing percentages, the highest values of 89.29% and 87.55% were obtained for birds on T5 and T6 respectively which were significantly different (p<0.05) when compared with the value obtained from which was 76.83%. The eviscerated weight differs significantly across the treatments, birds on T5 and T6 had significantly better (p<0.05) results of 76.93% and 75.85% respectively compared to treatments 4 and 5 which had 69.33% and 73.13% respectively. Body weight gain, feed consumed and feed conversion ratio of the broiler chickens improved in the treatments fed diets supplemented with leaf meal although and there were no significant (P>0.05) differences. 1 results 1
- A total of 100 sows involving seven pure and crossbred genotypes of the Large White, Landrace, indigenous pigs of Nigeria and the Duroc x Large White, Duroc x Landrace and reciprocal crosses between the Large White and Landrace were used. The study embraced the milk production, milk composition and the performances of both sows and their litters. Results obtained indicate that milk production was quite low with the average eight week production of 73.99 kg of the indigenous sow to 153.21 kg of the Duroc x Large White crosses. However, percentage milk constituents were quite high with values of 19-23%, total solids, 7 - 9.2% fat, 6.9 - 7.5% protein, 4.6 - 6.0% Lactose, 0.7 - 0.9%, 0.19 - 0.35% Calcium and 0.11 - 0.20% phosphorus in both colostrum and milk. The yield of milk nutrients were similarly high, namely protein 92-175, fat 119—228 and total solids 291—576 g/sow/day and a corresponding yield of protein of 306 - 334, and fat 310 - g/kg dry matter. Litter size and litter weights at birth were quite comparable with what obtains under temperate conditions yet litter weaning weights were suboptimal in the range of 4.4 - 10 kg per piglet at eight weeks. Contrarily efficiency of milk utilization was very high and in the neighbourhood of 4 - 6 kg milk per kilogram weight gained for the pure bleeds and 2 -3 kg for the crossbreeds. Milk yield per metabolic body size was insignificantly different with values of 3.7 - 4.3 kg recorded. A high phenotypic correlation between milk and body weight at farrow could be a measure of increasing milk production of the smaller bodied indigenous pigs through selection for body size While the crossbred sows outweighed the pure breeds in their reproductive performance, all breeds suffered from seasonal fluctuation which depresses the milk production and reproductive efficiency. It can be stated that milk production of the sow is not the only limiting factor to higher productivity under the tropical condition. It is a combination of environment and management procedures in that seasonal depression has been implicated in most of the traits studied. Another major contributing factor has been the sub-clinical level of hygiene under which the animals exist. Reports have indicated that crossbreds are less susceptible to performance problems when they are bred and selected in the environments in which they are expected to perform as borne out by the results of this study. Crossbreeding might be a solution to most of these breeding problems especially by incorporating favourable genes of adaptation, disease resistance and some yet to be discovered traits in our indigenous pigs with those of the exotic purebred to develop a new breed of pig in the tropics for the tropics. The results were therefore discussed in the light of superiority of crossbreeding and adaptation of the indigenous sow. 1 results 1
- ACT 1 results 1
- Affordable 1 results 1
- An 84-day experiment was carried out to evaluate the potentials of three non-conventional plant proteins groundnut cake (GNC), soyebean cake (SBC) and sesame seed cake (SSC) singly and combined in the diets of hybrid catfish grown in homestead concrete tanks. Triplicate groups of 30 juveniles average weight of 26.9+ 0.18g were fed four diets which were formulated to contain 30% crude protein with 25% of the GNC (diet 1) component replaced by SBC (diet 2), SSC (diet 3) and a combination of the three in diet 4. All the diets contained an equal amount of animal protein (25.43g). At the end of 84 days of feeding, growth parameters, feed and carcass proximate analyses, mortality, haematology and serum biochemical parameters were measured. The results showed that the diets affected the growth of the juveniles significantly (P<0.05). The percentage weight gain of the fish fed diet 1 was 204% of the initial weight, while those fed diets 2, 3 and 4 were 405%, 465% and 445% respectively. Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) was significantly higher (P <0.05) in diets 2, 3 and 4 than in diet 1, with diet 4 having the highest PER. The percent specific growth rate (SGR) recorded for each diet was not significantly different (P>0.05) from each other. Percentage mortality were 22.2%, 13.3%, 5.6% and 3.3% in fish fed diets 3, 4, 2 and 1, respectively. There were no significant variations in haematological parameters of fish fed all the various diets, except for those on diet 3 which exhibited lymphopenia and heterophilia (P<0.05). Similarly, there were no significant variations in serum biochemical parameters, except for hyperfibrinogenaemia, hypoglyeaemia and significantly increased AST activities (P<0.05) in fish fed diet 3 and 4. There were significant increases in the serum levels of cholesterol and triglyceride in fish fed diets 2 (P<0.05), 3 and 4 (P<0.01). The findings in this study showed that even though SBC and SSC inclusions in fish diet resulted in better growth performance than GNC inclusion, the relatively high levels of crude fat in these plants proteins especially SSC, may in fact be injurious to fish by causing fat deposition in tissues, fatty hepatic and renal damage, artherosclerosis and coronary heart disease both of which will predispose the fish to stress, innocuous disease and mortality. 1 results 1
- Arsenic 1 results 1
- Background The problem of child labour has lingered on in many countries because of the complex combination of social, cultural and economic factors involved. Parents play a critical role in child labour as it provides much needed extra income for the family. This study was carried out among parents of school-aged children in an urban, low-income community to determine the factors associated with child labour and attitudes to child labour in the community. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in an urban community in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered to parents of school-aged children. Results A total of 473 parents were interviewed. They were aged between 23 and 56 years, mean 37.9 years. Thirty-nine per cent of parents indicated that they thought their school-aged children should work. More women than men, those from polygamous homes and those with lower educational status held this view. Reasons given for wanting their children to work were to supplement family income, 45%, to gain experience, 35% and to help in family business, 10%. In all, 236 (50%) respondents reported that their school-aged children were working. Parental factors associated with practice of child labour were polygamous marriage, low educational status, unskilled or partly skilled occupation and large family size. Seventeen per cent of parents with working children were not satisfied with their children’s work conditions and complained of low earnings, long working hours, work on school days and unsafe work environment. Measures suggested to control child labour include addressing the issue of household poverty, public enlightenment about the ills of child labour and free education up to junior secondary level. Enforcement of child labour laws was the least mentioned. Conclusion We conclude that control of child labour should be a multifaceted approach involving poverty alleviation, family planning to reduce family size and free, compulsory education up to junior secondary level. Public enlightenment especially for mothers will be of additional benefit. 1 results 1
- Background. Irvingia gabonensis kernel polymer has gained attention indrug delivery systems because ofits compatibility and degradation under natural and physiological conditions. Objectives. This study aimed toevaluate Irvingia gabonensis polymer asamatrix system for thecontrolled delivery of ibuprofen incomparison toxanthan gum and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC). Materials and methods. Irvingia gabonensis polymer was extracted using established methods and dried using theoven- and freeze-drying methods. Ibuprofen tablets were prepared bydirect compression and theeffects ofpolymer concentration (10–50%), excipients (lactose, microcrystalline cellulose and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate) and polymers (xanthan gum and HPMC) onthemechanical and drug release proper¬ties ofthetablets were evaluated. Density measurements and theHeckel and Kawakita equations were used todetermine thecompression properties ofthetablets. Friability, crushing strength and thecrushing strength–friability ratio (CSFR) were used toevaluate themechanical properties ofthetablets, while dis¬solution times were used toevaluate drug release from thematrices. Thedrug release mechanisms were determined byfitting thedissolution data into classic kinetic equations. Results. Irvingia gabonensis polymer deformed plastically with afast onset and ahigh amount ofplastic deformation compared with xanthan gum and HPMC. This