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- Most postgraduate students in developing countries like Nigeria are working class students that have to shuttle between their workplaces and classes. Reason being that there few or no sponsors for postgraduate programmes exist in the country. Therefore, most students are self sponsored. Furthermore, most postgraduate courses in Nigeria are full time programmes. There are some core courses that require strict attendance in classes. However, it is seen that this is not always the case as the students have to attend to their jobs as well; otherwise they might lose the jobs and have no fund to continue. The programmes considered in this study are those in Statistics and Petroleum Engineering. This study therefore looks at the effect of students’ attendance in postgraduate classes to their performances, and also proffers solutions to its long-term effects on the industrial and economic developments. 2 results 2
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- The development of resistance to insecticides by Anopheles mosquitoes continues to threaten the success of malaria control programmes in West Africa. Local data on mechanisms and factors causing resistance in the region are scanty. This study was designed to investigate the environmental factors and mechanisms implicated in resistance to pyrethroids by Anopheles gambiae in southwestern Nigeria and southern Benin Republic. Larvae of Anopheles mosquito were collected in 2007 from 19 localities in the six states of southwestern Nigeria and 18 localities in the seven divisions of southern Benin and reared to adults. These were identified morphologically and with Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR). They were also bioassayed for susceptibility to pyrethroids. Molecular characterisation of pyrethroid resistant phenotypes was carried out using PCR and microarray analyses of the expressed genes. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and pH were determined using a digital multipurpose meter while physical appearances of breeding sites were assessed visually. Xenobiotic factors such as Spilled Engine Oil (SEO) and agricultural pesticides that might contribute to the emergence of resistance in Anopheles populations were examined through bioassay. Associations between pyrethroid resistance with environmental factors and molecular profiles of Anopheles were evaluated using Chi square. A. gambiae complex genotyped in Nigeria comprised of 73.6 % A. arabiensis and 26.3 % A. gambiae sensu stricto; while those genotyped in Benin were 92.9 % A. gambiae s.s. and 7.0 % A. melas. Pyrethroid resistance in Nigeria and Benin were recorded in 68.4 % and 94.4 % of the localities examined respectively. Breeding sites contaminated with SEO (B-SEO) or Pesticide Residues (B-PR) had low DO (B-SEO = 13.4 ± 1.5 mg/l, B-PR=12.2 ± 1.7 mg/l), the Non-contaminated Breeding sites (B-NC) had higher levels of DO (B-NC=33.1 ± 2.3) and mainly produced pyrethroid-susceptible Anopheles (p<0.05). Significant variations in pH were not recorded. Differences in habitation by resistant-Anopheles in breeding sites contaminated with SEO or pesticide residues were observed. A. gambiae found around the two agricultural sites (Houeyiho, Benin and Ajibode, Nigeria) exposed to synthetic pesticides showed significant levels of pyrethroid resistance with mortality rates of 70.0 % and 89.7% respectively. A. gambiae larvae survived at SEO concentrations below 11.8x10-3 μL/cm2. Ninety six percent of larval mortality resulted from direct cuticle contact with SEO whereas only four percentage mortality was from larval suffocation. A cross resistance phenomenon was recorded with SEO and pyrethroids. A. gambiae showed the presence of elevated frequencies of knock down resistance West (kdr-W) mutations in Benin samples (kdr-W ranged from 0.6 to 0.9) and absence of kdr-W in Nigeria samples. Two detoxification genes (CYP6P3 and CYP6M2) were up-regulated in resistant-Anopheles. Additional detoxification genes specific to agricultural and SEO sites were also over-expressed in the resistant populations. There was an association between residual synthetic pesticides, spilled engine oil and emergence of pyrethroid-resistance in A. gambiae in Nigeria and Benin Republic. The diversified profile of identified metabolic genes reflected the influence of a range of xenobiotics on selection of resistance in mosquitoes. 2 results 2
- Xenobiotics 2 results 2
