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DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr.) POMACE BASED EXTRUDER
Published 2014-03Call Number: Loading…
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POTENTIAL OF RICE (Oryza spp.) STRAW AS FODDER FOR WEST AFRICAN DWARF SHEEP
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- Conventional feedstuffs have not met the increasing demand of livestock industry. Rice plant, a food-feed cereal, can provide grains for humans and fodder for livestock. The potential of Rice Straw (RS) as fodder for sheep in Nigeria has not been adequately documented. Therefore, the potential of RS as fodder for West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep was investigated in this study. Using Lattice design, 49 rice varieties of five cultivars: Interspecific Upland (IU), Interspecific Lowland (IL), Oryza sativa Upland (OsU), Oryza sativa Lowland (OsL) and Oryza glaberrima (Og) were assessed in hydromorphic ecology for Grain Yield (GY tonne/ha), Straw Yield (SY tonne/ha), Harvest Index (HI), Tillers Per Square Metre (TPSM) and Plant Height (PH). Straw samples were analysed for nitrogen, Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF), Acid Detergent Fibre (ADF), Metabolisable Energy (ME), in-vitro Organic Matter Digestibility (OMD), ash and silica contents using standard procedures. In a completely randomised design, 20 WAD rams were used to assess Voluntary Dry Matter Intake (VDMI) and Dry Matter Digestibility (DMD) of NERICA-14 (IU), NERICA-Lowland-20 (IL), ITA-321 (OsU), Cisadane (OsL) and CG14 (Og). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α0.05. The GY of IL (3.6±1.0) and OsL (3.6±1.2) were higher than for IU (2.1±0.9), OsU (2.2±1.0) and Og (1.7±0.7). The SY of Og (5.0±2.6) was similar to 4.6±1.6 for OsL, but higher than 4.2±1.5, 2.7±1.0 and 3.0±1.2 for IL, IU and OsU, respectively. The HI of IL (0.46±0.07) was similar to 0.44±0.08 (OsL) but higher than 0.43±0.09 (IU), 0.42±0.09 (OsU), and 0.28±0.11 (Og). The TPSM of the cultivars ranged from 161.7 m-2 to 493.8 m-2, with Og having the highest value of 493.8±207.4 m-2. The PH of the cultivars ranged from 102.2 to 124.0 cm, with Og and OsU having higher values of 124.0±34.2 cm and 122.5±19.9 cm, respectively. Nitrogen of IL (0.91±0.28 %), IU (0.89±0.32 %) and OsU (0.87±0.32 %) were similar but higher than 0.82±0.31 % (OsL) and 0.83±0.24 % (Og). The NDF of OsL (67.1±2.5 %) was similar to Og (66.7±3.9 %), OsU (66.6±2.5 %) and IU (66.4±2.3 %); but higher than that of IL (65.9±2.5 %). The ADF and ME ranged from 48.7-51.5 % and 6.1-6.7 MJ/kg, respectively. The OMD of IU (46.1±5.3 %) and OsU (46.7±5.8 %) were significantly higher than values for OsL (44.6±6.1 %), IL (44.9±5.9 %) and Og (43.6±4.3 %). The ash content of IL (18.6±0.4 %), IU (18.8±0.3 %) and Og (19.4±0.7 %) were higher than 17.7±0.5 % and 17.6±0.5 % for OsU and OsL, respectively. The silica content of Og, 14.3±0.5 % was similar to 13.7±0.2 % for IU but higher than 13.4±0.3 %, 13.2±0.4 % and 12.9±0.3 % for IL, OsU and OsL, respectively. The VDMI (47.9-57.4 gKg-1BW0.75day-1) and DMD (30.2-44.7 %) of WAD rams were similar among the varieties. The grain and straw yields for the rice varieties were high. The voluntary dry matter intake and dry matter digestibility for sheep fed straws of the five representative rice varieties established the potential of rice straw as fodder for West African dwarf rams. Keywords: West African dwarf rams, Food-feed cereal, Fodder crop, Voluntary dry matter intake, Oryza spp. Word Count: 500 1 results 1
- Extruder-development 1 results 1
- Fodder crop 1 results 1
- Food-feed cereal 1 results 1
- In large scale juice processing, about 65% of the pineapple is extracted as juice, while the remaining 35% is the by-product called pineapple pomace. Pomace generated from juice processing constitutes a disposal problem and environmental pollution and there is no processing equipment designed in addressing this problem through the utilisation of this byproduct. This study was designed to develop a mash extruder for pineapple pomace based flour. Pineapple pomace was analysed for its proximate composition using standard methods. Pomace flour was produced by drying and grinding fresh pomace from a juice processing plant. The physical and mechanical properties of the pineapple pomace flour using cassava flour as the binder were carried out by standard methods. An experimental laboratory press was used to evaluate the extrusion point pressure at different pineapple pomace/cassava flour ratio mash (5:1, 6:1 and 7:1), the moisture content of the mash (50, 55 and 60%), die size (4, 6 and 8 mm) and temperatures (60, 80, 100 and 120oC). Response Surface Method was employed to optimise the experimental data with extrusion point pressure as the response variable while temperature, moisture content, die size and pomace ratio were the independent variables. The results obtained were used to design and test a single screw pineapple pomace extruder. Operational power, compression ratio, throughput and efficiency of the extruder were determined using standard methods. Data were analysed using ANOVA. Pineapple pomace contained 12.4% moisture content, 4.8% ash, 1.4% fat, 9.2% crude protein, 6.0% crude fibre and 66.2% carbohydrate. The static angle of repose and coefficient of friction at various combinations of pomace and cassava flours increased linearly for the entire surface with moisture content and varied with structural surface in the moisture range of 12.4 to 26.3% (d.b). The minimum value of coefficient of friction for stainless iron steel was 0.44 for pineapple pomace based flour. The extrusion point pressure was 7.51 ± iv 0.62MPa, temperature, die sizes and pomace ratio significantly (p < 0.05) influenced extrusion point pressure. Optimum conditions for the extrusion point pressure were 100oC; 4.0 mm die size, 55.0% moisture content and 6:1 pomace ratio at maximum desirability of 1:00. The power required to operate the extruder was 4.0 kW at a compression ratio of 3:1. Machine throughput was 26.1 kg/h with the extruding efficiency of 87.9%. An efficient 4.0 kW pineapple pomace based extruder has been developed, which can be used to process and conserve pineapple pomace. Keywords: Pineapple pomace-flour, Extruder-development, Point-pressure. Word count: 400 1 results 1
- Oryza spp. 1 results 1
- Pineapple pomace-flour 1 results 1
- Point-pressure. 1 results 1
- Voluntary dry matter intake 1 results 1
- West African dwarf rams 1 results 1
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