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Diaspora is Not Like Home a Social And Economic History of Yoruba in Kano, 1912-1999
Published 2008Call Number: Loading…
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Household Livelihood and Coping Strategies of Nomads in Northeastern Nigeria
Published 2016Call Number: Loading…
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Unethical Conduct as a Precursor to Ecological Crisis in Hosea and its Relevance to Rivers State, Nigeria
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- Capital assets 1 results 1
- Coping strategies 1 results 1
- Environmental Stewardship 1 results 1
- Environmental consequences 1 results 1
- Livelihood capabilities 1 results 1
- Nomads 1 results 1
- Northeastern Nigeria 1 results 1
- Rivers State ecological zones 1 results 1
- The book of Hosea 1 results 1
- The book of Hosea, popular for its marital metaphor, presents a link between unethical deeds and ecological crises in ancient Israel. However, existing studies on the book have focused mostly on its nuptial imagery with less emphasis on the ecological consequences generated by unethical deeds in Israel of the period, which could be relevant to understanding the ecological problems in selected communities in contemporary Rivers State. This study, therefore, interpreted the Book of Hosea from an ecological standpoint with a view to establishing the consequences of unethical deeds brought on ancient Israel’s land, air, and water, and the relevance of these for understanding the environmental challenges in selected communities in Rivers State. The study adopted Habel’s ecological hermeneutics, which stresses that human deeds have ecological consequences. The Historical-Grammatical Method was utilised as exegetical platform to interpret the purposively selected text of Hosea 4:1-3. Two sets of questionnaire were administered: 583 copies to purposively sampled residents in Andoni, Ahoada-East, Etche, Khana, Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni and Port-Harcourt local government areas of Rivers State, which are highly vulnerable to environmental degradation, and 26 copies to Community Liaison Officers (CLOs) of Saipem/Agip, Total/Elf, Shell and Chevron. Media reports were consulted, and observations were made. Data were subjected to exegetical analysis and percentage scores. Hosea 4:1-2 outlined dysfunctional community relationships (we’en-chesed) manifested in destructive activities (pārats), blood-bath (rātsach), and stealing of humans/natural resources (gānab') as prevailing human misdeeds with environmental consequences in ancient Israel. Similarly in Rivers State, dysfunctional community relationships underpinned by pipeline vandalisation, oil spillage, oil theft, indiscriminate gas flaring and unethical use of chemicals and explosive exemplified unethical behaviours with environmental consequences. These were attested to by 89.4% of Residents and 88.5% of the CLOs. Hosea 4:3 echoed the attendant environmental consequences of such moral decadence: on land, human beings and beasts were adversely affected by man-induced drought; birds either migrated or became extinct as a result of atmospheric imbalance; in water, fish migrated or became extinct owing to excessive fishing motivated by greed. Equally, in Rivers State, community youths engaged in pipeline vandalisation while oil companies also engaged in oil spillage and dumping of high level hydrocarbon pollutants on the ground, thereby preventing the growth of vegetation, animal and human populations. This violation of ethics of environmental stewardship was affirmed by 80.4% of the residents, 73.1% of the CLOs and the media report of August 22, 2011 on United Nations Environmental Programme. There was bird mortality arising from indiscriminate gas flaring by oil companies. Community residents from fresh water zone applied chemicals while those of saline water zone used explosives as fishing techniques. This results in non-selective mortal damage, which leaves water sources stinking after two days. This was confirmed by 84.9% of community residents. Unethical deeds, which account for ecological disasters in the land, air and water in Hosea and selected communities in Rivers State, resulted from the violation of ethics of environmental stewardship. Therefore, practical adherence to moral tenets espoused in Hosea is imperative for environmental remediation in Rivers State 1 results 1
