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RAFFINOSE METABOLISM AND UTILISATION BY L. PLANTARUM ISOLATED FROM INDIGENOUSLY FERMENTED CEREAL GRUELS FOR NUTRITIONAL IMPROVEMENT
Published 2012-08Call Number: Loading…
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UTILISATION OF Moringa oleifera LAM. SEED AS PROTEIN SOURCE IN THE DIETS OF BROILER CHICKENS
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- Conventional vegetable protein ingredients in poultry feed are costly and relatively scarce. Moringa oleifera Seed Meal (MSM) is an oil seed rich in protein, which can be exploited as an alternative vegetable protein source. However, the potential of MSM as a protein source for broiler production has not been adequately documented. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the utilisation of MSM as a protein source in the diets of broiler chickens. Moringa seeds were harvested and apportioned into four parts representing T1, T2, T3 and T4. The T1 was raw, while T2, T3 and T4 were soaked in water (200 g/L) for 1, 2, and 3 hours, respectively. The seeds were then sun-dried, milled and analysed for Crude Protein (CP, %), alkaloid (%), saponin (%) and tannin (%), using standard procedures. The protein quality of MSM was assessed using forty weanling albino rats (42.35±0.83 g) randomly allotted to four diets containing 10.0% casein (D1), 10.0% raw MSM (D2), 10.0% 3-hour Water-soaked MSM (WMSM, D3) and a protein free diet (D4) fed for 21 days. Protein quality: Biological Value (BV, g), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) and Net Protein Utilisation (NPU, g) were determined using standard procedures. Two hundred and fifty 1-day old broiler chicks were randomly allotted to five diets wherein Full-fat Soyabean (FS) was replaced with 3-hour WMSM at 0.0, 25.0, 50.0, 75.0 and 100.0%. Daily Weight Gain (DWG, g/bird), Feed Intake (FI, g/bird), and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were measured. Blood (5mL) samples were collected for determination of Packed Cell Volume (PCV, %), Red Blood Cell (RBC x106/µL) and White Blood Cell (WBCx103/µL) counts, Total Cholesterol (TC, mg/dL), triglycerides (mg/dL) and immunoglobulins: IgG, IgA and IgM (IU/dL) using standard procedures. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α0.05. The CP of T1 (35.4±0.7), T2 (35.3±0.4), T3 (35.7±0.8) and T4 (36.1±0.7%) were similar, while alkaloid, saponin and tannin content ranged from 0.05±0.10 (T4) to 0.07±0.04 (T1), 0.42±0.50 (T4) to 1.17±0.28 (T1) and 0.05±0.02 (T4) to 0.06±0.02 (T1), respectively. The BV ranged from 54.87±5.54 (D4) to 65.69±5.70 (D1), PER from 0.63±0.08 (D4) to 1.10±0.33 (D1) and NPU from 15.86±1.22 (D4) to 44.37±4.31 (D1). The birds fed 100.0%WMSM had least DWG (0.63±0.11), while birds on 100.0%FS had the highest (1.30±0.15). The FI was least in 100.0%WMSM (2.19±0.86) and highest in 100.0%FS (30.00±7.86). The FCR ranged from 2.45±0.32 (100.0%FS) to 3.48±0.26 (100.0%WMSM). The PCV ranged from 29.7±0.54 (100.0%FS) to 34.5±0.86 (100.0%WMSM), RBC from 2.98±0.06 (75.0%WMSM) to 3.44±0.08 (25.0%WMSM) and WBC from 1.25±0.52 (100.0%FS) to 1.53±0.64 (100.0%WMSM). Birds fed 100.0%WMSM had least TC (157.67±10.72) compared with 100.0%FS (206.33±13.52) and triglycerides, which ranged from 56.00±3.26 (100.0%WMSM) to 85.36±5.35 (100.0%FS). The IgG, IgA and IgM recorded for birds on WMSM diets ranged from 0.62±0.36 (100.0%FS) to 0.73±0.40 (100.0%WMSM), 0.31±0.18 (100.0%FS) to 0.49±0.15 (100.0%WMSM) and 0.09±0.04 (100.0%FS) to 0.15±0.08 (100.0%WMSM), respectively. Three hours water-soaked Moringa oleifera seed meal at 100.0% inclusion reduced growth, enhanced immunoglobulins profile and lowered total cholesterol of broiler chickens. 1 results 1
- Full-fat soyabean 1 results 1
