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Access to the Intensive Care Unit by Severe Head Injury Patients
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Evaluation of the Education for All-Fast Track Initiative Programme in Cameroon
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THE SOCIAL RELATIONS OF IMPORTED USED ELECTRONICS MERCHANDISE IN LAGOS, NIGERIA
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Contextualisation of Selected Israelite Sacred Cultic Elements and Practices in Cherubim and Seraphim Churches, in Ibadan, Nigeria
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- Background The management of severe traumatic brain injury is directed at avoidance of secondary brain injuries. The intensive care unit (ICU) provides the ideal environment to achieving improved survival and functional outcome. The study sets out to identify the factors that determine the access of patients with severe head injury presenting at our hospital, to the ICU and their impact on outcome. Materials and Methods This was a longitudinal study at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Data of all consecutive severe head injury patients over a 9-month period, presenting to the accident and emergency department, was collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-squared test. The level of significance was p < 0.05. Result There were 36 males (80.0%) in our study, with road crashes (25; 79.5%) as the most common mechanism of injury. Most patients (33; 73.3%) were transferred to our center after initial care in another hospital. Though 31(68.9%) patients had access to the ICU, they were all delayed, with the most common reason for the delay being lack of ICU space. More patients who got admitted into ICU (14; 45.2%) were alive at 28 days into admission (p = 0.04). The females (6; 13.3%) significantly survived till 28 days on admission compared with males (p = 0.03), but there was no difference in the survival rates between children and adults. Conclusion Our study underscores the need for ICU admission in these patients to optimize outcome and identify the non-availability of beds, as the most important cause of delayed access, as well as the need for increased manpower capacity and organized resource utilization. 1 results 1
- Class size 1 results 1
- Consumers 1 results 1
- EFA-FTI in Cameroon 1 results 1
- End-of-life utility 1 results 1
- Imported Used Electronics (IUEs) are officially conceived in research oriented policy as potential and actual toxic “solid waste”, yet Nigeria remains a high consumer demand economy for them. IUEs include electronic monitors, digital devices, docking stations, cell phones, hand-held diagnostics, screening tools, television sets among others. Nigerian economy has evolved a socially constructed merchandise structure, which sustains IUEs trade. Literature, however limits IUEs discourses to pure-scientific framing of toxicology and dump in the Third World countries. This study, therefore, examined the subjective meanings that sustain the demand and merchandise of IUEs against official prohibition. Social action theory guided the study. The research design was exploratory. The qualitative research method was used. Data were generated from both primary and secondary sources. The research area was Lagos, and data were collected from Ikeja Computer Village, Westminster Used Electronics Market, Alaba International Market, Apapa Customs Office (ACO) and National Environmental Standards and Regulatory Enforcement Agency (NESREA). Participants were selected through purposive and snow-balling techniques. Non-participant observation for 15 months, In-depth Interviews (IDIs) were held with 22 IUE consumers and 22 market-actors. A total of 15 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were held with ACO officers (three), Association Heads of the three markets (eight) and veteran market actors (four). Six FGDs were conducted with IUEs consumers and market-actors, while five case studies were carried out on large scale consumers and market actors with at least 10 years working experience in IUEs merchandizing. Secondary data were sourced from NESREA and Basel Convention Coordinating Centre for Training and Technology Transfer for African Region, Ibadan. Data obtained were content analyzed. Demand for IUEs was hinged on peculiar social relations of consumption and merchandising which rationalized and constructed IUEs as desirable and affordable modern material objects. This relations involved processes of upgrading “solid waste” into tradable commodities infused with deluxe values and potentialities for leveling class. Artful transactions involved offer of disused electronics to market-actors in exchange for upgraded IUEs at a little token. A structure of interdependent actors sustained the IUEs merchandise. It included official gatekeepers such as Customs and NESREA, whose variable roles sustained entry of solid wastes into the market as IUEs; and administrators, merchants and interlinks-security who provided administrative, economic and coercive functions respectively. Furthermore, resuscitators upgrade otherwise wastes into merchandisable goods. Scavengers-collectors extract the irredeemable from merchants, to scrap-collectors who trade them to bulk-scrap-buyers. Bulk-buyers in turn, trade the scraps to domestic iron-smelting companies and/or illegally export them. In essence, IUEs remained tradable even in their end-of-life stages. Thus, local meanings of utility of IUEs and of employment potentialities were constructed against official policy perception of them as solid waste. Through a structured system of market interactions, actor-merchants contrived utility for Imported Used Electronics in the process of merchandise and consumption. Government should therefore accommodate local realities in order to proffer inclusive and robust IUEs policy. 1 results 1
- Imported used electronics 1 results 1
- Intensive care unit 1 results 1
- Israelite religion 1 results 1
- Road traffic accidents 1 results 1
- School quality 1 results 1
- Secondary brain injury 1 results 1
- Severe head injury 1 results 1
- Teacher-pupil ratio 1 results 1