- "Antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) was detected in 18.7% of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma ma (HCC)a nd in 10.9% of controls (P<0.001).The corresponding prevalences of hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg] were 59.3% and 50.0%(P<0.001). Using paticnts with non-hepatic disease as controls stepwise logistics regression analysis indicated that both anti-HCV (odds ratio 6-88%; 9.5% confidence interval [CI] 1.63-9-77) and HBsAg (odds ratio 6.46; 95% Cl 1.68-18:13) were independent risk factors for HCC. Calculation of the incremental odds ratio indicated no interaction between hepatitis B virus {HBV) and HCV. Blood transfusion was a significant risk factor for acquiring HCV infection with odds ratios of 5.48 (95% CI 1.07-29.0) and 2.86 (95%. CI 1.31-22.72) for HCC cases and controls, respectively. The mean age HCC cases with HBsAg and anti-HCV was lower than that of HCC patients with anti-HCV alone (p<0.01). It is concluded that there is a high rate of HBV infection, and a low rate of HCV infection, among Nigerian patients with HCC. However, HBV and HCV are independent risk factors for the developement of HCC, with HBV having an effect more rapidly. Screening of blood products for transfusion might minimize the risk of HCV transmission." 1 results 1
- "Oration is a major factor that determines the effectiveness of political slogans. In its absence however, some other factors must account for the success of a political slogan. Adapting a combination of the rhetorical situation and the pentad, this study presents a rhetorical criticism of ‘ki Oyo lee da’a, ajumose gbogbo wa ni’, slogan of Governor Abiola Ajimobi of Oyo state. Kenneth Burke’s theories of identification and equipment for living constitute the theoretical framework. The governor carefully and successfully devised the ajumose slogan with strong cultural and democratic appeals that resonate also with acceptable practice in global development activities. These kinds of appeals are more effective in an ideologically incoherent political context where people resort to ethnic biases in making vital political decisions. The truth appeal in the slogan is made to serve political propagandistic purposes of the governor which is an instance of symbol misuse. Finally, the slogan engages the public in a sustained but one-sided conversation which attains amplification which the governor abuses in presenting the slogan as an answer to every question and a counter-argument for every argument that might be raised against him. " 1 results 1
- "This study examines housing developments, both traditional and contemporary, in Yoruba society, within the context of alaafia, the concept of Yoruba well-being. The evaluation ranges in scope from materiality and physical characteristics of a dwelling to the emotional and spiritual satisfaction gained by living there. All of these aspects of a dwelling relate in some way to alaafia. Literature abounds on Yoruba architecture yet the influence of well-being on the design and construction has not been addressed. This study fills that gap. The traditional compound (agbo ile), as the oldest housing type, is researched in greater detail in order to understand basic Yoruba cultural traits and to establish the relationships between a residence and alaafia. Two types of self-contained housing (ile adagbe), and another communal-based type, the ""Brazilian"" (kojusimi-ki-nkojusio), were analyzed with the same parameters used in the evaluation of traditional compounds. This approach allows for a comparative study and exposes any tereotypes held by the Yoruba about particular dwelling types and their residents. The study draws similarities between the various types of housing. It also uncovers some of the changing values within alaafia and Yoruba culture. One's personal living space, its maintenance, ambiance and appearance are subjective issues. Personal preferences guide the prioritization of the traits of alaafia. Although all parts of alaafia may have been satisfied for an individual who lives in an apartment flat, this may not have been accomplished through traditional means. Instead of a shrine (ojubo) in the home, he/she may go to church or the mosque. Instead of being without the wisdom and influence of older generations, a young couple might extend this responsibility towards an older couple also living in the building, or to the landlord. This relationship becomes a pseudo-extended family. The influence of westernization in personal tastes as well as construction materials and methods are also addressed. The use of traditional materials has grown in popularity. This is due to the similarities in performance between modem and traditional materials, and the decreased cost of building with the latter. Recently, sustainability has become an issue in communities and town planning authorities. As a result'there is rising support for building with natural/local materials to avoid half-financed, abandoned projects. The traditional compound (agbo ile) plan is being resurrected in the contemporary courtyard house. Yet, the Brazilian type (kojusimi-kinkojusio) seems to be a closer match to traditional architectural types in terms of alaafia, reflecting the physical and the social worlds of the Yoruba people. Although the physical, economic, cultural and social environment is changing in Yorubaland, the pursuit of alaafia remains constant. The methods and ways that well-being is achieved have changed and impacted the architectural environment. " 1 results 1