polymer was directly compressible and formed intact non-disintegrating tablets; themechanical and dissolution properties ofIrvingia gabonensis polymer tablets generally decreased with increasing concentration ofibuprofen. Theranking ofdissolution times was xanthan gum> freeze-dried Irvingia gabonensis> HPMC> oven-dried Irvingia gabonensis. Theaddition oftheexcipients improved themechanical properties ofthetablets, aided ibuprofen release, and altered therelease kinetics, which was largely defined bytheKorsmeyer–Peppas model. Increasing theproportion ofxanthan gum and HPMC inthematrices resulted inadecreased amount ofibuprofen released after 9h, with xanthan gum having agreater effect. Conclusions. Irvingia gabonensis polymer matrices may be effective inthepreparation ofcontrolled release tablets, and their right combination with xanthan gum orHPMC could provide atime-independent release for longer durations. 1 results 1
- Background: Herbal bitters are used for diverse diseases based on the manufacturers’ assertions. However, little is known about their toxicity profile. Objective: The safety profile of two commonly used herbal bitters in Nigeria (Fidson bitter® and Daily living bitter®)was evaluated in rats. Materials and Methods: Single oral dose, 2 g/kg, of each reconstituted bitter extract was administered to male and female rats in acute toxicity test. Animals were observed for 14 days for behavioral changes and mortality. In sub-acute oral toxicity experiment, 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of each bitter was separately administered daily to different groups of male Wistar rats for 30 days. Safety profile of concurrent administration of these bitters was also assessed. Histopathological, hematological, and clinical chemistry indices were evaluated. Results: The LD50 was found to be >2 g/kg. Daily living bitter® (DLB) had no significant effect on any of the indices evaluated (P>0.05). However, Fidson bitter® caused significant reductions in white blood cells count (WBC) compared with the control. Concomitant administration of the bitters resulted in significant (P<0.05) weight gain (up to 33 %), reduction in WBC and congestion of the liver without corresponding increase in liver biomarkers. Conclusion: Daily living bitter® was safe in sub-acute administration while Fidson bitter®and combination of the two bitters reduced white blood cell count. Hence, caution should be exercised in using Fidson bitter® or combination of the two bitters in humans as findings suggest possibility of immune suppression. 1 results 1
- Bowel 1 results 1
- Broilers, Neem leaf meal. Pawpaw leaf meal. Performance and Carcass characteristics. 1 results 1
- Cassava Tops (CT), a crop residue, is available all year round but its potential utilisation is low. The Crude Protein (CP) and other nutrients in CT could be beneficial to ruminant livestock. Information on CT preservation and nutritive value is scanty. Therefore, the nutritive value of ensiled CT with Guinea grass to the West African Dwarf (WAD) Sheep was investigated. Cassava tops and Guinea Grass (GG) of eight weeks re-growth with four energy additives were combined in ratio 3:6:1 into five treatments: 1 (CT + GG + cassava chips), 2 (CT + GG + Sorghum), 3 (CT + GG+ millet grains), 4 (CT + GG + sugar ) and 5 (CT + GG + no additive). After 42 days of ensiling, silage characteristics, chemical composition: Dry Matter (DM), CP, ash, Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF), and Acid Detergent Fibre (ADF) and acceptability by 8 WADS using Coefficient of Preference (CoP) procedure were determined. In a completely randomised design, 25 WAD sheep were fed with the five silages for 135 days to evaluate Dry Matter Intake (DMI), Daily Weight Gain (DWG), Dry Matter Digestibility (DMD), Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and Serum Total Protein (STP) using standard procedures. Carcass characteristics: dressing percentage, prima cuts, internal organs and external offals were measured. Further, effect of Length of Storage (LS) (72, 102, 132, 162, 192 and 222 days) on silage characteristics, chemical composition and the nutritive value of silage were assessed using in vitro fermentation technique to obtain potential extent of gas production (a+b), potential gas production (b), rate of gas production (c), Organic Matter Digestibility (OMD), Metabolisable Energy (ME) and Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p=0.05. The colour of the silages was olive green with pleasant odour, firm texture and pH range of 4.3 to 5.1. Dry Matter (27.1-28.8%), CP (21.8-24.9%), ash (7.6-9.4%), NDF (68.8-71.7%) and ADF (40.6-48.1%) of the silages differed significantly among treatments. Silages with cassava chips (1.19), sorghum (1.11) and millet (1.09) additives were more acceptable as CoP was above unity. The DMI (472.6-530.0 g/d) and DMD (75.8-84.7%) differed significantly while DWG was similar among treatments. The PCV and STP varied significantly and ranged from 27.0 to 33.7% and 6.08 to 8.20g/dl respectively. Dressing percentages ranging from 50.8 to 53.8% were significantly different. The Prima cuts (loin; 12.0-14.9%, rack; 15.6-18.9%, neck; 10.3-12.1%), liver (7.4-8.1%) and skin (1.5-1.8%) were significantly different. Relative weight of leg, shoulder, head, feet and other organs were not significantly different. The DM (28.0-29.6%), CP (23.7-27.1%), ash (8.8-10.0%), NDF (57.9-71.5%), and ADF (44.1-49.8%) were all significantly influenced by LS. Gas production (17.67-30.07 ml/96 hours), b (16.20-28.00ml), ME (6.09-7.68 MJ/kg DM), OMD (62.9-73.2%) and SCFA (0.48-0.78 mmol) were also significantly influenced by LS.Cassava tops and Guinea grass ensiled with all additives used, had good silage properties and enhanced nutritive value. Preservation of silages was possible for seven months without loss of nutrients 1 results 1
- Cassava tops 1 results 1
- Chicken feed 1 results 1
- Child labour 1 results 1
- Classification is the process of finding a set of models that distinguish data classes to predict unknown class label in data mining. The class imbalance problem occurs when standard classifiers are majority-biased while the minority class is ignored. Existing classifiers tend to maximise overall prediction accuracy and minimise error at the expense of the minority class. However, research had shown that misclassification cost of the minority class is higher and should not be ignored since it is the class of interest. This work was therefore designed to develop advanced data sampling schemes that improve the classification performance of imbalance datasets with the view of increasing the recall of the minority class. Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) was extended to SMOTE+300% and combined with existing under-sampling schemes: Random Under-Sampling (RUS), Neighbourhood Cleaning Rule (NCL), Wilson’s Edited Nearest Neighbour (ENN) and Condense Nearest Neighbour (CNN). Five advanced data sampling scheme algorithms: SMOTE300ENN, SMOTE300RUS, SMOTE300NCL, SMOTENCL and SMOTERUS were coded using JAVA and implemented in WEKA, a data mining tool as an Application Programming Interface. The existing and developed schemes were applied to 886 Diabetes Mellitus (DM), 1,163 Senior Secondary School Certificate Result (SSSCR) and 786 Contraceptive Methods (CM) datasets. The datasets were collected in Ilesha and Ibadan, Nigeria. Their performances were determined with different classification algorithms using Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC), recall of the minority class and performance gain metrics. Friedman’s Test at p = 0.05 was used to analyse these schemes against the classification algorithms. The ROC metric revealed that the mean rank values for DM, SSSCR and CM datasets treated with the advanced schemes ranged from 6.9-13.8, 3.8-12.8 and 6.6-13.5, respectively when compared with the existing schemes which ranged from 3.4-7.8, 2.6-12.6 and 2.8-7.9, respectively. These results signifies improved classification performance. The Recall metric analysis for the DM, SSSCR and CM datasets in the advanced schemes ranged from 9.4-13.0, 6.3-14.0 and 7.3-13.6, respectively when compared with the existing schemes 2.0-7.5, 2.5-8.9 and 2.1-7.4, respectively. These results show increased detection of the minority class. Performance gains by the advanced UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY vii schemes over the original dataset (DM, SSCE and CM) were: SMOTE300ENN (27.1%), SMOTE300RUS (11.6%), SMOTE300NCL (15.5%), SMOTENCL (8.3%) and SMOTERUS (7.3%). Significant difference was observed amongst all the schemes. The higher the mean rank value and performance gain, the better the scheme. The SMOTE300ENN scheme gave the highest ROC and recall values in the three datasets which were 13.8, 12.8, 12.3 and 13.0, 14.0, 13.6, respectively. The developed Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique 300 Wilson’s Edited Nearest Neighbour scheme significantly improved classification performance and increased the recall of the minority class over the existing schemes using the same dataset. It is therefore recommended for classification of imbalanced datasets. Keywords: Imbalanced dataset, Receiver operating characteristics, Data reduction techniques, Data reduction techniques Word count: 445 1 results 1
- Co-exposure 1 results 1
- Compression properties 1 results 1
- Consumer price index. 1 results 1
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