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FOOD SAFETY AND HYGIENE CONDITIONS IN SELECTED PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS WITH BOARDING FACILITIES IN IBADAN, NIGERIA
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WILD BIRD DISTRIBUTION, DIVERSITY AND VIRAL SURVEILLANCE IN INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE, IBADAN
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- Fodder crop 2 results 2
- Food-feed cereal 2 results 2
- Nigeria 2 results 2
- Voluntary dry matter intake 2 results 2
- West African dwarf rams 2 results 2
- "The performance of the agricultural sector has been relatively poor considering the attitude of existing financial institutions to the support of the sector. Informal credit supply is limited while formal credit supply is often inaccessible to smallholder farmers. Therefore, borrower's characteristics that determine access to formal and informal sources of credit were examined. Data collected by the Africa Rice Centre from Niger State in 2009 were used. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 373 out of 470 rice farmers from whom information was collected. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logit model were then used to analyse the data. Results revealed that agricultural credit programmes and village residents in the formal and informal credit sectors respectively were the accessible sources of credit. The results also revealed that access to formal credit was significantly increased by experience in rice farming, expenses on fertilizer input and rice income while access to informal credit was significantly increased by gender, duration of village residency, experience in rice farming and expenses on fertilizer input. It is recommended that a suitable credit support programme for access to formal credit should be introduced. " 1 results 1
- A survey involving the use of structured questionnaires and personal communication was carried out in Western Nigeria to ascertain the type and extent of use of silos for the storage of grains. Steel and Aluminium were found to be the predominant materials used for the construction of the silos. They are mainly used to store shelled corn and in a few instances, rice, cowpea and soybean. The prohibitive cost of silo acquisition limits their ownership and use to the Ministries of Agriculture, Co-operative Societies, agro-based industries, Teaching and Research Institutes and a few large scale private farms. Silos are not used by the small to medium scale farms. The withdrawal of the Ministries of Agriculture from direct grain production and the collapse of co-operative grain storage programmes have resulted in the abandonment of many silos. The metal silos experience the problem of moisture condensation on the roofs and walls which leads to the deterioration of stored grains through moulding, caking and rapid multiplication of insects. Losses of as much as 10% of total storage through these sources have been recorded for some silos. Adequate funding of current research efforts to develop local materials for grain silo construction is recommended. 1 results 1
- A survey was undertaken to assess the Kwara State Tractor Hiring Unit using fleet of equipment, personnel and workshop facilities, and its impact on the farming populace in the state as assessment criteria. The study adopted the use of a questionnaire and interview schedules, focused group discussion and personal observation for data collection. Records available at the headquarters of the unit provided additional source of information. The unit has a total of 38 tractors which comprises of 29 Ursus 5312, six New Holland 5635, three heavy duty tractors, 22 disc ploughs, seven mouldboard ploughs, 18 disc harrows, eight disc ridgers, 10 trailers, two rice shellers, five multipurpose shellers, two maize shellers and one fourwheel drive jeep car. Majority (81%) of the equipment were functional, a few (13%) required minor repairs to be used on the farm and 6% were scraps. The unit has neither a workshop nor an implement shed thus exposing the machinery to inclement weather. Personnel in the unit are adequate but the maintenance culture is service driven. There has been a general increase in farm sizes since the introduction of the unit even though only a few farmers have been able to access the services rendered by the unit. Several reasons accounted for the limited beneficiaries from the activities of the unit prominent among which are inability to raise the cost of hiring, delay in service delivery, remoteness of farms and small holdings.The unit has great potentials for improving the agricultural productivity of the state if the equipment available can be effectively utilized. Towards achieving this, it is recommended that a functional workshop and implement sheds be provided at the headquarters and area offices, the activities should be decentralized while adopting a regular maintenance culture. As an agency of the government, there should be adequate funding by the state government. 1 results 1
