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A survival analysis model for measuring association between bivariate censored outcomes: validation using mathematical simulation
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A survey of roof failures in Oyo State of Nigeria
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- Nigeria 3 results 3
- Acute kidney injury 2 results 2
- Background: It is necessary to define the problem of acute kidney injury (AKI) after non-cardiac surgery in order to design interventions to prevent AKI. The study aimed to evaluate the occurrence, determinants and outcome of AKI among children undergoing general (non-cardiac) surgery. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of patients aged ≤ 15 years who had general surgery over 18 months period at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. AKI was evaluated at 6 and 24 h and within 7 days of surgery. Data were analysed using SPSS version 21. Results: A total of 93 patients were studied with age ranging from 3 days to 15 years (median = 4 years). AKI occurred within 24 h of surgery in 32 (34.4%) and cumulatively over 7 days in 33 (35.5%). Patients who had sepsis were nearly four times as likely as others to develop perioperative AKI (OR = 3.52, 95% CI 1.21, 10.20, p = 0.021). Crude mortality rate was 12.1% (4/33); no mortality was recorded among those without AKI, p = 0.014. Conclusion: Perioperative AKI occurred in 35.5% of children who underwent general (non-cardiac) surgery. Patients who had sepsis were four times more likely than others to develop AKI. Mortality was documented only in patients who had AKI. 2 results 2
- Ibadan 2 results 2
- Non-cardiac surgery 2 results 2
- Paediatric 2 results 2
- Perioperative 2 results 2
- "Austenitic stainless steels with excellent corrosion resistance and good weldability have wide applications in industry. These iron-based alloys contain a high level of chromium which form protective oxide film on the surface hence resisting corrosion. The oxide film regenerates when damaged, making the steel 'stainless'. However, carbide precipitation due to a welding process or heat treatment can cause the occurrence of chromium-depleted zones at the boundaries, leading to a phenomenon known as sensitisation, in which the depleted zones become the focus of the intense corrosion. The present work was concerned with the study of the sensitization and desensitisation of 316L steel at the normalizing temperatures of 750- 9500 C and soaking times of 0.5, 1, 2 and 8 hrs. 316L stainless steel was observed to be sensitized when heated to 750- 8500 C and held for short soaking times of 0.5 – 2hrs before normalizing. Increasing soaking times at these temperatures to 8 hrs triggered the desensitization process which was fully accomplished at 7500 C but ongoing at 800 and 8500 C. At 9000 C, sensitization did not occur at 30 mins soaking time but observed at soaking times of 1 and 2hrs. At a longer soaking time of 8 hrs, there was full desensitization. At 9500 C, sensitization was already observed at 30 mins. Soaking time and desensitization was observed to be in progress at 1 and 2 hrs soaking time. By 8 hrs there was full desensitization. Thus it was observed that at 9500 C, diffusion of Cr was thermally aided making desensitization fast. The hardness of normalized 316L stainless steel was also observed to decrease with soaking time and normalization temperature " 1 results 1
- "Students/performance in secondary schools in recent time have been below the expected standard based on the reports of public examination bodies (WAEC and NECO). Most often time teachers are blamed for this occurrence which suggests that job performance of teachers has been below the standard. This study therefore investigated teachers/ characteristics and welfare package as predictors of job performance among secondary school teachers in Ibadan Metropolis. The research design used in the study was survey, one hundred (100) teachers and three hundred (300) students were drawn through multistage sampling techniques from five local governments within Ibadan metropolis Four research instruments were used to collect data and four research questions were raised and answered in this study. The data obtained were analyzed using multiple regressions and descriptive statistics. The result show positive relationship between welfare package and teachers' job performance (R=.851, multiple R square of. 725 with Adjusted R square of .621).Moreover, the welfare package explains 62% of the variance observed in teachers/job performance. The observed variance was statistically significant at F (df =5, 17) = 7.015, p<0.05. Likewise, the findings show positive relationship between teachers' characteristics and teachers'job performance (R=.627, a multiple R square of.393 with Adjusted R square of.234 and teachers' characteristics accounted for 23% of the variance observed in teachers'job performance. The observed variance was statistically significant at F (df =6, 23) =2.479, p>O.05 The eleven components of the welfare package and teachers' characteristics jointly considered accounted for 73% of the observed variance in teachers/job performance and statistically significant at F (df =12, 10) = 5.983, p< 0.05. Based on the findings of the study, it was observed that there are positive relationships between welfare package, teachers characteristics and teachers' job performance. Therefore, when teachers possess good characteristics (in terms of qualification and teaching teachers possess good characteristics (in terms of qualification and teaching experience) and government increases teachers' welfare package this will directly enhance job performance among the teachers. It is therefore, recommended that government should encourage teachers to put in their best and develop positive attitude towards teaching by improving on the welfare packages for teachers andprompt payment of salary." 1 results 1
- .roof maintenance, 1 results 1
- 316L Stainless steel 1 results 1
- Accident locations 1 results 1
- Acute Incidence 1 results 1
- Adolescent 1 results 1
