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- Developmental milestones are generally understood to be milestones of neurological development such as neck control, sitting without support, crawling and standing. Child health care providers routinely use normative data on such milestones to evaluate child development. However, there is often a cultural context to expectations of developmental milestones. The goal of this research is to explore the socio-cultural context of developmental milestones in infancy in a Nigerian community. In-depth interview was conducted with 30 mothers enrolled from an infant welfare clinic, southwest, Nigeria The transcripts were coded and analyzed using the Atlas ti 7.0 software package in a combination of thematic and narrative approaches. Mean age of participants was 33.3 (SD 5.1) years, 73% were married, 80% had two or more older children. Mothers expect that a child will be able to sit unaided, crawl and be able to stand by the age of one year. Opinion was divided about if it was possible to predict the age a child will attain a specific milestone. Most mothers reported that the age at which babies attain developmental milestones depends on childrearing practices utilized by the mother. Other factors they perceive as influencing developmental milestones include: having siblings, the age at which siblings and/or parents achieve similar milestones and the environment the child is reared in. Teething was considered an important milestone which has specific culture-bound connotations. Walking was considered one of the most significant milestones, not only indicating normal development but also signifying some independence for both mother and child. In this study of Nigerian mothers, developmental milestones in the first year of life have recognized influencing factors and a number of specific culture-bound associated beliefs. This exploratory study provides insights into intersections between biomedical and cultural concepts of childhood development. 2 results 2
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- "This paper presents the application offractal theory, especially fractal dimension to the formation of sawdust particles during operation with four detailed cases, which helps us to understand the distribution of the sawdust particles inhaled by sawmill workers and remove the effect of toxicity on their body quickly. Pattern of formation of sawdust in human lungs and other parts of the body (in fast branching rate) is described with a practical case study in a developing country. As these sawdust particles settle down in the human body, cells are destroyed on a very fast rate by the toxic nature of sawdust particles. Thus, removing the effect of toxicity on the body will require special skill and is cost intensive. The pattern formation of sawdust particles follows random walking in 2-D Euclidean space using fractal dimension and time steps. Percentage total of average time steps required for aggregation of specified n-sawdust particles varies according to power law of percentage successive aggregation. Case 3 and its rules are the most reasonable if used in a real project since its percentage absolute error compared with the standard literature value of 1.71 is zero. The paper may be of great importance to occupational health scientist and those who control and monitor occupation health problems in small scale industries particularly where occupational hazards are well pronounced. " 1 results 1
- Achievement in biology 1 results 1
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is one of the most devastating global health pandemics. The immune suppression of infected persons predisposes them to opportunistic infections resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Factors influencing HIV/AIDS in Nigeria are known; however, the influences of physical environmental factors on People Living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHAs) in Nigeria have not been fully explored. This study was therefore designed to investigate the association between these factors and the occurrence of Opportunistic Infections (OIs) among PLWHAs in Abuja. A case control study was conducted. PLWHAs in Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC) were randomly selected from the six area councils in FCT. Two health facilities were randomly selected by balloting from the nine that provides special services to PLWHAs in AMAC. Systematic random sampling was used to recruit 66 cases and 68 controls from the facilities. Cases were defined as HIV positive clients with OIs while controls were defined as confirmed HIV positive clients not manifesting OIs. Opportunistic Infections considered were Tuberculosis (TB), persistent diarrhea, oral thrush and herpes. The controls were matched by sex, age and residential area. Respondents’ demographic characteristics, level of knowledge and hygiene practices were assessed using a validated questionnaire. The level of knowledge of Environmental Influence on Health (EIH) was determined using 40 point scale. Observational checklist was used to assess the prevailing environmental conditions in households. Bacteriological examination of drinking water sources of 25.0% of cases and controls was conducted using standard methods as described by the American Public Health Association. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square and t-test were used for data analysis. Respondents’ mean age was 35.9 ± 6.7years for cases and 34.4 ± 7.0years for controls. About 48.6% and 51.4% of cases and controls respectively were females. The OIs manifested by cases were TB (56.6%), oral thrush (77.4%), persistent diarrhea (69.8%) and herpes (11.3%). The mean knowledge scores on EIH of cases and controls were 31.7 ± 8.9 and 29.0± 13.1 with no significant different. Majority of the cases (75.8%) and control (70.6%) washed their hands with soap after toilet use. Also 66.7% of cases and controls (68.7%) used water closets for excreta disposal. About twenty four percent of cases as against nine percent of controls obtained drinking water from contaminated sources (OR: 3.25; 95%CI: 1.09 – 10.14). Bacteriological analysis of client drinking water sources indicated that 76.0% of samples for cases and 64.3% for controls contained total coliform, while E.coli was detected in 21.4%, and 15.4% of samples for cases and controls respectively. The occurrence of water borne opportunistic infections among the cases may be attributable to contaminated drinking water sources. Provision of water especially potable water supply and continuing health education on hygiene practices are highly advocated. 1 results 1