- Accelerated and natural weathering of bagasse reinforced cement composite filled with rice ash pozollan used as roofing sheets were studied. In this paper, the durability of natural fibers such as sugarcane bagasse used as roofing sheets has been reported by conducting an experimental investigation. This investigation includes determination of mechanical strength properties such as compressive, tensile, modulus of rupture and flexural properties of the roof once every 3 months for a period of 8 years under alternate wetting and drying conditions and was exposed to ultraviolet light for the same period. The 8 years study showed no significant difference in the strength and sorption properties for the treated bagasse at 2% CaCl2 and the 20% replacement of cement with rice husk ash. This confirms that treated bagasse cement composite is suitable for both external and internal construction purposes. 1 results 1
- Access to credit, 1 results 1
- Acetylation 1 results 1
- Against the background that domestic policies in Nigeria have been linked to an endemic - high, volatile and rising food prices in the country, this paper empirically examined the transmission of key monetary policy variables to domestic food prices in Nigeria. Furthermore, the study employed estimates of policy induced price changes from estimated cointegrating relations between commodity prices and policy variables, and demand elasticities from a system of household demand equations to estimate the associated compensating variation as a measure of the welfare impacts on farm households. The study found that government management of exchange rates and money supplies as well as withdrawal of subsidies from petroleum products have been the main driver of rising food prices in the country. While an average farmer was found to have benefited from the policy induced rising food prices with the mean compensated variation of -3.3% of the household budget, most of the farm households ended up being losers. The gainers were mostly owners of the relatively few large farms (-36.9%) including the commercial livestock farms (-38.9%), rice farm (-35.0%), and fish farms (-27.8%). Smallholders, which constituted about three-quarter of the farm households, lost on the average, about 8.1% of their purchasing power to the rising food prices, with female headed households also loosing 6.6% of their purchasing power. 1 results 1
- Background: Acetylated starches with degrees of substitution (DS) of > 2 have been found suitable for sustained release applications because of their hydrophobic nature and thermoplasticity. The short half-life and high dosing frequency of repaglinide make it an ideal candidate for sustained release. Objectives: To formulate and evaluate repaglinide microspheres using acetylated starch of the indigenous rice species Oryza glaberrima Steud (Ofada) as polymer. Materials and Methods: Ofada rice starch was acetylated with acetic anhydride in pyridine (DS 2.68) and characterized for morphology (Scanning electron microscope, SEM), Crystallinity (Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction crystallography, XRD), density and swelling. Microspheres of repaglinide were prepared by emulsification solvent-evaporation method, varying the drug-polymer ratio (1:2, 1:4, 1:8 and 1:10) and polymer type (ethyl cellulose as standard). Microspheres were characterized for particle size, wall thickness, swelling, entrapment efficiency, time taken for 80% drug release (t80) and permeability. Data obtained from in-vitro drug release studies were fitted to various kinetic models. Results: Repaglinide microspheres were near spherical, discrete and of size range 23.45 ± 4.25 to 44.55±3.85 μm. FTIR spectra revealed the absence of drug–polymer interaction and complete drug entrapment. Particle size, swelling, entrapment and wall thickness increased with drug: polymer ratio and were generally higher in microspheres containing acetylated Ofada rice starch while t80 (195±6.60 - 395± 24.75 min) was lower. Drug release fitted the Hixson-Crowell kinetic model. Conclusions: The acetylated starch of Ofada rice was found suitable as a polymer to sustain the release of repaglinide in microsphere formulations. 1 results 1
- Bagasse 1 results 1
