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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE ESSENTIAL OILS OF FIVE FRUIT TREES AND NON-VOLATILE CONSTITUENTS OF Theobroma cacao L. POD-HUSK
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EFFECT OF MALARIA AILMENT ON LABOUR EMPLOYMENT PROBABILITY AND COST IMPLICATIONS IN NIGERIA
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THE STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF CENTRAL PLACE SYSTEMS: A CASE STUDY OF SOUTH-WEST NIGERIA CENTRAL PLACES
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- Agriculture, the main source of livelihood in Nigeria, especially in the rural areas, is plagued with various problems. As a result, most of the rural households are poor and are beginning to diversify their livelihoods into off and non-farm activities as a relevant source of income. This study examined the effect of livelihood diversification on the welfare of rural households in Ondo State. Primary data used in the study were obtained from 143 respondents selected employing a multistage sampling technique. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multinomial logit and the logit regression models. The distribution of respondents by the type of livelihood strategy adopted revealed that almost three-quarters of the respondents adopted the combination of farm and nonfarm strategy. Econometric analysis showed that household size, total household income and primary education of the household head were the dominant factors influencing the choice of livelihood strategies adopted. Income from non-farm activities, as well as income from a combination of non-farm and farming activities, impacted welfare positively relative to income from farming activities. The study recommends the promotion of non-farm employment as a good strategy for supplementing the income of farmers as well as sustaining equitable rural growth. 3 results 3
- Livelihood diversification 3 results 3
- Nigeria 3 results 3
- Ondo State 3 results 3
- Rural households 3 results 3
- Welfare 2 results 2
- Abundance of weed species promotes biodiversity within agroecosystems whereas it constitutes biotic stress in arable farmland. There is insufficient information on effects of weed species composition and diversity’ on performance of upland rice in Nigeria. Therefore, a 2-year field study was conducted to assess the weed species composition, diversity and its effects on growth and yield of upland rice cultivars. A split-plot design was used with two rice cultivars (CGI4 and NERICA2) as the main plot treatment and four weeding regimes as the sub-plot. Weeds were sampled from each plot with a 0.5 m * 0.5 m wooden quadrat. The weed species were identified to species level, counted and recorded. Data collected were used to calculate relative frequency, relative density and relative importance value for each species. Dominance, Simpson, Shannon Wiener and evenness indices were used to describe the community structure. The flora of the study site varied widely in occurrence. Twenty four weed species comprising 16 annual herbs, four sedges, three grasses and one commelinaceae Family were found interfering with upland rice. The field had highly diversed annual, herbacious, dicotyledonous and monoc.tyledonous weed species native to tropical ecosystems. The upland rice field had evenly distributed rich and highly diversed weed community. Cultivar CGI4 performed significantly better than NERICA2 with respect to number of leaves (32.56) formed, tillering (8.67) and panicles (8.25) produced. The CG14 plot left unweeded throughout the study period had significantly highest weed biomass (6.16 t/ha) compared to NERICA2 plots. Absolute weed interefence reduced grain yield in NERICA2 and CGI4 cultivars by 42.7 % and 30.9 %, respectively. The biomass accumulated by weed species were inversely related to grain yield (t/ha) in both seasons. 1 results 1
- Alternative team teaching 1 results 1
- Anthropogenic activities 1 results 1
- Anthropogenic sources 1 results 1
- Antibacterial activity 1 results 1
- Biodiversity 1 results 1
- Cet article est aureole autour d'un essaim d'oeuvres litteraires africaines, de critiques et de theories intercontinentales avec pour objectif d'examiner, dans un sens plus elargi, la quete de la liberte du Noir, ou mieux encore de VAfricqin. Cette quete, est depuis les temps de la Nigritude jusqu'a nos jours, le moteur de la creation litteraire de bon nombre d'ecrivains africains. Dans Voeuvre engagee voire polemique, intitulee Mongo Beti - La quete de la liberte, Andre Djijfack, a fait une etude monolithique qui porte un regard acerbe sur la question de la liberte de VAfricain. Force est cependant de souligner que depuis les eres des maledictions coloniales jusqu'a present, le Noir est pris, non seulement, dans un engrenage dejeux de conquete, de domination, d‘oppression et Sexploitation, mais aussi dans un tourbillon de mille contradictions, tour d tour, dans les mains du colonisateur, puis dans les griffes de son compatriote, le dictateur sanguinaire africain. Notre article s’articulc sur un debat litteraire pluraliste sur la quete de la liberte de VAfricain. Pour ce, nous nous interessons d la preoccupation thematique d'une plethore d'ecrivains africains, depuis I'eclosion de la litterature africaine, en tenant compte du discours theorique d'Achille Mbembe sur la postcolonie, et ceux de scs predecesseurs intercontinentaux, pour remettre en cause la question du centre (le Blanc) cl de la Peripherie (le Noir) vis-d-vis du rapport de forces qui existe entre ccs deux blocs. II nous semble, malheurcuscmcnt que cette quite relive du registre de I'utopie dans le developpement de I'Afriquc par ses leaders. 1 results 1
