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VISUAL-BASED TRAINING METHOD AND SAFE PRODUCTION PRACTICES IN THE BREWING INDUSTRY IN SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA
Published 2019-08Call Number: Loading…
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THE DISCOURSE OF GENERATIONAL DIFFERENCE IN SELECTED NOVELS OF MAYA ANGELOU AND TERRY MCMILLAN
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- Activity-based method 1 results 1
- African American literature 1 results 1
- African American literature has been predominantly a male-preserve in the task of narrating the experience of slavery and its relics of denigration before the advent of reactionary literature by black female writers. Studies on female-authored African American literary works have concentrated on responding to male-authored representations of the tensions of racism, internal crisis of man-woman relationships and the challenges of empowering the black female character. Little attention has been paid to African American female writings across generations and gender categories. This study, therefore, investigates the narrative thrusts of selected works of Maya Angelou and Terry McMillan to determine the dimensions of divergence across generations of African American female writers. The study adopts Alice Walker‘s womanist theory and bell hooks‘ feminist theory which account for differences in the construction of black women consciousness. Six novels – Maya Angelou‘s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1970), Gather Together in my Name (1974), and The Heart of a Woman (1981), and Terry McMillan‘s Waiting to Exhale (1992), A Day Late and a Dollar Short (2001) and The Interruption of Everything (2005) – were purposively selected. The texts are subjected to literary and comparative analyses. From the first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings to the last The Heart of a Woman, Angelou offers detailed testimony on the effects of displacement on the individual psyche and the black community. Maya Angelou‘s selected novels reveal the creation of a collective communal memory through the use of the autobiographical prose form. Angelou‘s narratives reveal her understanding of history, her reverence for memory of collective black folk tradition and represent the Black Arts era. In contrast, Terry McMillan‘s Waiting to Exhale, A Day Late and a Dollar Short and The Interruption of Everything reveal a paradigm shift from the communal experience to the individual, the internal crisis among individuals in the family and aspiration of specific sentiments as she projects the female character as ambitious and daring. McMillan‘s fiction stands out in several ways. She revises and borrows recognisable literary conventions to project the changing roles of women to reinforce her radical perspective. However, the choice of professionally successful black women as characters in her novels relates to the drastic increase in the population of working class women in the 1990s and reflexive of the post-womanist tradition. Her works accentuate the quest for personal liberty, romance and intimate relationships as the central conflicts facing black female protagonists. Although two decades separate Angelou‘s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings and Terry McMillan‘s Waiting to Exhale, a close reading of the novels reveals that the texts derive qualitative interpretations from the unique difference in ideas and aesthetics represented by Alice Walker, bell hooks and other Black feminists. While Maya Angelou‘s novels keep within the womanist tradition, those by Terry McMillan are radically feminist and modernist in orientation. Thus, the two writers exemplify the Black Arts era and post-womanist literary generation respectively and differently situate the novels within specific historical, socio-political, economic, gendered and literary contexts. Key words: Generational difference, Womanism, African American literature, Maya Angelou, Terry McMillan. Word count: 498 1 results 1
- Generational difference 1 results 1
- Managements of breweries in Nigeria always ensure protective and safety measures and standards owing to the unsafe working environment which makes the workers prone to accidents and injuries. Nevertheless, most workers still exhibit work behaviours that expose them to fatalities and accidents. Most of these accidents are avoidable, if the workers are well trained to promote safety and ensure compliance with safety measures using activity-based training methods. Previous studies have focused more on other activity-based methods, such as syndicate training, guided practice, blended learning and role playing, than the visual-based training method. This study, therefore, was designed to determine the effects of visual-based training method on safe production practices (SPP) in the brewing industry in southwestern Nigeria. Moderating effects of job tenure and education level were also examined. Dual-coding and cognitive theories of multimedia learning provided the framework. The mixed method of survey and pretest-posttest control group quasi experimental design of 2x3x3 factorial matrix was adopted. International Breweries PLC, Ilesa (treatment) and Nigerian Breweries PLC, Ibadan (control) were used. Seventy-eight production workers with records of safety negligence were purposively selected and randomly assigned to treatment (46) and control (32) groups. The instruments used were Visual-based Training Guides, SPP Questionnaire (r=0.78) and Knowledge (r=0.74) Attitude (r=0.78) and Management (r=0.77) of Brewing Safe Practices Questionnaire. Four sessions each of key informant and in-depth interviews were held with the human resource/safety managers and safety committees’ representatives/ unit supervisors. Quantitative data were analysed using percentages and Analysis of Covariance at 0.05 level of significance, while qualitative data were content-analysed. The participants were mostly males (74.0%), with 35.6 ±5.13 years of age; and from the brew house (36.3%), engineering (28.8%), packaging (28.2%) and other units (6.7%) on monthly salary of N51,000.00 (64.0%). The majority were permanent workers (92.2%), married (72.9%), first degree (42.4%) and Higher National Diploma holders (46.3%) with long job tenures (73.5%). Treatment had a significant main effect on SPP (F(1;175)=10.22; partial ŋ2=.03). The participants in the treatment group had a higher postmean score (50.63) than those in the control (44.83) group. Job tenure had a significant main effect on SPP (F(2;174)=3.00; partial ŋ2=.03). The participants with long job tenure had the highest postmean score (49.82), compared with those with medium (47.70) and short (47.73) length of service. Education level had a significant main effect on SPP (F(2;174)=3.27; partial ŋ2=.04). The participants that were highly educated had the highest postmean score (49.36) compared with those who were moderately educated (47.97) and less educated (42.86). While the two-way interaction effects were not significant, the three-way interaction effect was significant (F(2;164)=3.32; partial ŋ2= .04). Owing to the nonchallant attitude and use of mobile telephones, most workers did not comply with standard operation procedures, especially when on night shifts. Visual-based training method was effective in promoting safe production practices in the brewing organisations in southwestern Nigeria. Therefore, this training method should be used regularly in inculcating safety measures and compliance in brew staff, particularly those with short job tenures and low education. 1 results 1
- Maya Angelou 1 results 1
- Nigeria’s brew industry 1 results 1
- Safe production practices 1 results 1
- Terry McMillan 1 results 1
- Visual- based training method 1 results 1
- Womanism 1 results 1
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