- Based on the initial research on the suitability of RHA in partial replacement of cement in HSC production, it was observed that between 10 - 20% replacement by weight of cement with RHA shows potential for use in the production of HSC based on their compressive strength. However, However, the use of compressive strength criteria only as a determinant in High Strength Concrete (HSC), especially in RHA-Cement blend concrete, has shown its inadequacies. Fracture Mechanics is a reliable experimental/analytical tool that has not been adequately used in the study of RHA-based HSC. Thus, the need to study its fracture mechanics parameters such as Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTODC) test and Stress Intensity Factor (KSIC) to understand the behaviour of the RHA-based HSC to fracture toughness which is an indication of the strength of concrete when subjected to loading. Milled samples of the RHA were used in the preparation of RHA- Cement blends with the cement being replaced at 0%, 10% and 20% by cement weight. The 0% replacement served as a control for the experiment. 36 cubes of HSC with an expected compressive strength of 60MPa respectively were produced; 12 cubes for each percentage replacement aimed at affirming the compressive strengths were within the expected 60 MPa value. Then same mix design was used to prepare 78 beams (18, 30 and 30 for 0%, 10% and 20% RHA-Cement blend HSC) were prepared and subjected to experimental Fracture Mechanics three-point bending tests (TPBT) while the peak load for each beam before failure were recorded. The recorded peak loads were used to develop function via numerical computational and statistical models to determine the and values for the concrete. Based on the numerical analysis done, there was a progressive increase in CTODC and KSIC with an increase in RHA content in the concrete mixes with 20% having the highest C T OD c and Kfc (1 .4 1 9 7 M P aVm and 0 .0 3 1 7 m m) values compared to the control and the 10% RHA. Thus, it implies 20% RHA-cement blended HSC has more resilence compare to the 10% RHA. 1 results 1
- Biochar 1 results 1
- Bird diversity 1 results 1
- Boarding schools 1 results 1
- Cases of food contamination and poisoning in boarding schools have been reported in Nigeria. Although researches have been carried out on food safety in Nigerian schools, not many studies were conducted in boarding schools despite the health implications of consuming unsafe food. This study was designed to assess the food safety and hygiene conditions in selected Public Secondary Schools with Boarding Facilities(PSSBF) in Ibadan, Nigeria. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select five out of ten PSSBF in Ibadan. A semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used to elicit information on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) of food safety and hygiene among 59 food handlers. A 40, 24 and 30 point scales was used to assess the food handlers KAP respectively. Food hazards and sanitary conditions were assessed by direct observation using a 30-item checklist. Forty-two food samples were collected immediately after cooking from kitchens and dining halls of schools. Food holding temperature was measured by inserting thermocouple in the mid region of the food samples. Borehole, well and Tap water samples used for dish-washing, cooking and drinking were collected from the schools. Food and water samples were assessed for bacteria using pour plate and multiple tube method and results expressed in cfu/g and cfu/ml respectively. Values obtained from analysis of food and water samples were compared with United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) and Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) respectively. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, t-test and ANOVA were used for data analysis at p=0.05 Mean age of food handlers was 34.5±10.1 years. Mean Knowledge Attitude and Practice scores on food safety was 26.9±4.9, 13.4±3.2 and 21.9±3.8 respectively. Objects observed in food sampled were artificial finger nails, drug capsules, and tiny metals. Toilet facilities in the schools were in poor sanitary conditions with no running water. The mean temperature at holding for food samples in oC were: rice (57.4±4.6), “moi-moi” (57.1±5.9), “akamu” (34.3±1.5), vegetable-soup (59.0±6.7) and yam-porridge (63.4±3.6). There was a significant difference between temperature at holding for all food compared to the USFDA standard. The types and loads of bacteria isolated from the food samples were Escherichia coli (4.4x108), fecal coliform (5.1×108), Staphylococcus aureus (1.2x108) and Bacillus cereus (8.4x108) cfu/g. These were significantly higher than USFDA standard for food safety. Mean total coliform of 18 and 16cfu/100ml were obtained for cooking and drinking water respectively. Total coliform for cooking and drinking water exceeded SON water safety level. The level of food and water contamination in the schools was high. Although the food handlers have average knowledge of food safety and hygiene, the hygiene condition of food surroundings and toilets was poor. Therefore, there is need for hygiene education, training on food safety and regular monitoring in boarding secondary schools. 1 results 1
- Climate change 1 results 1
