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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- Moisture content 3 results 3
- Bush mango 2 results 2
- Engineering properties 2 results 2
- " Flow variability of ephemeral rivers due to spatial and temporal distribution of rain fall and unregulated exploitation of water resources is a major cause of severe water supply shortages. With appropriate conservation planning of surface waste resources through hydrological modeling, timing of extraction of large volume without adverse effects on downstream requirement can be predicted. This study attempts to develop water balance components for evaluating flow characteristics essential for conservation planning of ephemeral streams. Daily meteorological data spanning 1973-2006, obtained from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan weather station were used in developing predominant water balance model components of Ona Stream. Daily infiltration values were obtained using Crawford and Linsley’s model and interflow based on soil moisture levels. Data were statistically analyzed and developed models validated using 10 years meteorological data. Analyses showed that 93.4, 91.5 and 55.0 % variability in runoff was due to precipitation, groundwater storage and interflow respectively. Precipitation, interflow and groundwater storage were significant while evapotranspiration was insignificant (P.0.05) for runoff prediction. The water balance models simulated acceptable hydrologic processes such as interflow and groundwater storage which are generally difficult to measure directly. The R2 values obtained from validation range from 0.79 to 0.99. The water balance model thus improved the reliability of streamflow computation and other flow characteristics of the ephemeral Ona stream. It would appear that the ephemeral streamflow investigated depended more on the magnitude of precipitation interflow and groundwater flow while evapotranspiration (a major source of water loss in hydrologic water balance model) has relatively little effect on streamflow characteristics." 1 results 1
- "This study investigated the marketing system of Palmyra Palm products in North-eastern Nigeria to; identify its marketable products, channels of distribution and roles of market participants, and also assess its marketing facilities in North-eastern Nigeria. Data were generated through market surveys and interviews on 203 respondents selected randomly from Adamawa, Bauchi and Yobe markets. The generated data were analysed using descriptive statistics where appropriate. Marketing system focusing market organization was analyzed qualitatively by observing the marketing channels, roles of market participants and marketing facilities. The results revealed that exchange and ownership of title to products occurred at the local markets (54.0%), farmers' homes (37.7%), and farmers' farms (6.2%), and inter-states' markets (2.1%). The marketing channel of Palmyra palm was highly decentralised and thus the marketing system was expected to be operationally efficient. However, because of poor road network, high transportation cost and poor marketing facilities, the marketing system was adjudged operationally inefficient. Market participants introduced flaws in the marketing system; farm-gate middlemen dominated marketing operations, commissioned buying agents over-depended on wholesalers for capital, and there was collusion in price determination. Marketing facilities namely market places, storage, processing, transportation and packaging were crude and inadequate, while credit facilities were virtually absent. To address these inadequacies, the study recommended provision of improved marketing facilities and communication gadgets, formation of consumer co-operative organizations to check the excesses of the middlemen in the market and more research into the marketing of Non-timber forest resources." 1 results 1
- 'Ogbomoso' mango 1 results 1