- Activity-based method 1 results 1
- Adaptation Strategies 1 results 1
- Ado-Odo/Ota. 1 results 1
- Adult learners 1 results 1
- African culture 1 results 1
- African women 1 results 1
- African women, for too long, have been made to exist in the shadow of African men. Their subordination to men has been mostly achieved by the enactment of societal laws in pre-colonial, colonial and neocolonial African settings which categorize them (women) as the other. The consequence of this subjugation is women’s dependence on/and blind acceptance of their inferiority to men. To change the status quo, African feminist writers and critics alike have raised awareness in women about the obduracy of (oppressive tendencies of some African cultural mores. These cultural (ethos /practices are those that spring from essentially controlling woman’s body that practically translate into controlling her mind in order to make her believe the myth that she is inferior to her male (counterpart; The reification of the female body invariably leads to African women’s blind devotion to their husbands, children and most often, the extended family. Besides, women are also victims of male violence and trauma as evidenced in the works of Philomene Bassek, Aminata Ka MaTga and Evelyne Mpoudi Ngolle. 1 results 1
- African women, for too long, have been made to exist in the shadow of African men. Their subordination to men has been mostly achieved by the enactment of societal laws in pre-colonial, colonial and neocolonial African settings which categorize them women) as the ‘other’. The consequence of this subjugation is women’s dependence on / and blind acceptance of their inferiority to men. To change the status quo, African feminist writers and critics alike have raised awareness in women about the obduracy of oppressive tendencies of some African cultural mores. These cultural athos / practices are those that spring from essentially controlling woman's body that practically translate into controlling her mind in order to make her believe the myth that she is inferior to her male counterpart. The reification of the female body invariably leads to African women’s blind devotion to their husbands, children and most often, the extended family. Besides women are also victims of male violence and trauma as evidenced in the works of Philomene Bassek, Aminata Ka MaYga and Evelyne Mpoudi Ngolle. 1 results 1
- Agricultural information 1 results 1
- Agriculture 1 results 1
- Agro-ecological zones 1 results 1
- Agroforestry practices 1 results 1
- Ambulatory care 1 results 1
- Antibiotic usage, 1 results 1
- Artemisinin 1 results 1
- Attitude 1 results 1
- Availability of information on improved technologies is an important ingredient for agricultural development. However, Nigerian women farmers have low access to technological information. The use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) among these women in accessing information on improved agricultural practices has not been adequately explored. Use of ICTs among women farmers in north-eastern Nigeria was assessed in this study. Adamawa and Bauchi were randomly selected from the six states in north-eastern Nigeria. All the seven Agricultural development Programme (ADP) zones in the two states were included in the sample. Twenty five percent of Women-in-Agriculture units of the ADP extension blocks in each zone were selected and 15% of women in each unit were randomly sampled. A total of 359 respondents, made up of 172 and 187 from Adamawa and Bauchi States respectively, were selected. Interview schedule was used to collect information on respondents‟ characteristics and benefits. Social participation, awareness and attitude were assessed and categorised on point scales thus: low (0-11.4), high (11.5-39.0); low (0-5.9), high (6.0-10); and unfavourable (37.0-60.0), favourable (61-79) respectively. The use of old ICTs (radio, television, telephone, video, extension bulletin and newspaper) and new ICTs (mobile phone, computer, internet and CD-ROM) were also assessed. Data were analysed, using descriptive statistics, Chi-square, correlation, t-test, and logit regression (p=0.05) Married respondents constituted 86.6% and the mean age was 41.0 ± 12.6 years. Christians were 65.1%, Muslims in seclusion were 32.9% and 52.0% attained primary education. Most respondents (64.3%) practised mixed farming, with mean farm size of 3.4 ± 2.7 ha; 93.0% cultivated cereals and 58.5% raised poultry. Also, 57.7% had low social participation score (0.0-11.4) and 99.0% were aware of ICTs. Majority of the respondents benefitted from access to information on fertiliser sources and application (75.8%), credits, grants and loans (71.5%), child care and nutrition (67.1%), market prices and location (65.5%), crop pests; diseases and control (63.5%). The most commonly used old ICTs were radio (92.8%) and television (59.6%), while the most commonly used new ICT was the mobile phone (59.3%). Fifty-two percent had unfavourable attitude (0.0-60.0) towards the use of ICTs. Use of ICTs was significantly related to residence location (χ2=0.12), seclusion status (0.44) and education (0.10). It was also significantly related to social participation (r=0.47), cosmopoliteness (0.19), awareness (0.65) and attitude (0.32). Mean awareness of old ICTs (4.1±1.9) was significantly higher than of new ICTs (1.7±1.3). Mean use of old ICTs (14.8±11.3), its use among non-secluded (21.5±6.8) and among urban respondents 4(23.1±16.6) were significantly higher than mean use of new ICTs (4.8 ±3.2), its use among secluded (15.7 ±9.3) and among rural respondents (19.2±12.4). Education, social participation, awareness of ICTs, cosmopoliteness and residence location had likelihood of increasing the use of ICTs by 0.03, 0.01, 0.46, 0.04 and 0.09 respectively Women farmers in north-eastern Nigeria had high awareness of ICTs and used them in accessing agricultural and other livelihood information. However, the unfavourable attitude and low awareness and use of new ICTs need to be addressed to increase the potential to deliver agricultural information to women farmers. 1 results 1