- A general survey of phytoparasitic nematodes associated with yam (Dioscorea spp.) in the Mid-Western State of Nigeria showed that Seutellonema bradys and Meloidogyne spp. were the economically important nematodes of yam tubers. S. bradys was associated with the ’dry rot' of yam tubers causing storage losses estimated between 80 and 100%. Nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne were found associated with galling of tubers of water yam (D. alata). Studies on the rate of population build-up of S. bradys in storage showed that S. bradys increased 9-fold, 8-fold and 5-fold in the tubers of D. rotundata, D. cayenensis and D. alata respectively during 6 months of storage. These increases in population influenced the severity of ’dry rot’ disease. Results of investigations into the depth of penetration of S. bradys in 5 different varieties of D. rotundata showed that there were differences in varietal susceptibility. The bulk of the nematode population was found in the periderm to a depth of between 0-1.5 cm, but depth of penetration was greater in the head portions of each of the tubers than either the middle or bottom portions. Observations on the activities of the nematodes in tuber tissues (histopathology) suggested that the 'dry rot' was mainly due to mechanical damage to the cells and the host reaction to intracellular feeding by S. bradys. Studies on changes in the carbohydrate constituents of the yam tuber infected by S. bradys showed an increase in the percentages of monosaccharides and disaccharides like sucrose, glucose and galactose, fruobose with a concomitant decrease in starch, amylose and amylopectin when compared with healthy yam. Qualitative and quantitative determination of amino acid constituents of nematode-infected tubers of white yam (D. rotundata). yellow yam (D. cayenensis) and water yam (D. alata) showed that the relative numbers of free amino acids were not materially changed following infection by 5, bradys. but a reduction occurred in the number of 'essential' amino acids in the infected tubers. Eighteen ninhydrin positive amino acids were detected in the protein hydrolysate. Except in the case of white yam and in a few other cases, increases in protein amino acids were recorded in the infected tubers of yellow and water yam. The percentage protein was also increased by infection in all species except white yam (D. rotundata). Observations on the rate of weight loss (cumulative percentage weight and mean percentage weight loss) in 3 different species of Dioscorea stored in a yam barn showed that there was a significant difference in the rate of weight loss between nematode-infected and nematode-free tubers of D. rotundata and D. cavenensis, but no significant difference was recorded between the infected and healthy yam tubers of D. alata. Estimation of the edible portions in nematode-infected and nematode-free tubers of D. rotundata. D. cavenensis and D. alata showed a significant difference in the percentage peeling losses between the infected and healthy tubers. Chromatographic analysis of the incubation solution of S. bradys showed that 5 amino acids - aspartic acid, phenylalanine, hydroxylnol acetic acid, leucine and isoleucine were discharged by this nematode. The absence of the steroid group of compounds in the nematode-infected yam tubers revealed by spectrometrie analysis might be disease-related as evidenced by its appearance in the healthy tubers. Polygalacturonase and amylase activities were detected in homogenates of S, bradys. Studies on fungi associated with the dry rot disease of yam tubers showed Aspergillus niger. Penicillium sclerotigenum. Triohoderma viride. Rhizopus nigricans and Fusarium oxvsporum. Botrvodiplodia theobromae and Fusarium moniliforme as the main species. Studies on the possible interrelationshipsbetween S. bradys and 3 fungi A. niger. P. sclerotigenum and F. oxysporum showed that the presence of the nematode seemed to increase the degree of pathogenicity of Fusarium and Penicillium species on yams. But the presence of S. bradys did not increase the degree of pathogenicity of Aspergillus niger. In greenhouse experiments, the interaction between S. bradvs and A. niger was found to be disadvantageous to the nematode. The presence of the fungus seemed to have some effect on the number of nematodes that invaded the roots and tubers and subsequently on nematode development. This was thought to be due to an anti-biotic action of A. niger on S. bradys. A host range study of 30 