- Collaborative team teaching 1 results 1
- Colonial violence 1 results 1
- Conservation 1 results 1
- Constraints 1 results 1
- Contemporary French novel 1 results 1
- Cost implication 1 results 1
- Crustal sources 1 results 1
- Demand Pressures 1 results 1
- Ecological status 1 results 1
- Economic transactions 1 results 1
- Ecosystem services 1 results 1
- Ecrivains africains 1 results 1
- Employment probability 1 results 1
- Enrichment planting | 1 results 1
- Essential Oils (EOs) are volatile secondary metabolites characterised by a strong odour and widely used for pharmacological and industrial applications. There is dearth of information on chemical compositions and bioactivities of EOs of some fruit trees in Nigeria. This study was therefore designed to extract and characterise the EOs from selected fruit trees, screen the EOs for bioactivity as well as to isolate and characterise non-volatile constituents from Theobroma cacao L. pod-husk due to its availability. The plant samples (Carica papaya L., Theobroma cacao L., Persea americana M., Ananas comosus (L) Merr and Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don) were collected in Ibadan, identified and authenticated at the Herbarium of Forest Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan. Essential oils were extracted from the leaves, stem-barks, root-barks, fruits, peels, pod-husk and seeds of the plants using hydro-distillation method and analysed by Gas Chromatography (Flame Ionization Detector and Mass Spectrometry) techniques. The antibacterial activity of the EOs at 20 µg/mL was assayed on two Gram-positive and four Gram-negative bacteria using Microplate Alamar Blue Assay measured in UV/Visible spectrophotometer. The antioxidant activity of the EOs at 20 µg/mL was determined by radical scavenging procedure while insecticidal activity was evaluated by contact toxicity test using three grain pests. Pure compounds were isolated from methanol extract of T. cacao pod-husk by chromatographic techniques. The chemical structures of the compounds were elucidated using Infrared, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Mass Spectroscopic techniques. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Twenty-seven EOs were obtained and their yield ranged from 0.1 to 1.2% (v/w). The major components in P. americana EOs were β-caryophyllene (12.7%; leaf), tetradecanal (31.8%; root-bark), globulol (25.4%; peel), (Z,Z)-4,15-octadecadien-1-ol acetate (21.8%; seed), tetradecanal (24.9%; stem-bark) and p-xylene (40.5%; fruit). Carica papaya EOs mainly comprised benzylisothiocyanate (89.1%; seed), octadecanol (62.5%; root), octadecanol (71.1%; stem), m-xylene (35.1%; stem-bark), heptadecanol (25.2%; fruit), phytol (21.8%; leaf), benzylisothiocyanate (71.5%; root-bark) and 9-hexadecen-1-ol (16.9%; peel). P-xylene (62.4%; fruit), p-xylene (29.9%; shoot) and tetradecanoic acid (8.6%; peel) dominated A. comosus EOs. The principal constituents in T. cacao EOs were hexadecanoic acid (78.7%; leaf), o-xylene (53.3%; seed), ledol (33.6%; pod-husk) and β-bisabolol (17.3%; stem-bark). The dominant compounds in C. albidum EOs were m-xylene (66.7%; seed), p-xylene (21.4%; seed-bark), ethylhexadecanoate (19.9%; leaf), hexadecanoic acid (14.7%; stem-bark), m-xylene (53.1%; root-bark) and hexadecanoic acid (14.7%; fruit-bark). The chemical constituents for twenty-one of the EOs of the fruit plants were obtained for the first time ever. Theobroma cacao leaf EO exhibited the highest inhibition against Gram-negative bacteria at 78.6%, while P. americana fruit and peel EOs showed the highest inhibition against Gram-positive bacteria at 69.9%. Persea americana fruit and seed EOs displayed the highest and lowest radical scavenging activity at 42.1 and 1.2%, respectively. The EOs showed activity between 0 to 20% in insecticidal assay. Column chromatography of the methanol extract of T. cacao pod-husk yielded three known triterpenes: 24-hydroxy-9,19-cycloanost-25-en-3-one, stigmast-5-en-3β-ol and ergosta-5α,8α-epidioxy-6,22-dien-3β-ol. The EOs have antibacterial and antioxidant properties which is indicative of their potential as sources of pharmaceuticals. 1 results 1
- Essential oils 1 results 1
- Fanon’s principles 1 results 1
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