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FERMENTATION OF COCOA (Theobroma cacao L.) POD HUSK AND ITS HYDROLYSATE FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION USING IMPROVED STARTER CULTURES
Published 2012-07Call Number: Loading…
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Scar assessment as a measure of outcome in cleft lip repair
Published 2011Call Number: Loading…
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ISOLATION OF DIOSGENIN FROM Smilax kraussiana MEISN EX. KRAUSS AND SYNTHESIS OF ITS DERIVATIVES AS ANTICANCER AGENTS
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- (22β)-25-oxo-27-nor-furost-5-en-3β-acetate 1 results 1
- (22β)-26-(3′,4′,5′-trimethoxybenzylidene)- 3β-yl-furost-5-en-3β-acetate 1 results 1
- (22β,25R)-3β-acetoxy-spirost-5-en-3β-yl-7-(ethyl-3′-propanoate)-ketoxime 1 results 1
- As opposed to healing of wounds that occur in early intrauterine life which heals rapidly and without scarring, postnatal cutaneous wound healing is a complex and dynamic process and the end result is formation of a scar. Although the degree of scarring following any surgery depends on many factors, the likelihood of forming more profound howbeit hypertrophic scar may be more in the dark African skin. This has been noted to be a reason for reduced enthusiasm on the part of some adult Africans from embracing cosmetic surgical procedures. Varying degrees of scarring occur following the repair of clefts in children and the degree of scarring may affect the cosmetic and functional outcome of these repairs. With the advent of SmileTrain intervention in the management of clefts in Nigeria, there has been a great increase in the number of surgeries carried out for cleft lip repair such that the resultant scar from these surgeries needs to be assessed and controlled in order to improve the outcome of the surgical interventions. The aim of this paper therefore is to highlight the different methods by which these scars can be assessed and the assessment incorporated into the outcome measures of cleft lip repair. Method: A literature search on scar assessment using the PubMed was conducted. The articles that were written in English Language were retrieved and reviewed with particular attention to those that focus more on the assessment of linear scars. Parameters employed in each of the assessment tools were noted and the suitability of such tool for our patient population was evaluated. Some of the assessment tools were applied to patients that had cleft lip repair in our centre to determine if they are appropriate for use in our patients and possible modifications for their use were suggested. Result: Several scar assessment tools were indentified. The following were found to be applicable to cleft lip assessment specifically - Visual Analogue Scale, Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS), Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS), Wound Evaluation Scale (WES), Manchester Scar Scale (MSS), Stony Brook Scar Evaluation Scale (SBSES). Application of the methods to our patient population reveals that there is need for some form of modification as discussed below in order to achieve best results. Discussion: Patients who come for cleft lip repair present mainly because of the quest of them patients or their parents for improvement in their appearance. On the part of the surgeon however, the repair is necessary in order to restore form (cosmesis) and function. The degree of scarring after surgery has a role to play in outcome because it can affect both form and function. Assessment of post operative scars prompt the surgeon to take measures that will lead to an improvement of outcome in the subsequent patient he operates and the tools used for this assessment should be adequate to provide insight into what needs to be done to ensure improvement. 1 results 1
- Bupivacaine || Local anaesthetic || Skin graft || Pre-emptive analgesia. 1 results 1
- Cocoa pod husk 1 results 1
- Diosgenin 1 results 1
- Ethanol production 1 results 1
- Fossil fuel, a main but dwindling energy source for automobiles, causes emission of environment unfriendly oxides of carbon. These contribute substantially to greenhouse gases which bring about climate change. There is therefore the need for sustainable source of energy like ethanol an environmental friendly bioenergy. Hence this study was aimed at the fermentation of cocoa pod husk for ethanol production. Isolates of yeast were obtained from sun-dried Cocoa Pod Husk (CPH), subjected to spontaneous submerged fermentation for 7 days. Five strains of Saccharomyces sp. (MX1, MX2, MX3, MX4 and MX5) with high frequency of occurrence were selected for further studies. The MX1 and MX2 were used for genetic modifications. Dried CPH was subjected to chemical analysis and pretreatment using particle size reduction and high pressure liquid hot water at 130oC for 30 minutes. Acid and enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated CPH was carried out using standard method. Products of the hydrolysis were analysed with high performance liquid chromatography. Two genes XL1 (xylose reductase) and XL2 (xylitol dehydrogenase) encoding pentose utilization were obtained from genomic DNA of Pichia stipitis (CBS 6054) using basic local alignment search tool. Primers of these genes were designed with Saccharomyces genome database, amplified with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and purified. The amplicon (genes) were ligated into plasmid vectors (pGAPZA and pVT100-U). Strains MX1 and MX2 were transformed with these construct using lithium acetate method. Physiological characterization of the selected unmodified yeast strains and the two genetically-modified strains was done under different environmental conditions including temperatures, pH and varied concentrations of acetic