crop plants and weeds revealed that beniseed (Sesamum indicum L.), cowpea (Vigna unguioulata (L.) Walp.), were good alternative hosts of S. bradys. Small populations of the nematode also survived endoparasitically in the roots of Bupatorium. avnedrella. roselle faib1scus sab dar if f a L.). kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), melon (Cucurbita pepo L.); jute (Corchorus olitorius L.); yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) (Hochst ex A Rich) Harms., soko (Oelosia araentia L.) and pigeon pea (Ca.lanus ca.ian (L.) Druce). Non-hosts included maize and tobacco. Dipping nematode-infected tubers of D. alata and D. cayenensis in hot water at temperatures ranging between 50 and 60°C for 40 minutes completely eliminated the nematode. However, at temperatures above 55°C for an exposure time of 1+0 minutes, the tubers so treated suffered a physiological damage and rotted very rapidly. Temperatures between 50 and 55°C had no adverse effect on percentage emergence, growth, yield and palatability of tubers of D. alata. Field trials on chemical and cultural control of S. bradys on D. alata showed that the yield of yam was increased and the nematode population suppressed by the application of organic manure at the rate of 1.5 kg/heap or 1 ,886.3 kg/ha. Although the application of nemagon at the rate of 35.2 kg/ha. considerably suppressed nematode population, the yield of yam was significantly reduced. The results showed that there is a good deal of potential for experimentation with various cultural methods of nematode control. Studies on the effect of gamma irradiation on S. bradys showed that dosages between 5 and 15 Krad did not eliminate the nematodes completely, but suppressed sprouting and signs of deterioration in tubers. Dosages between 20 - 30 Krad eliminated about 70 - 80% of the nematode population. 1 results 1
- A total of 100 sows involving seven pure and crossbred genotypes of the Large White, Landrace, indigenous pigs of Nigeria and the Duroc x Large White, Duroc x Landrace and reciprocal crosses between the Large White and Landrace were used. The study embraced the milk production, milk composition and the performances of both sows and their litters. Results obtained indicate that milk production was quite low with the average eight week production of 73.99 kg of the indigenous sow to 153.21 kg of the Duroc x Large White crosses. However, percentage milk constituents were quite high with values of 19-23%, total solids, 7 - 9.2% fat, 6.9 - 7.5% protein, 4.6 - 6.0% Lactose, 0.7 - 0.9%, 0.19 - 0.35% Calcium and 0.11 - 0.20% phosphorus in both colostrum and milk. The yield of milk nutrients were similarly high, namely protein 92-175, fat 119—228 and total solids 291—576 g/sow/day and a corresponding yield of protein of 306 - 334, and fat 310 - g/kg dry matter. Litter size and litter weights at birth were quite comparable with what obtains under temperate conditions yet litter weaning weights were suboptimal in the range of 4.4 - 10 kg per piglet at eight weeks. Contrarily efficiency of milk utilization was very high and in the neighbourhood of 4 - 6 kg milk per kilogram weight gained for the pure bleeds and 2 -3 kg for the crossbreeds. Milk yield per metabolic body size was insignificantly different with values of 3.7 - 4.3 kg recorded. A high phenotypic correlation between milk and body weight at farrow could be a measure of increasing milk production of the smaller bodied indigenous pigs through selection for body size While the crossbred sows outweighed the pure breeds in their reproductive performance, all breeds suffered from seasonal fluctuation which depresses the milk production and reproductive efficiency. It can be stated that milk production of the sow is not the only limiting factor to higher productivity under the tropical condition. It is a combination of environment and management procedures in that seasonal depression has been implicated in most of the traits studied. Another major contributing factor has been the sub-clinical level of hygiene under which the animals exist. Reports have indicated that crossbreds are less susceptible to performance problems when they are bred and selected in the environments in which they are expected to perform as borne out by the results of this study. Crossbreeding might be a solution to most of these breeding problems especially by incorporating favourable genes of adaptation, disease resistance and some yet to be discovered traits in our indigenous pigs with those of the exotic purebred to develop a new breed of pig in the tropics for the tropics. The results were therefore discussed in the light of superiority of crossbreeding and adaptation of the indigenous sow. 1 results 1