- African diaspora is a phenomenal history of primordial occurrence ostensibly buried alive in a shallow grave. Its seeming resurrection in contemporary time has become a reality seeking a global attention. One of the flying wings of that reality which can never be clipped is religion. Being a diehard cultural pivot, religion connotes different things to different people at different times. It is the totality of life to the average living majority of African Muslims in diaspora. Religion, especially Islam, in contemporary time, has become a form of science that requires a concentrate study by all and sundry. This is because religion has graduated from its hitherto personal status into an interpersonal one with global security implications. Most people now see the unfortunate incident of terrorism that occurred in United States on September 11, 2001 as the genesis of the current global Islamic radicalism. This view totally contradicts historical facts as it undermines the real cause of today’s religious restiveness around the world. More than a decade before the US terrorism incident, there had been a signal pointing towards a possible religious turbulence at the dawn of the 21st century. But the signal was tactically ignored and treated as a non-issue. Today, many factors, like slave trade, religious dichotomy and economic insensitivity of former colonial masters still remind Africans in diaspora of their conditions. That reminder is like a whirl wind which should be calmed to allow peace in the 21st century. The modalities to adopt for it are some of the issues to be addressed in the body of this paper. 1 results 1
- Alcohol 1 results 1
- All over the world, social communication and interaction are fundamental aspects of everyday life. From infancy, humans are social beings, gazing at other people and turning towards voices, grasp a finger and even smiles. For social relationship to become possible there is a need to take into consideration the thoughts and feelings of another person. Essentially, it is the understanding that others' thought is different from one's thought that makes social interaction possible. However, some children experience difficulties with successful social communication and this inability or deficit is termed social communication disorder (SCD). This impaired social language use creates communication difficulties, thereby causing significant impact on academic, adaptive and psychosocial functioning. Additionally, children with SCD has been under identified over time due to its co-occurrence with other conditions which leads to wrong diagnosis, inappropriate therapeutic considerations and non-effective communication as well as poor interpersonal relationship. Thus, this paper, focuses on the causes, incidence, assessment, impact and therapeutic interventions of social communication disorder. 1 results 1
- Although the concept of participatory development communication is decades old, many years of autocratic military rule has robbed African scholars and media practitioners of the context needed to explore the full participatory potentials of the media. With eight years of democracy and heavy development burdens, Nigeria is ripe for assessment with regard to the role of its media in engendering participatory development. From a small-scale study, this paper discovers that while radio stations expend tremendous time and energy producing and airing development programmes, the listeners in the selected rural area mostly avoid such programmes and spend their time and batteries on a strange genre of programmes tagged ‘bizarre occurrence’ programmes. This implies that the listeners are not properly taken into account, let alone involved in the production of these development programmes. This is clearly contrary to the tenets of participatory development communication and democracy. The paper suggests ways by which radio can become a more participatory medium with its mission, focus and products consistent with the democratic dispensation. 1 results 1
- Antibiotic profiling 1 results 1
- Antibiotic resistance genes 1 results 1
- Assessment 1 results 1
- Background: Africa, with the largest number of paediatric burns needs to focus more attention on paediatric burn survivors. Burn injury truncates schooling in child and adolescent burn patients. The aim of this study was to determine the time to return to school and factors influencing this in child and adolescent burn patients. Methodology: A cross-sectional study of child and adolescent patients aged one to nineteen years that had been managed for bun injuries. Demographic variables were obtained from archived computerized data. Phone interviews were conducted to obtain time to return to school variables using a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, students t test, fishers exact test and Chi square test were uses as appropriate for analysis on data on SPSS version 23. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Thirty-one patients were recruited for the study. There was a female preponderance, 19 (61.3%). The mean age of the patients was 7.2 (±5.3) years. Scald injuries were the commonest [N = 14 (45.2%)] cause of burn. The mean Total Burn Surface Area (TBSA) was 14.1 (±12.0)%. The mean length of hospital stay was 30 (±59) days. The mean time to return to school after discharge from the hospital was 8.4 (±8.7) weeks. The occurrence of burns on the trunk was significantly (p = 0.048) associated with an earlier time to return to school. Conclusion: Time to return to school from burn injury and from discharge in child and adolescent burn survivors in this study are at least three times longer than previous studies. The burn care team needs to consider school re-entry programs for these children. 1 results 1