- A number of factors persist to constrain the non-timber forest products (NTFPs) market and, by extension, its potential to contribute meaningfully to livelihood development and poverty reduction objectives. To better utilise the potential of NTFPs, it is important to have a better understanding of the key factors governing the success and failure of NTFPs trade. This paper reports on the market constraints and socio-economic factors that influence trade in five top-priority NTFPs within the tropical lowland rainforests of south-west Nigeria. The NTFPs investigated were bush mango (Irvingia gabonensis), African walnut (Plukenetia conophora), chew-stick (Massularia acuminata), fever bark (Annickia chlorantha) and bush pepper (Piper guineense). Field data were collected in 10 villages located within and around Omo and Shasha forest reserves using a household questionnaire survey. The results showed that seasonality, poor transport, lack of storage facilities and market information were the four main constraints influencing marketing and trade in the NTFPs. In addition, the level of education, gender (sex), household income, ethnicity, distance to the market and access to roads significantly influenced market knowledge and information among households involved in the trade of NTFPs. There is need to improve on the limited source of NTFPs information, enhance skills for product transformation, build innovative storage facilities, and develop the process of domestication and integration in traditional land-use systems. 1 results 1
- African locust bean, 1 results 1
- African yam bean seed flour 1 results 1
- Biodegradation, 1 results 1
- Biological deterioration of wood is one of the major challenges on wood utilization especially in tropical countries like Nigeria. This is because of the favourable weather condition for the bin-deteriorating agents to thrive. This study is therefore carried out to investigate the biodegrading agents of logs in sawmills and planks in plank markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. Data for the study were collected using checklist, and laboratory examination of collected samples from decayed logs and planks. The data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistics. The results of the laboratory examination revealed that a variety of fungi moulds, namely Aspergillus flavus Fredrick Link, Aspergillus niger VanTieghem, Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat, Trichodermalongi brachlatum Rifai, Penicillium oxalicum Currie and Thorn, Rhizopus stolonifer,(Ehrenb.ex Fr)., that are not host specific were encountered. Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat, was present in all the three sawmills and two timber markets while Aspergillus flavus Fredrick Link and Aspergillus niger VanTieghem, were present in only one sawmill (Moniya). The order Coleoptera and Isoptera were the two prominent insect pest groups identified. These were from seven families out of which five species of insects namely Termites, Beetles, Borers, Weevils and Carpenter ants were identified. The degree of molds growth on the surface of the wood is an indication that the conditions are favourable for wood decay to occur. It is therefore recommended that logs should be properly handled during log storage and processing in the mills by keeping the environment clean. Processed timbers should also be arranged in such a way that there will be free flow of air within stacked timber. 1 results 1
- Blends 1 results 1
- Capsicum frutescens 1 results 1
- Carrot 1 results 1
- Cassava root age 1 results 1
- Charcoal, Storage 1 results 1
- Constraints 1 results 1
- Economic Security 1 results 1
- Ephemeral streamflow 1 results 1
- Expenditure 1 results 1
- Fish processing and preservation 1 results 1
- Fish quality assessment 1 results 1
- Fungi 1 results 1
- Income 1 results 1
- Insects, 1 results 1
- Irvingia gabonensis and Irvingia wombolu are species of bush mango commonly found in Africa whose kernel are processed into soup. Literature generally abounds on the nutritional composition of the fruits and kernel but there is dearth of information on the engineering properties which are very important in the design of processing equipment and machines. This study was designed to investigate the influence of moisture on some engineering properties of seeds and kernels of I. gabonensis and I. wombolu. Irvingia gabonensis sourced from Oyo, Ogun, Osun and Irvingia wombolu sourced from Edo, Ondo and Imo states, Nigeria were used for the study. Based on moisture content at harvest and storage, their seeds were conditioned to moisture content of 10.0%, 20.0%, 30.0%, 40.0% and 50.0% and kernel to 2.2%, 3.7% and 5.3% (dry basis) using ASABE method. Properties studied include dimension, sphericity, true and bulk densities, porosity and angle of repose on commonly used