- Abstract The Nigerian University System (NUS) currently comprises a total of 264 Universities, 53 of which are owned by the Federal Government, 62 owned by the various State Governments while the remaining 149 are Privately owned. The total student population is in the region of Two Million and Five Hundred Thousand. In this lecture, we have examined the issue of access, quality, funding and governance as they affect the NUS. Interrogating data published by the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB) over the period 2017 to 2023 we present quantitative, verifiable and objective assessment of addressing the question of equity in the adoption of Educationally-Less- Developed-States (ELDS) as a criterion for the selection of candidates for admission into undergraduate programmes in Nigerian Federal Universities. A trend analysis of contemporary events shows that the Nigerian University System will continue to grow, rather haphazardly and in an unplanned manner, in leaps and bounds especially in terms of student enrollment. Without a concomitant strengthening of leadership and governance, a substantial increase in funding for teaching and learning facilities, conduct of advanced research that is locally relevant and globally competitive (including but not limited to issues of food security, lagging economic development, climate change, reduction of carbon emission, natural resources degradation, insecurity), payment of decent wages to the knowledge workers amidst the continued exodus of the best and the brightest from the country, quality and relevance of the Universities in ensuring sustainable socio-economic development might suffer. A major feature of the Public Universities (Federal- and State-owned) which currently accounts for about 95% of the total student enrollment is incessant strikes by members of the various staff unions which has led to a cumulative loss of six years and three months in the last 32 years. Funding has been implicated as the root cause of these strikes. In order to be competitive there should be synergy between the Governments as university proprietors for a moratorium on these disruptive strikes. Conscious efforts should be made to internationalise in terms of student enrollment and the recruitment of academic staff. Some of the States on the current list of ELDS, in particular Kwara and Kogi, have posted excellent results and are now in the First Quartile justifying that they ought to be taken off the list. The same applies to Nasarawa which is in the Second Quartile. On the other hand, Lagos and the Federal Capital Territory are in the Fourth Quartile and if the ELDS is to be retained both should be included in the list. The National Council on Education should take a closer look at this recommendation with a view to implementing same. To the extent that the absence of a Governing Council hampers the proper functioning of a University and is an anathema to University Autonomy, it is our considered recommendation that the National Assembly should as a matter of urgent national importance amend the Universities (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Amendment) Act, 2003 in Section 2A as to provide that if the Council of a Federal University is dissolved, a new Council shall be constituted not later than three months 1 results 1
- Age at first birth 1 results 1
- Air-conditioning system design and ducting analysis has over the years been an aspect of Engineering, which even though has developed greatly, yet it brings about very tedious tasks of analysis, low level of accuracy, and a lot of time input in carrying out its analysis manually. This work makes provision for the use of a software package, designed for ducting analysis. It has the capability of handling analysis for buildings having as much as nine (9) floors, with each floor having up to twenty (20) rooms. The report gives an account of the method used and the programming aspect of the package for ducting analysis. The thermal analysis of a building forms the basis for the equipment selection in terms of capacity of the cooling equipment, quantity of dehumidified air required and the type of system to be recommended. The estimated air quantity is then used in carrying out the analysis of the system. The package has been designed in such a way that results of analysis made could be printed out for use. Also, it can be easily used on any computer that has a floppy drive for its installation, and has been produced using Visual Basic 6.0. it would be very useful for professionals, as it can carry out analysis which might take hours to develop in few seconds, and also, can be used in higher institutions as teaching aid to INSTRUCT Engineering students. 1 results 1