- Background: Road traffic accidents are frequent in this environment, hence the need to determine the place of geographic information systems in the documentation of road traffic accidents. Aim & Objectives: To investigate and document the variations in crash frequencies by types and across different road types in Ibadan, Nigeria. Materials & Methods: Road traffic accident data between January and June 2011 were obtained from the University College Hospital Emergency Department's trauma registry. All the traffic accidents were categorized into motor vehicular, motorbike and pedestrian crashes. Georeferencing of accident locations mentioned by patients was done using a combination of Google Earth and ArcGIS software. Nearest neighbor statistic, Moran's-I, Getis-Ord statistics, Student T-test, and ANOVA were used in investigating the spatial dynamics in crashes. Results: Out of 600 locations recorded, 492 (82.0%) locations were correctly georeferenced. Crashes were clustered in space with motorbike crashes showing greatest clustering. There was significant difference in crashes between dual and non-dual carriage roads (P = 0.0001), but none between the inner city and the periphery (p = 0.115). However, significant variations also exist among the three categories analyzed (p = 0.004) and across the eleven Local Government Areas (P = 0.017). Conclusion: This study showed that the use of Geographic Information System can help in understanding variations in road traffic accident occurrence, while at the same time identifying locations and neighborhoods with unusually higher accidents frequency. 1 results 1
- Background: Spinal bifida (SB) is a disabling congenital abnormality with folic acid (FA) deficiency, recognized as a predisposing factor. Existing literature reports reduction in its incidence following peri-conceptual supplementation with Folic acid. However, there is limited literature on maternal subsequent pregnancy following SB occurrence with regards to awareness and usage of folic acid supplementation and dietary consumption of folate in our local environment. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study on the awareness and practice of peri-conception FA supplementation among mothers with children affected with SB, in affected and subsequent pregnancy, was done. Data was obtained using an interviewer-administered questionnaire with analysis done with descriptive analysis. Results: There were 12 respondents with majority of them (91.7%) less than 30 years old at the time of their first pregnancy and the mean of current age was 24.8 + 1.3 years. While just 2(16.7%) used FA in the pre-conception period in the SB pregnancy, only eight (66.7%) of the mothers used FA in the pre-conception period of the subsequent pregnancy despite increased awareness from 8(66.7%) to 12(100%). The dietary consumption of folate rich food was poor. Subsequent pregnancies were planned and there was no recurrence Conclusions: Improvement in the peri-conceptual usage of folic acid in mothers with a child previously affected with SB and no recorded recurrence. National policies on folic acid supplementation and pre-conceptual care have been further validated. 1 results 1
- Background: Various aspects of dental trauma have been studied worldwide. Most of these were among children and adolescents. However, studies involving the adult population with traumatized anterior teeth are few. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to report the pattern of trauma to anterior and posterior teeth among the late adolescent and adult patients seen at the Dental Centre, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, the time lapse between trauma and patient presentation, reasons for dental consultation, and the type of treatment received. Materials and Methods: Data were extracted from the dental records of 146 patients with dental trauma that presented between May 2001 and June 2006. Results: One hundred and forty six patients were studied (87 males, 59 females) Males sustained injury more than females. The highest occurrence of trauma was in the age group of 25-34 years and least in the >65 years. Falls accounted for 34.3% of causes followed by RTA (19.2%). Enamel-dentine fracture was the most common type of injury, seen in 73 (38.6%) of the traumatized teeth, 5 were avulsed and 20 posterior teeth had cuspal fracture. All the cases of avulsion and most (83.3%) of root fracture presented within 1 week of injury while teeth that presented late had pulpal necrosis. 22% of the patients presented within 1 week of injury while 13.7% came after 10 years. Conclusion: There was late patients’ presentation with average duration of trauma before presentation being 4.6 years; however the more severe the outcome of trauma, the earlier the presentation. Poor esthetics followed by pain were the main complaints at presentation. 1 results 1
- Bivariate Censored outcomes 1 results 1
- Bivariate censored data occur in follow-up studies of events that can result in two different outcomes. Many studies have explored methods for inference about the marginal recurrence times of these outcomes. However, very few have focused on the dependence structures between their occurrences or recurrence times especially when these outcomes are censored as evidence in the current study. This theoretical and empirical study used simulated data to monitor and validate the survival analysis model for measuring association between recurrence times of bivariate censored outcomes. Bivariate outcomes would naturally fall into one of four possibilities: only the first, only the second, none or both conditions occurring with different and distinct likelihoods. Using predetermined correlation coefficients, n=100000 bivariate standardized binormal data were simulated. The simulated data were then subjected to different censoring chances while contributions of the likelihoods of the four possibilities were examined and Maximum Likelihood Estimate (MLE) of the association parameter determined. For the data simulated at 50% censoring, MLE of the association parameter tended to zero as the predetermined correlation coefficients fell from +1.0 to -1.0. However, at 0% censoring, the MLE were approximates of the predetermined correlation coefficients. The developed model was robust as the model responded adequately to the dynamics of the predetermined correlation and censoring conditions. The model would be appropriate in studying associations between two censored survival times. 1 results 1
- Burn 1 results 1
- CBPPC 1 results 1
- Cattle 1 results 1
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