- The changing climate heightens drought situations especially in Northern Nigeria and induces multiple stresses on nomads and their animals. Resulting water and pasture insufficiency impose hardship on their livelihood. Little is known about coping strategies adopted for their stressed livelihood. Therefore, household livelihood and coping strategies of nomads in Northeastern Nigeria were investigated. A four-stage sampling procedure was used to select respondents for the study. Three states (Adamawa, Taraba and Bauchi) were randomly selected from the six states in the study area. From these states, 15% of Local Government Areas (three, two, and three, respectively) were randomly selected, while five communities and 10 respondents were randomly selected from each, giving a total of 400 respondents. Interview schedule and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) were used to collect data on respondents’ socioeconomic characteristics, coping strategies (low: 1.00-12.20; high: 12.21-38.00)], perception of the effects of drought (unfavourable: 40.00-95.91; favourable: 95.92-118.00), challenges to livelihood and livelihood status: (low: 0.00-3.61; high: 3.62-11.65). Livelihood status was made up of access to capital assets, livelihood activities in the dry season (low: 0.00-26.16; high: 26.17-122.00) and rainy season (low: 0.00-23.90; high: 23.91- 81.00) and household capabilities (low: 5.00-25.17; high: 25.18-83.00). Capital assets include: human/social (low: 0.00-5.61; high: 5.62-47.00), natural (low: 0.00-5.59; high: 5.60-8.00), physical (low: 0.00-6.89; high: 6.90-15.00) and financial (low: 0.00-1.32; high: 1.33-6.00). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s product moment correlation, multiple linear regression and ANOVA at α 0.05. Most respondents were married (91.1%), below 56 years (84.0%), male (90.8%) with one wife (62.6%), children (6.0±3.99) and dependents (3.0±1.60). Majority (81.3%) had no formal education and was primarily engaged in animal husbandry (77.7%) with monthly income of N15, 000 (I.Q.R.: N37, 000). Majority (65.6%) of the respondents had low access to human/social capital, 60.7% had high access to natural capital, 59.5% had high access to physical capital and 75.2% had low access to financial capital. Many (55.8%) had low use of livelihood activities in dry season, high use (23.91-81.00) in the rainy season (59.5%) and low household capability (62.3%). Many respondents had low coping strategies (63.5%) and favourable perception of the effects of drought on their livelihood (52.1%). Most (82.6%) noticed major alterations in rainfall patterns with hunger (58.6%) and poverty (57.6%) being consequent impacts. Other challenges to livelihood included migration for drought related problems (70%), lack of rainfall (45.0%) and drying up of lakes and streams (35.9%). The FGD revealed that terrorist activities led to disruption of respondents’ social and cultural activities and loss of livelihoods as well as death of many nomadic household members. Livelihood status significantly correlated with monthly income from primary occupation (r=0.23) and number of total coping strategies used (r=0.631). Significant difference existed in respondents’ coping strategies and livelihood status across states. Respondents’ age (β=-0.29), number of sources of income (β=0.20), number of secondary occupation (β=-0.26), perception (β=0.18) and number of coping strategies used (β=0.33) contributed significantly to livelihood status. Livelihood status and use of coping strategies of nomads in Northeastern Nigeria were low. 1 results 1
- Unethical deeds 1 results 1
- Yoruba migration to Kano was shaped both by social and economic reality of the British colonial rule and trajectories of the post-colonial state. In Kano, the wider opportunity for the advancement of commercial frontier attracted generations of Yoruba traders, artisans, entrepreneurs and professionals. This book articulates the historical process that led to the evolution as well as the consolidation of the Yoruba commercial diaspora in Kano. Three interconnected themes: migration, entrepreneurship and intergroup relations in a commercial diaspora were systematically pursued in this work. All through the trajectory, the book has reconstructed the historical metamorphosis of the Yoruba trading diaspora chronologically from colonial period to the post-colonial era and, by extension, part of the commercial history of modern Kano. In 1912, Yoruba commerce in Kano entered a- new phase from the socio-cultural bases already established in the pre-colonial economy. Linder the British rule, Yoruba identity in Kano was dramatically transformed to become “non-natives” or “strangers." The British used diverse measures including stereotype, criminalisation and ethnic segregation to control Yoruba migration to Kano. Resentment and criminalisation were used to segregate and exclude the Yoruba from the mainstream Kano society. In this respect.