- Amoebiasis exemplifies a disease of protean manifestations which presents many perplexing problems. In this thesis an attempt is made to define a number of the wide variations which have been observed in the pathological manifestations of the disease. The work consists of both retrospective and prospective Studies. The retrospective study involved a review of the 7922 protocols of the autopsies at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, during the ten year period 1958 to 1967. 135 cases in which lesions of amoebiasis were described, were selected for special study using 276 cases of other diarrhoeal diseases as controls. The results of this review defined the pathology and complications of amoebiasis seen at the UCH, during the period covered by this study. A prospective study which included field surveys. laboratory studies on patients and controls; and in-vitro studies of the parasite was also carried out. Parasitological, biochemical and immunological techniques were applied in the prospective study of 1291 subjects in a field survey. In addition some 200 hospital materials were included in the prospective study. The results obtained provided the basis for the suggestions made concerning the different methods that can be applied to the future study of the prevalence of amoebiasis in any given population exposed to the risk of infection by Entamoeba histolytica. Local (Ibadan) strains of Entamoeba histolytica have been successfully cultured and the in-vitro characteristics studied. From the materials provi.ded by the in-vitro cultures of the organism, investigations have been made on E. histolytica antigens and the corresponding antibodies produced in man. The results of these investigations have been utilized in immunological studies, designed to define the mechanism of production of some of the problems posed by amoebic infections. The severity and high fatality of the disease in pregnancy and puerperium, was studied in detail. The observation that amoebiasis tends to be more severe and to have a higher mortality in pregnant and puerperal women was made only recently. At the time the present studies were planned, the association of pregnancy with severe amoebiasis had not been well established, and the mechanism for this association was unknown. It was, however, wall known that pregnant women were more liable to severe for-ms of certain other infectious diseases and it was considered possible that a similar mechanism might be operating in the case of amoebiasis. The present work confirms these clinical observations. Thus from the statistical analyses of the results of both the autopsy and prevalence studies, it became evident that the high fatality of amoebiasis during pregnancy and the early puerperium was not fortuitous but real. A fulminating type of lesion affecting the whole length of the large bowel is commoner in pregnant women and in those in the early puerperium dying of amoebiasis, than in any other cases of amoebiasis seen at autopsy. Furthermore, the biochemical and immunological studies help to throw some light on the mechanism of the selectivity of Infection by E. histolytical. These same results, also provide some explanation for the severity of amoebiasis during pregnancy and the allied states. The conclusions, support the hypothesis of lowered resistance to infectious diseases during pregnancy. Speculative submissions are, therefore, made on the defective immune mechanism occurring during pregnancy and the early puerperium. Thus, the inability of pregnant women to produce 'sufficient antibodies' to amoebic infections, demonstrated by the reactivity of the immunoglobulins in amoebiasis, confirms the suspicion of the existence of a derangement of host-defence mechanisms during pregnancy. This raises the hope and encourages future search for the specific serum agents) which may account for the deranged immune mechanism. On similar basis, the characterization of amoebic antigens together with that of the corresponding antibodies, offers a new field in the study of the immunopathology of amoebiasis. In conclusion, from the combined autopsy, prevalence, in-vitro experimental, biochemical, and immunological studies, it is submitted: 1. That the association of pregnancy with the severe form of amoebiasis at least, in this part of the world, is one of the perplexing problems posed by the disease. 2. That chronic amoebic infection is associated with the development of growth-inhibiting factors in the serum, for example, in patients with amoebic liver abscess. 3. That, on the contrary, growth promoting factors were demonstrated in the sera of pregnant/puerperal women with or without acute amoebic dysentery. 4. It is suggested that the severity of the disease in pregnant/puerperal women is a reflection of the derangement of immune response during pregnancy, with particular reference to the production of serum immunoglobulins. 1 results 1
- Anthropogenic factors 1 results 1