- Immunoglobulins 1 results 1
- Lactic acid bacteria 1 results 1
- Moringa oleifera 1 results 1
- Most African foods used in weaning are usually cereal-based gruels fermented by Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB). The food mainly supplies carbohydrate; excessive intake of which might cause malnutrition in growing children. Minimum dietary requirements of a child could be met through fortification with protein-rich supplements. Soybean is rich in dietary protein but contains some antinutritional factors and raffinose, an oligosaccharide responsible for gas formation, bloating and flatulence in weaning children. The use of microorganisms for hydrolysing raffinose has not been fully exploited in Nigeria. In this study, the use of LAB to hydrolyse raffinose, reduce antinutritional factors and improve nutritional composition of such food blends were investigated. Commercially- hawked “Ogi” (CO) samples, Local Varieties (LV) of sorghum and maize were obtained from Bodija market, Ibadan and Typed Varieties (TV)-Samsorg 40, Samsorg 41 and Ex-Kano from the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan. The LAB were isolated from spontaneously-fermenting cereal gruels and identified using standard methods. Nine strains of Lactobacillus plantarum were selected based on the abundant production of -galactosidase, and characterized by PCR amplification of 16SrDNA genes. Plasmid presence was determined using agarose gel electrophoresis and the effect of plasmid curing was monitored. The growth of the organisms and metabolites production in different carbon sources were monitored at 200C to 800C and pH of 3.0 to 9.6. Soyabean was pre-treated by milling, cooking and roasting while the relationship of the isolates to raffinose metabolism during fermentation was monitored daily for 5 days. Reducing sugar, residual oligosaccharides, nutritional, antinutritional factors and alpha-galactosidase were determined using UV-spectrophotometer following Association of Official Analytical Chemist procedures. Data were analysed using ANOVA at p=0.05. One hundred and twenty LAB isolates were obtained and identified as L. plantarum (35.8 %), L. fermentum (12.5 %), L. pentosus (7.5 %), L. acidophilus (15.8 %), L. casei (5.8 %), L. brevis (6.7 %), L. cellobiosus (6.7 %), L. jensenii (5.0 %) and L. reuterii (4.2 %). Analyses of the nine L. plantarum isolates revealed high sequence identities (97.0 %). These isolates exhibited significant differences in utilization of raffinose at varying concentrations of 0.2 -1.0 mg/mL, while isolates obtained from LV performed better than those from TV and CO. Fermentation reduced the oligosaccharide content of the soyabean by 74.6 % while the reducing sugars increased by 65.0 %. Fortification of the gruel with soyabeans using uncured L. plantarum strains improved the nutritional quality (protein: 8.4 to 17.8 %, fat: 3.6 to 12.9 %, ash: 2.0 to 3.8 %, Fe: 6.4 to 10.7 mg/100g and Ca: 156.7 to 211.0 mg/100g), and a significant reduction in antinutritional factors (Tannin: 1.9 to 0.1 mg/g, Phytate: 1.2 to 0.1 mg/g and Trypsin Inhibitor : 1.2 to 0.0 mg/g) was observed after fermentation . Oligosaccharide content, reducing sugar, nutritional and antinutritional composition and organoleptic attributes of the end product were significantly affected by plasmid curing. Utilisation of raffinose by Lactobacillus plantarum from local food sources reduced antinutritional factors and oligosaccharides in soybeans. Nutritional quality of cereal gruels were improved by inclusion of Lactobacillus plantarum. 1 results 1
- Plasmid curing 1 results 1
- Protein quality 1 results 1
- Raffinose 1 results 1
- Soybeans 1 results 1
- weaning foods 1 results 1
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