material such as plywood, glass and steel for seed and kernel. Deformation, rupture force, failure stress, stiffness and Young’s moduli for seed were determined. Specific heat, thermal conductivity and diffussivity of kernel were studied. All properties were evaluated using ASABE standards and data analysed using ANOVA at p = 0.05. Kernel length, width, thickness and sphericity increased respectively from 25.9 to 30.4 mm, 15.7 to 19.2 mm, 3.5 to 4.3 mm and 43.3 to 44.6% with increase in moisture content. Length and width of seed decreased from 53.5 to 34.7 mm and 38.4 to 30.3 mm respectively with increase in moisture content while, thickness and sphericity increased from 3.5 to 4.2 mm and 66.7 to 78.0% respectively, indicating that seeds swell only in the lateral direction. Sphericity of seed was high indicating tendency to roll easily while low sphericity of kernel indicates sliding on structural surfaces. True density increased from 825.6 to 1216.4 kgm-3 and 697.7 to 1092.0 kgm-3 for seed, and kernel respectively. Their densities appear close to that of water hence may be difficult separating them using water. Angle of repose increased from 30.4 to 52.9o and 18.9 to 29.0o for seed and kernel respectively and was significantly affected by moisture content and species. Based on existing design, hopper and inclined discharge chute can be used for seed and flat bed for kernel. Deformation and Young’s modulus increased linearly from 1.4 to 3.9 mm and UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY iii 5978.0 to 26098.0 Nmm-2 respectively for seed and were significantly affected by moisture and species. Specific heat and thermal conductivity of the two species increased with moisture and those of I. wombolu (982.8 JkgK-1, 0.2 Wm-1K-1) were significantly higher than I. gabonensis (795.9 JkgK-1, 0.1 Wm-1K-1) kernel. Thermal diffussivity also increased with moisture content and was significantly higher in I. wombolu than I. gabonensis; hence I. wombolu kernels will dry faster. Mechanical properties of the seeds evaluated at the selected moisture content showed that more energy would be required in cracking of Irvingia wombolu during kernel extraction than the same quantity of Irvingia gabonensis at the same processing condition. Keywords: Bush mango, Moisture content, Engineering properties Word count: 498 1 results 1
- Irvingia gabonensis and Irvingia wombolu are species of bush mango commonly found in Africa whose kernel are processed into soup. Literature generally abounds on the nutritional composition of the fruits and kernel but there is dearth of information on the engineering properties which are very important in the design of processing equipment and machines. This study was designed to investigate the influence of moisture on some engineering properties of seeds and kernels of I. gabonensis and I. wombolu. Irvingia gabonensis sourced from Oyo, Ogun, Osun and Irvingia wombolu sourced from Edo, Ondo and Imo states, Nigeria were used for the study. Based on moisture content at harvest and storage, their seeds were conditioned to moisture content of 10.0%, 20.0%, 30.0%, 40.0% and 50.0% and kernel to 2.2%, 3.7% and 5.3% (dry basis) using ASABE method.Properties studied include dimension, sphericity, true and bulk densities, porosity and angle of repose on commonly used material such as plywood, glass and steel for seed and kernel. Deformation, rupture force, failure stress, stiffness and Young’s moduli for seed were determined. Specific heat, thermal conductivity and diffussivity of kernel were studied. All properties were evaluated using ASABE standards and data analysed using ANOVA at p = 0.05. Kernel length, width, thickness and sphericity increased respectively from 25.9 to 30.4 mm, 15.7 to 19.2 mm, 3.5 to 4.3 mm and 43.3 to 44.6% with increase in moisture content. Length and width of seed decreased from 53.5 to 34.7 mm and 38.4 to 30.3 mm respectively with increase in moisture content while, thickness and sphericity increased from 3.5 to 4.2 mm and 66.7 to 78.0% respectively, indicating that seeds swell only in the lateral direction. Sphericity of seed was high indicating tendency to roll easily while low sphericity of kernel indicates sliding on structural surfaces. True density increased from 825.6 to 1216.4 kgm-3 and 697.7 to 1092.0 kgm-3 for seed, and kernel respectively. Their densities appear close to that of water hence may be difficult