- Bacground: A palliative care and Hospice service is a neglected aspect of medical discipline especially in a developing country like Nigeria. With the global increase in incidence of cancer and HIV/A IDS and 70% of them presenting late, coupled with limited resources, for effective symptom control, palliative care therefore remains the only option left to improve the quality of life of the patients. Objective: To assess the, knowledge and attitudes of patients and their relations to palliative care and hospice services {PC&H} and to fashion out appropriate services for the patients. Materials and methods: A total of 130 participants were studied using a questionnaire which comprised of three parts: Socio-demographic variables. Information about Knowledge and Attitudes towards PC&H. Results: Sixty nine were patients while 61 were family members. Ninety four [72.3%] had no knowledge of PC&H regardless of level of education and social status. 109 (84%) agreed that symptoms of the terminally ill patients should be treated to improve their quality of life and 75%. of the participants agreed that this will be better done in a Hospice. 106 183% | participants desire to have hospice established in every community, this again was regardless of tribe Conclusion: There is a gross lack of knowledge about PC&H in our community as evidenced among, the participants studied. However, there is a positive attitude towards PC&H suggesting a general acceptance, since there is presently no well established Hospice, in Nigeria; we recommend that government and Non-governmental organizations should assist in this area. A hospital based Hospice might be a starting point 1 results 1
- Background: First childbirth in a woman’s life is one of the most important events in her life. It marks a turnaround when she might have to drop roles of career building and education, for motherhood and parenthood. The timing of the commencement of these roles affects the child bearing behavior of women as they progress in their reproductive ages. Prevalent early first childbirth in Nigeria has been reported as the main cause of high population growth and high fertility, mortality and morbidity among women, but little has been documented on the progression into first birth as well as factors affecting it in Nigeria. This paper modelled timing of first birth among women in Nigeria and determined socio-demographic and other factors affecting its timing. Methods: We hypothesized that background characteristics of a woman will influence her progression into having first birth. We developed and fitted a survival analysis model to understand the timing of first birth among women in Nigeria using a national representative 2013 NDHS data. Women with no children were right censored as of the date of the survey. The Kaplan Meier survival function was used to estimate the probabilities of first birth not occurring until certain ages of women while Cox proportional hazard regression was used to model the timing of first births at 5 % significance level. Results: About 75.7 % of the respondents had given birth in the Northern region of Nigerian compared with 63.8 % in the South. Half (50.1 %) of the first childbirth occurred within the 15–19 years age bracket and 38.1 % within 20–29 years. The overall median survival time to first birth was 20 years (North 19, South 22), 27 years among women with higher education and 18 years for those with no formal education. The adjusted hazard of first birth was higher in the Northern region of Nigeria than in the South (aHR = 1.24, 95 % CI: 1.20-1.27), and higher in rural areas than in urban areas (aHR = 1. 15, 95 % CI: 1.12-1.19). Also, hazard of earlier first birth tripled among women with no education (aHR = 3.36, 95 % CI: 3. 17-3.55) compared to women with higher education. The significant factors affecting age at first birth are education, place and zone of residence, age at first marriage, religion, ethnicity and use of contraceptives. Conclusions: This study showed that progression into early first birth is most affected by the education standing of women as well as age at first marriage. Delay of first childbirths as a strategy for fertility reduction and maternal health improvement can be achieved if women are empowered early in life with quality education. Stakeholders should therefore, give adequate attention to educating the girl child. Adverse socio-cultural norms of betrothing and marrying young girls should be abrogated, while health education and promotion of need to delay child bearing must be intensified especially among rural dwellers and also in Northern Nigeria. 1 results 1