- Background: Effective prevention and control of malaria during pregnancy include prompt and effective case management of malaria combined with prevention of infection by the use of insecticide-treated nets and intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp). Care givers knowledge and practice of malaria control is pivotal to effective implementation of these guidelines. The objective of this study was to determine the awareness of care providers in facilities offering maternity services in Ibadan of the National Malaria Treatment Guideline and Policy in Nigeria. The study also aimed to describe the prescription practice, for malaria chemoprophylaxis and case management in pregnancy, by these care providers. Materials and method: The study was a cross-sectional survey of the; lead care givers in all registered hospitals and maternity centres in Ibadan over one year (April 2008 to April 2009), using structured questionnaires. The list of the one hundred and thirty-two (132) registered centres was obtained from the State Ministry of Health. The lead care givers provided information, on their awareness of the new government policy and antimalarials believed to be effective and prescribed for malaria prevention and case management in pregnancy. Results: Over two thirds (84.2%) of the facilities were operated by either Medical Officers with only basic medical training or by Nurses/Mid wives. The modes of prevention most commonly reported as being effective were the use of insecticide spray, window nets and ITN. The drugs most commonly prescribed for chemoprophylaxis were sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) (65.2%), Proguanil (45.5%) and pyrimethamine (42.4%). The drugs most commonly prescribed for case management were ACIfe (66.7%), amodiaquine (59.8%) and artemether (47.7%). Quite a number of respondents were unsure of the frequency (81.8%) and timing (56.5%) of administration of sulphadoxine- pyrimethamine for prophylaxis. Conclusion: This study demonstrates awareness but lack of in-depth knowledge of control measures. Also, there is poor use of the recommended agent for IPT. The factors militating against the use of these preventive measures need to be urgently explored and addressed. 1 results 1
- Background: Malaria is a cause of poverty in Africa, therefore its appropriate treatment and prevention is a key strategy for control. This study was designed to determine the preferred treatment and control methods adopted by young adults in an urban setting, and the presence and levels of antimalaria antibodies as an indication of exposure Method: During a high transmission period in Ibadan, questionnaires on malaria management and treatment practices were administered to 307 undergraduate science majors. Follow up questionnaires were also administered to some of the students. Microscopy was done to determine parasitaemia, and antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum MSP 1 were measured by ELISA Results: In this population, malaria prevalence was 17 % (19/109) and parasite burden was generally low. Anti malaria antibodies present in 93.6% of the volunteers confirmed malaria exposure. Analysis of data from questionnaires administered to the volunteers revealed that self treatment at home was common; approximately 25% of the volunteers self treated the initial symptoms at home and this included the use of herbal remedies. The use of multiple drug types to treat a single episode of malaria was common practice and chloroquine and maloxine (Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine) were most often used in treatment. The study showed that 97.5% of the respondents had malaria at least once in the preceding three months. There was no significant difference in malaria prevalence and antibody levels between those living on the university campus and non-residents. Conclusion: Most of the volunteers had been exposed to the malaria parasite during transmission, but did not translate into illness. This may be due to their knowledge of malaria transmission and prophylactic use of antimalaria medication. We show that many episodes of malaria are treated outside the formal health system. 1 results 1
- Background: Poor adherence to prescribed therapy among patients with chronic diseases is a growing concern which un¬dermines the benefits of current medical care. Objectives: To evaluate the pattern of treatment non-adherence among ambulatory patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes in southwestern Nigeria, and to determine the possible factor(s) that accounted for such non-adherence with a view to identifying areas of future intervention to improve outcome. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional interview using the concept of RIM (Recognize, Identify and Manage) model was used to evaluate adherence to treatment recommendations among 176 consented patients recruited from the endocrinology out-patient clinics of two teaching hospitals in southwestern Nigeria between November, 2010 and January, 2011. Results: Overlaps of non-adherence behavior were obtained. More than three-quarter (153; 88.4%) were not aware of in¬dication for each of the prescribed medications, 26 (15.3%) correctly described regimen as prescribed. The factorsidentified as possible barriers to medication adherence include practical (145; 40.1%), knowledge (103; 28.5%), and attitudinal (114; 31.5%) barriers. Dietary non-adherence was mostly due to inappropriate guidance (62; 33.7%). Conclusions. The arrays of non-adherence behavior among the cohort further emphasize the need for patient-centered approach as a reasonable strategy in resolving non-adherence problems in routine clinical practice. 1 results 1
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- SUNScholar — Stellenbosch University Repository 340 results 340
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