acid. The CPH hydrolysates were fermented for 120 hours using the unmodified and genetically-modified yeast strains respectively and the ethanol yield determined. Data were analysed using ANOVA. Twenty yeast isolates identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae (80%) and Saccharomyces uvarum (20%) were obtained. Chemical composition of CPH included hemicellulose (13.9%) cellulose (18.6%) and lignin content (14.2%). Acid hydrolysis yielded 50.1% glucose, 11.97% xylose, 11.2% mannose while enzymatic hydrolysis gave 31.7% glucose, 4.8% mannose and 16.8% galactose. The inserted gene XL1 had 318 amino acids polypeptides while XL2 had 363 amino acid polypeptides. Restriction enzyme analysis and colony PCR confirmed the transformational integration of these constructs into Saccharomyces cerevisiae MX1 and MX2. The five isolates had optimal growth at 30 – 40oC and pH of 4.0 – 5.5. However the genetically-modified yeast strains were able to utilize xylose and arabinose carbon sources better than the unmodified types and also tolerated low concentration of acetic acid than the unmodified types. Ethanol production was highly significant (p0.05) in the modified starters (29.7g/L) than the unmodified strains (14.0g/L). Genetically-modified organisms performed better in ethanol production than the non-modified organisms. The application of genetic modification of microorganisms will aid the potential use of waste biomass like cocoa pod husk for bioenergy production and this will contribute significantly to reducing greenhouse gases associated with climate change. 1 results 1
- Genetic modification 1 results 1
- Human cell-lines 1 results 1
- Plants remain a major source of novel drugs for the treatment of various diseases like cancer. The search for safe anticancer drugs from plants has led to the discovery of camptothecin and taxol. Smilax kraussiana is used in herbal medicine to treat tumors, veneral and skin diseases. Many plants including S. kraussiana are still underexploited despite their ethnomedicinal properties. This study was designed to isolate and characterise the constituents of S. kraussiana, synthesise active derivatives from the most bioactive isolate and evaluate the anticancer activities of the extracts and compounds. The leaves and stems of S. kraussiana were collected from Onigambari Forest Reserve, Ibadan and authenticated at Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (Voucher number: FHI 108799), Ibadan, Oyo State. The samples were air-dried, pulverized and successively extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The extracts were subjected to chromatographic techniques to obtain pure isolates. Structural elucidation of the isolated compounds was done using 1D, 2D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Mass Spectroscopic methods. Isolated diosgenin was synthetically modified by oxidation, reduction, and condensation reactions. The extracts, isolates and synthesised compounds were evaluated for anticancer activities against four human cancer cell lines; leukaemic (K-562), hepatic (WRL), breast (MCF-7) and colorectal carcinoma (COLO) at 20, 50 and 100 µM concentrations using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and Sorphordamine assays. Tamoxifen was used as positive control for both assays. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The successive extraction of S. kraussiana with hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol yielded 14.0, 20.0 and 11.5 g of the extracts respectively. Chromatographic separation of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts resulted in four, nine and six compounds respectively. The isolates are mainly triterpenoids, steroids and fatty acids, while the most abundant isolate was diosgenin (3β-hydroxy-5-spirostene) (80.0 mg = 0.5 %). The modification of diosgenin via two synthetic reaction schemes yielded fifteen and twelve compounds respectively. The new analogues obtained from the first scheme included (22β)-25-oxo-27- nor-furost-5-en-3β-acetate, (22β)-25-hydroxy-3β-yl-27-nor-furost-5-en-3β-acetate, (22β)- (Z)-26-(4′-nitrobenzylidene)-3β-yl-furost-5-en-3β-acetate, (22β)-26-(3′,4′,5′- ii trimethoxybenzylidene)-3β-yl-furost-5-en-3β-acetate, 3β-acetoxy-furost-5-en-26-aldoxime and 3β-acetoxy-27-nor-furost-5-en-25-ketoxime. The new compounds from the second scheme included (22β,25R)-3β-acetoxy-spirost-5-en-7-one, (22β,25R)-3β-acetoxy-spirost- 5-en-7-ketoxime, (22β,25R)-spirost-3,5-dien-7-one, (22β,25R)-3β-acetoxy-7-(4′- nitrobenzylidene)-spirost-5-en-3β-yl, (22β,25R)-3β-acetoxy-spirost-5-en-3β-yl-7-(ethyl-3′- propanoate)-ketoxime and (22β,25R)-3β-acetoxy-spirost-5-en-3β-yl-7-(ethyl-4′-butyrate)- ketoxime. Nineteen out of the 27 synthesised compounds are reported for the first time. Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of S. kraussiana exhibited cytotoxic activity against WRL and COLO cell lines with IC50 of 46.1 and 90.0 µM, but showed low inhibition on K-562 and MCF-7 with IC50 of 113.0 and 236.0 µM respectively. Hexane extract exhibited low activity against the four cell lines with IC50 between 130.0 and 310.0 µM. The most bioactive isolate, diosgenin showed cytotoxic activity against the four cell lines by suppressing the viability of cells with IC50 between 12.3 and 38.0 µM, while active synthesised compounds inhibited the growth of the four cell lines with IC50 between 7.5 and 35.5 µM. The phytochemical constituents of Smilax kraussiana extracts justify their use in herbal medicine. The isolated compounds are reported for the first time from the plant. The synthesised diosgenin derivatives could serve as lead compounds for further investigation as anticancer agents. 1 results 1
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1 results 1
- Smilax kraussiana 1 results 1
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