- Background: School teachers play key roles in imparting appropriate and up-to-date knowledge to pupils and students. However, most teachers in developing countries like Nigeria have poor knowledge and motivation about oral health which may be due to inadequate training in the area of oral health. This might be one of the reasons for the poor oral hygiene among them and their students. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of an oral health care training programme organized for teachers in Eruwa, Oyo state, Nigeria. Methods: An intervention study was conducted among 40 school teachers who attended a two day oral health training workshop at Eruwa, headquarters of Ibarapa East Local Government Area. Training methods included lectures and demonstrations on aetiology, clinical features, treatment and prevention of common oral diseases. Pre- and post- evaluation written tests were administered to the participants to assess the effectiveness of the training. The knowledge scores were rated as poor, fair and good knowledge scoring <50.0%, 50.0-60.0% and > 60.0% respectively. Frequencies, percentages and means of relevant variables were generated. Paired t-test was used to compare means at P<0.05. Result: The mean age of the teachers was 40.13 ±7.24 years. There were 16 (40.0%) males and 24 (60.0%) females. Twenty (50.0%) of the participants had poor pre-training knowledge as compared to 7 (17.5%) after the training. Thirteen (32.5%) had fair pre-training knowledge as compared to 17 (42.5%) post training. Only (2.5%) of the participants had good pre-training knowledge as compared to 18 (45.0%) post training. The mean scores of the pre- and post-evaluation tests were 31.70 ±11.31 and 48.20 ±11.16 respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the pre and post evaluations P<0.05. 1 results 1
- Background: School teachers play key roles in imparting appropriate and up-to-date knowledge to pupils and students. However, most teachers in developing countries like Nigeria have poor knowledge and motivation about oral health which may be due to inadequate training in the area of oral health. This might be one of the reasons for the poor oral hygiene among them and their students. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of an oral health care training programme organized for teachers in Eruwa, Oyo state, Nigeria. Methods: An intervention study was conducted among 40 school teachers who attended a two day oral health training workshop at Eruwa, headquarters of Ibarapa East Local Government Area. Training methods included lectures and demonstrations on aetiology, clinical features, treatment and prevention of common oral diseases. Pre- and post- evaluation written tests were administered to the participants to assess the effectiveness of the training. The knowledge scores were rated as poor, fair and good knowledge scoring <50.0%, 50.0-60.0% and > 60.0% respectively. Frequencies, percentages and means of relevant variables were generated. Paired t-test was used to compare means at P<0.05. Result: The mean age of the teachers was 40.13 ±7.24 years. There were 16 (40.0%) males and 24 (60.0%) females. Twenty (50.0%) of the participants had poor pre-training knowledge as compared to 7 (17.5%) after the training. Thirteen (32.5%) had fair pre-training knowledge as compared to 17 (42.5%) post training. Only (2.5%) of the participants had good pre-training knowledge as compared to 18 (45.0%) post training. The mean scores of the pre- and post-evaluation tests were 31.70 ±11.31 and 48.20 ±11.16 respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the pre and post evaluations P<0.05. Conclusions: The training workshop improved the knowledge ofschool teachers regarding oral health 1 results 1
- Breadwinning roles 1 results 1
- Classically in enterovirology, isolation in RD cell culture required inoculation and incubation for 14 days before any sample is declared negative for enteroviruses. To reduce the turn-around time for confirming suspected cases of poliomyelitis, in 2010, the required incubation period, post inoculation was reduced to 10days. In this study we set out to determine why an Echovirus 29 (E29) strain we isolated in 2016 showed no cytopathology on RDcell culture despite the fact that other members of the clade to which it belongs do so. We found that the problem was not the 2016 E29 strain but the new 10 days incubation algorithm. To be precise, the 2016 E29 strain did not show cytopathology in RD cell line within the recommended 10 days but replicated with evident cytopathology when allowed to stay in culture for 13 to 14 days. This shows that some samples declared negative for enteroviruses by the 10 days incubation algorithm might be false negatives that will eventually develop cytopathology if allowed to remain in incubation for 13 to 14 days. It is therefore encouraged that those particularly interested in Non-Polio Enteroviruses endeavour to maintain at least 14 days incubation in cell culture in a bid to accommodate the likes of E29 that might need 13-14 days to develop CPE especially when present at low titre. 1 results 1
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