- ethnic relations were mediated by colonial encounter. Colonialism challenged the migrants’ identity and self-understanding. The r transformative effects of this challenge redefined inter-ethnic relations to produce new imbalances, crystallisation of communal identities and social cohesion. As such, inter-ethnic rivalry sustained the British rule and remained pervasive in the post-colonial context. The intriguing feature of ethnic segregation as model of state structure and development provided stimulus for diaspora identity. Despite the control measures, the groundnut export and urbanisation processes in Kano influenced the greater proportion of Yoruba migration within the framework of kinship linkages. But Yoruba traders encountered structural disadvantages in the commodity trade. Commercially, Yoruba women were among the active traders whose entrepreneurial activities linked the rural markets with the urban economy and stimulated income and distribution of Kano made goods. From 1985 and up to 1999, a downward trend was recorded in Yoruba enterprise in Kano due to economic contraction and urban crises. The methodology for this study was primarily empirical in approach: In-depth oral interviews, research visits to neighbourhoods, fact finding surveys made on individuals, organisations and institutions as data sources in an interactive manner. The emphasis on field experience and broader interviews across ethnic, occupational and gender categories facilitated the validation of data collected and interpretation ensured that the analysis was a product of communal reflections. In this study, it has been found that ethnicity was fundamental in social and economic networks through which commerce was undertaken. The overriding value of Yoruba ethnic identity in Kano was the creation of a socio-economic community that allocated productive resources in the employment of labour, capital mobilisation, entrepreneurship and social security. The recreation and reorganisation of ethnic associations were largely influenced by successful entrepreneurs who played significant leadership roles. However, social functions restricted entrepreneurial investment in commercial activities. The study has examined the survival strategy employed by the Yoruba in combating incorporation and exclusion prism that curtailed, challenged or encouraged their commercial activities. As a trading community, the Yoruba used their flexible identity, professional skills and religions (both Christianity and Islam) for commercial success. The special skills of the entrepreneurs and complimentary commercial roles of artisans had led to the transfer of technical skills, improved craft industry, urban development, stimulated income and growth of markets, and tho over increasing urban population that provided the much needed skilled labour tor tho expanding industries. Yoruba enterprise generated labour supply, provided employment and above all, contributed to the process of capital accumulation Indeed, the special skills and complementary commercial roles of the Yoruba Christians constituted an invaluable asset to their acceptance among the Muslim host community Many of the Yoruba Muslim migrant households have been complotely absorbed into the cultural and religious values of Kano. Closely connected to this, is the fact that, many of the unassimllatod younger gemmation of tho Muslim Yoruba Migrants developed a plural identity As n consequence, tho commercial diaspora produced a hybrid generation namely; the Kano Yoruba, who had a stronger sentiment for the hosl community. Empirically, the two ethnic groups (Hausa and Yoruba) still retain many of tho loan words borrowed from each other’s languages for Islamic, commercial, equestrian and sundry matters. These extensive social network and marital linkages had facilitated ethnic harmony and hospitality. A remarkable aspect of this study is the discussion on tho ambivalent Hausa and Yoruba relations namely: economic competition on one hand and cultural constraints of identity on the other hand. Yoruba commercial activities in Kano have occasioned stress and suspicion generated considerably by economic competition. Some of the riots in Kano from 1953 to 1999 were caused by socio-political problems with devastating consequences on Kano economy most especially, state of insecurity of investment, tho fear of looting, wanton destruction of lives and economic gains, and tho exodus of migrant artisans and entrepreneurs. Some of the Yoruba experienced economic dislocation. Hence, they liquidated their businesses and or relocated to their places of origin or other commercial cities in Nigeria. The study concludes that Yoruba enterprise in Kano contributed to the transmission of technical skills among different communities and the transformation of modern Kano as a commercial metropolis in Nigeria. Without family connections and support network in a competitive context, Yoruba diaspora became ethnically assertive in terms of associational life. Thus, in the process, diaspora identity restricted the prospect of integration of the migrants into the host community. 1 results 1
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