- Compost has been used to stabilise lead (Pb) in soil. However, compost contains a high level of dissolved organic matter (DOM) which may make Pb bioavailable in plant and thereby limiting its effectiveness and application. Addition of biochar to compost can reduce this effect. Rice husk (RH) and Cashew nut shell (CNS) biochars and compost-modified biochars were used in comparison to compost for stabilizing Pb in lead smelting slag (LSS)-contaminated soil (Pb = 18,300 mg/kg) in Nigeria. Efficiency of Pb stabilisation in control and amended soils was assessed using CaCl2 batch leaching experiment and plant performance. In pot experiments, maize plant was grown on the contaminated soil and on soil treated with minimum and optimum doses of the amendments singly and in combination for 6 weeks. Agronomical and chemical parameters of the plants were measured. CaCl2-extractable Pb in the untreated soil was reduced from 60 mg/kg to 0.55 mg/kg in RHB amended soils and non-detectable in other amended soils. RH-biochar/compost increased plant height, number of leaf and leaf area more than the others. Similarly, at minimum rate, it reduced root and shoot Pb by 91% and 86.0% respectively. Compost-modified rice husk biocharstabilised Pb in lead smelting slag contaminated soil reduced Pb plant uptake and improved plant growth. Lead stabilisation through the use of rice husk biochar with compost may be a green method for remediation of lead smelting slag-contaminated soil. 1 results 1
- Compost-Modified Biochar 1 results 1
- Condensation, 1 results 1
- Constraint, 1 results 1
- Conventional feedstuffs have not met the increasing demand of livestock industry. Rice plant, a food-feed cereal, can provide grains for humans and fodder for livestock. The potential of Rice Straw (RS) as fodder for sheep in Nigeria has not been adequately documented. Therefore, the potential of RS as fodder for West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep was investigated in this study. 1 results 1
- Conventional feedstuffs have not met the increasing demand of livestock industry. Rice plant, a food-feed cereal, can provide grains for humans and fodder for livestock. The potential of Rice Straw (RS) as fodder for sheep in Nigeria has not been adequately documented. Therefore, the potential of RS as fodder for West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep was investigated in this study. Using Lattice design, 49 rice varieties of five cultivars: Interspecific Upland (IU), Interspecific Lowland (IL), Oryza sativa Upland (OsU), Oryza sativa Lowland (OsL) and Oryza glaberrima (Og) were assessed in hydromorphic ecology for Grain Yield (GY tonne/ha), Straw Yield (SY tonne/ha), Harvest Index (HI), Tillers Per Square Metre (TPSM) and Plant Height (PH). Straw samples were analysed for nitrogen, Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF), Acid Detergent Fibre (ADF), Metabolisable Energy (ME), in-vitro Organic Matter Digestibility (OMD), ash and silica contents using standard procedures. In a completely randomised design, 20 WAD rams were used to assess Voluntary Dry Matter Intake (VDMI) and Dry Matter Digestibility (DMD) of NERICA-14 (IU), NERICA-Lowland-20 (IL), ITA-321 (OsU), Cisadane (OsL) and CG14 (Og). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α0.05. The GY of IL (3.6±1.0) and OsL (3.6±1.2) were higher than for IU (2.1±0.9), OsU (2.2±1.0) and Og (1.7±0.7). The SY of Og (5.0±2.6) was similar to 4.6±1.6 for OsL, but higher than 4.2±1.5, 2.7±1.0 and 3.0±1.2 for IL, IU and OsU, respectively. The HI of IL (0.46±0.07) was similar to 0.44±0.08 (OsL) but higher than 0.43±0.09 (IU), 0.42±0.09 (OsU), and 0.28±0.11 (Og). The TPSM of the cultivars ranged from 161.7 m-2 to 493.8 m-2, with Og having the highest value of 493.8±207.4 m-2. The PH of the cultivars ranged from 102.2 to 124.0 cm, with Og and OsU having higher values of 124.0±34.2 cm and 122.5±19.9 cm, respectively. Nitrogen of IL (0.91±0.28 %), IU (0.89±0.32 %) and OsU (0.87±0.32 %) were similar but higher than 0.82±0.31 % (OsL) and 0.83±0.24 % (Og). The NDF of OsL (67.1±2.5 %) was similar to Og (66.7±3.9 %), OsU (66.6±2.5 %) and IU (66.4±2.3 %); but higher than that of IL (65.9±2.5 %). The ADF and ME ranged from 48.7-51.5 % and 6.1-6.7 MJ/kg, respectively. The OMD of IU (46.1±5.3 %) and OsU (46.7±5.8 %) were significantly higher than values for OsL (44.6±6.1 %), IL (44.9±5.9 %) and Og (43.6±4.3 %). The ash content of IL (18.6±0.4 %), IU (18.8±0.3 %) and Og (19.4±0.7 %) were higher than 17.7±0.5 % and 17.6±0.5 % for OsU and OsL, respectively. The silica content of Og, 14.3±0.5 % was similar to 13.7±0.2 % for IU but higher than 13.4±0.3 %, 13.2±0.4 % and 12.9±0.3 % for IL, OsU and OsL, respectively. The VDMI (47.9-57.4 gKg-1BW0.75day-1) and DMD (30.2-44.7 %) of WAD rams were similar among the varieties. The grain and straw yields for the rice varieties were high. The voluntary dry matter intake and dry matter digestibility for sheep fed straws of the five representative rice varieties established the potential of rice straw as fodder for West African dwarf rams. Keywords: West African dwarf rams, Food-feed cereal, Fodder crop, Voluntary dry matter intake, Oryza spp. Word Count: 500 1 results 1
- Crop growth 1 results 1
- Determinants, 1 results 1
- Durability 1 results 1
- Factor use intensity 1 results 1
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