separating them using water. Angle of repose increased from 30.4 to 52.9o and 18.9 to 29.0o for seed and kernel respectively and was significantly affected by moisture content and species. Based on existing design, hopper and inclined discharge chute can be used for seed and flat bed for kernel. Deformation and Young’s modulus increased linearly from 1.4 to 3.9 mm and 5978.0 to 26098.0 Nmm-2 respectively for seed and were significantly affected by moisture and species. Specific heat and thermal conductivity of the two species increased with moisture and those of I. wombolu (982.8 JkgK-1, 0.2 Wm-1K-1) were significantly higher than I. gabonensis (795.9 JkgK-1, 0.1 Wm-1K-1) kernel. Thermal diffussivity also increased with moisture content and was significantly higher in I. wombolu than I.gabonensis; hence I. wombolu kernels will dry faster. Mechanical properties of the seeds evaluated at the selected moisture content showed that more energy would be required in cracking of Irvingiawombolu during kernel extraction than the same quantity of Irvingia gabonensis at the same processing condition. 1 results 1
- Kokoro 1 results 1
- Leather 1 results 1
- Locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) seed is a source of a nutritious and medicinal food condiment consumed in Nigeria. The drudgery associated with locust bean seed processing necessitates its mechanization. However, there is a dearth of information on the engineering properties of locust bean required for machine design. Since water absorption by seeds causes changes in their structure and size, this study was designed to investigate some engineering properties of locust bean at different moisture content levels. Locust bean pods were collected from Araromi, Saki in Oyo State. The moisture content and physical properties were determined using American Society of Agricultural Engineers' (S 352.2), Mohsenin's (1986) and Stepanoff's (1969) methods. Universal testing machine was used to determine the mechanical properties. Force was applied transversely at 5 mm/min loading rate. Normal and shear stresses were determined for 200 - 500 g loads at 100 g interval. Thermal properties were determined using methods of mixture and steady-state heat of vaporization. Data were analysed using ANOVA. Seed length, width and surface area increased from 10.2±1.0 to 11.3±0.9 mm, 8.5±0.8 to 9.1±0.6 mm, and 191.2±24.6 to 208.3±26.3 mm2 respectively. Static and dynamic angles of repose increased from 48.4±0.9 to 56.0o ±1.4 and 25.2±1.5 to 30o ±1.2 respectively as seed moisture content increased from 5.9 to 28.2 % d.b. Seeds became sticky and clung together at high moisture content, hindering free flow and piling at rest, and increased angle of repose. Static coefficient of friction increased on plywood (0.48±0.02 to 0.60±0.01), glass (0.40±0.05 to 0.54±0.01), mild-steel (0.52±0.04 to 0.54±0.02), galvanized iron (0.51±0.04 to 0.52±0.03), rubber (0.41±0.04 to 0.60±0.05) and decreased on aluminium (0.54±0.02 to 0.52±0.04) and stainless steel (0.55±0.03 to 0.50±0.04). The increase was due to increased adhesion between the seeds and the test surfaces at high moisture levels while surface smoothness reduced adhesion, accounting for the decrease in static friction on aluminium and stainless steel. Seed thickness, sphericity and rupture force decreased from 5.49±0.43 to 5.26±0.62 mm, 0.75±0.04 to 0.71±0.03 and 214.4±82.3 to 129.9±51.9 N respectively while normal stress increased with increase in moisture content and loads; 8.4 to 8.7 gcm-2 for 200 g, 9.4 to 9.7 gcm-2 for 300 g, 10.4 to 10.7 gcm-2 for 400 g and 11.4 to 11.7 gcm-2 for 500 g. Shear stress was highest at 11.11 % moisture d.b. under 500 g load (1.5 gcm-2) and lowest at 5.93 % moisture d.b. under 200 g load (0.6 gcm-2). Increase in stresses was due to reduced porosity within the grain bulk at high moisture content. Thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity increased from 2.93 x 10-8 to 3.79 x 10-8 m2/s, 2.74 to 4.38 kJ/kg oC and 0.052 to 0.118 W/m oC respectively, these showed that seeds were able to transmit and retain heat within the grain bulk at high moisture content. A baseline data of the engineering properties of locust bean seeds useful for design of necessary equipment have been established. The properties are useful in designing flat storage facilities and steamers. 1 results 1
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