- The activities of n w m Cherubim and Seraphim Church (OIMCandSC) in Ibadan are connected with the practices and elements of the ancient Israelite religion from which the church took its root. Existing studies have examined the activities from a liturgical point of view, but have not adequately explored how they have been contextualised. This study, therefore, investigated the adoption of selected Israelite sacred cultic practices, namely, ritual cleansing, scapegoatism and sacred elements in OIMCandSC in Ibadan with a view to establishing their benefits and significance for members. The study adopted Adamo’s African cultural hermeneutics, which approaches the Bible from a premeditated Afrocentric perspective. The historical-critical method, which articulates the socio-cultural forces that shaped the biblical text, was used. Focus group discussions were held with 11 different groups, comprising ten members and two leaders from OIMCandSC branches in Ibadan. Participant observation method was also utilised. Three hundred and twenty-seven copies of a questionnaire were administered to seven founders, 30 clerics, 88 heads of groups and 202 members in 28 branches across all the local government areas in Ibadanland. Data were subjected to exegetical analysis and percentages. Some elements and practices inherent in Israelite religion have been contextually grounded in different forms in OIMCandSC. Ritual cleansing-(Lev.12; 15), a common practice in ancient Israelite religion, provided inner-spiritual purity for women who had completed their menstrual cycle and individuals cured of diseases. In OIMCandSC, spiritual and curative baths were performed by the prophets for individuals after ailments; and women after child delivery. A total of 95.4% of the respondents believed that ritual cleansing helped in addressing problems of chronic diseases, spiritual impurities which were obstacles to success, and misfortune. Scapegoatism-Lev.16:20-34 in Israelite religion was the practice whereby communal misdemeanour was symbolically transferred to a he-goat. In OIMCandSC, a he-goat was slaughtered in order to ward off death; this was tagged femiremi (life-for-life) because a sick person’s untimely death was transferred to the scapegoat. Sacred elements-Ex.40:9-15/Lev.14:15-18 in Israelite cultic activities included the use of consecrated water, candles and oil to encounter God’s power. Similarly, in OIMCandSC, the sick and private properties were anointed with oil for healing and protection, respectively. Consecrated water was sprinkled on residential, business and worship premises for protection and purification, while candle was used to enhance access into the supersensible realms. revalence of Israelite cultic practices in I andS was attributed by . of the respondents to the similarities between Israelite and or b worldviews. Moreover, 82.7% believed they were useful resources for transmitting religious ideas. Likewise, 94.5% agreed that they offered psychological relief because they provided a point of contact between the physical and mental belief spaces. Israelite cultic activities, manifesting as curative baths, symbolic death transfer and sacred elements confirming the patterning of n w m Cherubim and Seraphim Church after Old Testament, have been effectively utilised in the church to contextually ground their brand of Christian faith. These practices have helped in addressing the problems of chronic diseases; ward off untimely death, misfortune and made worship meaningful to members 1 results 1
- The universalisation of primary education made schooling obligatory and free in Cameroon. This resulted in overcrowded classrooms and poor achievement in Language (English and French) and Mathematics. The World Bank (2007) introduced an intervention programme, Education for All-Fast Track Initiative (EFA-FTI) programme, by recruiting 37,200 qualified teachers to reduce class size and teacher-pupil ratio and improve pupils‘ achievement. However, since the inscription of the programme, no study has investigated Cameroon‘s progress towards achieving the EFA-FTI goals. The study, therefore, evaluated the effect of class size and teacher-pupil ratio, teacher effectiveness, teacher job satisfaction, teacher qualification, teacher experience, school location and school type, school infrastructure and pupils‘ proficiency in language on pupils‘ achievement in mathematics. The research was an ex-post facto type which adopted the Context Input Process Product (CIPP) Model. Schools were stratified along types (EFA-FTI and non EFA-FTI) and locations (urban and rural). Simple random sampling was used to select 40 government primary schools from five regions in two educational zones; Francophone (three) and Anglophone (two) with 50 primary six pupils from each class (classes with less than 50 pupils were all taken). In all, 1807 pupils, 40 schools, 40 teachers, 40 head teachers, a World Bank representative, one Government representative and 10 National Pedagogic Inspectors of Education participated in the study. Seven validated instruments were used. Classroom Observation Rating Scale (r=0.86), Head Teacher Material Resources Checklist, Teacher Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (r=0.76), Pupils‘ Evaluation of Teacher Effectiveness Scale (r=0.78), Language Proficiency Test (r=0.72), Pupils Achievement Test in Mathematics (r=0.76) and In-Depth Interview Schedule (r=0.76). Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics; mean, standard deviation, t-test, Pearson Product Moment correlation and multiple regression at p≤ 0.05 level, while the qualitative data were thematically analysed There was a significant mean difference in class size and teacher-pupil ratio between the EFA-FTI and non EFA-FTI schools (57:75; 1:57 and 1:75, respectively). Pupils‘ achievement in mathematics was negatively related to teacher effectiveness (r=-.017). Pupils from the EFA-FTI schools were more proficient in language (M=54.01) than those from non EFA-FTI schools (M=50.23) but not significantly different in achievement in mathematics. The 10- predictor variables predicted achievement in mathematics (R2=.605, R2 adj =.486, F(9,30)=5.104). The three most significant variables in predicting pupils‘ achievement in mathematics were: proficiency in Language (ß =.627); teacher working experience (ß =-.243) and teacher effectiveness (ß= -.275). High language proficiency (M =78.78) had a high mathematics score (M=64.92) and a low language proficiency (M=42.12) had a low mathematics score (M=39.56). There was attrition due to posting allocations because teachers were often absent in the schools where they were posted to, particularly in the rural areas. The Education For All-Fast Track Initiative programme increased teacher quality and quantity and improved pupils‘ proficiency in Language, did not meet the objective of reducing class sizes (40) and Teacher-pupil ratios (1:40) and did not improve pupils‘ achievement in mathematics in the schools. To reduce attrition, newly posted teachers should sign an undertaking to remain at their places of work for three years before applying for transfer. 1 results 1
- cultic elements and practices 1 results 1
- ona Iwa mimo cherubim and Seraphim church 1 results 1
- yoruba culture 1 results 1
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