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ABUSE OF POWER AND RESISTANCE IN SELECTED POST-COLONIAL SUB-SAHARA AFRICAN NOVELS
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CONFLICTS BETWEEN FORESTRY AND AGRICULTURAL LAND – USES IN OGUN STATE
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A Sociolinguistic Investigation of Anglicisms in Personal and Business Names in the Yorùbá Speech Community
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HOUSEHOLD COPING STRATEGIES FOR DOMESTIC ENERGY PRICE CHANGES IN NORTHEASTERN NIGERIA
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- ABSTRACT Abuse of power, an excessive use of authority in governance or homes; and resistance, the attempt to confront such abuses, have occupied a prominent position in socio-political discourses in African literature. Existing studies on sub-Sahara African novels written from the late 1980s have focused on thematic concerns such as gender issues, disillusionments and exploitation, without giving adequate attention to the issue of abuse of power and resistance. This study, therefore, examined the forms of abuse of public and domestic power, and forms of resistance to the abuses in the selected novels, with a view to establishing the features of the abuse of power and resistance. The study adopted subalternism, a variant of postcolonial theory which articulates the lopsided relationship between the oppressor and the oppressed, and the strategies deployed by the latter to counter the excesses of the former. Five sub-Sahara African novels were selected based on their thematic affinity, relevance and period of study. The novels are Tiyambe Zeleza‟s Smouldering Charcoal (South Africa); Moses Isegawa‟s Snakepit (East Africa); Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie‟s Purple Hibiscus, Amma Darko‟s Beyond the Horizon and Jude Dibia‟s Unbridled from West Africa where abuse of power and resistance is more prominent among novelists. The data were subjected to literary analysis. Two forms of abuse of power were identified: public and domestic. Public abuse of power is manifested in democratic and military tyranny. Domestic power abuse is demonstrated through benevolent dictatorship, physical and sexual violence. Four forms of resistance were identified: activism, dissent and exile, strategic operations, and strategic confrontations. Public abuse of power in South Africa is manifested in democratic tyranny in Smouldering Charcoal. The government uses „Youth Militia Group‟ to unleash terror on those who failed to obtain party cards, and unjustly arrests and detains unsuspecting citizens. This is resisted by the victims through political and trade union activism. In East Africa, Snakepit depicts military tyranny as General Bazooka uses his position to oppress the citizens, an act resisted by some members of the military through dissent, while others in the civil society go into exile. In West Africa, Purple Hibiscus dwells on domestic power abuse revealed through benevolent dictatorship in the home. The family head, though a generous man, brutalises members of his family. The victims resist through silence and poisoning him to death. While Beyond the Horizon captures domestic abuse of power in a Ghanaian family, as women are physically abused and raped, and they resist through secret service operations; Unbridled portrays abuse of power in terms of beatings, harassments and sexual abuses in the home. The victim resists through violent confrontations, and runs away. Abuse of power, with differing manifestations, such as tyranny, dictatorship, physical and sexual abuses occur in civil, military and home contexts; and resistance through activisms, dissent, strategic operations and violent physical confrontations in post-colonial sub-Sahara African novels. Key words: Post-colonial abuse of power and resistance, sub-Sahara African novels, Public power, Domestic power, Word count: 469 1 results 1
- Anglicisation, a major way by which the Yoruba compromise their cultural values, is paradoxically a significant process of domesticating English in Nigeria. Although a large body of literature exists on names, the recent Anglicising tendencies among the Yoruba are yet to be studied despite the strong implications of the phenomenon for the Yoruba language. This study, therefore, examined Yoruba Personal Names (YPNs) and Yoruba Business Names (YBNs), the two mostly affected onomastic genres, with a view to revealing the sociolinguistic significance of such names among Yoruba-English bilinguals (YEBs). The study adopts Labov‟s Variability Theory, which accounts for variety differentiations, changes, modifications and environmental influences. The six states in South-western Nigeria, and parts of Kwara, Kogi, and Edo were purposively sampled. Data were obtained through observation, interview, and survey questionnaire. Four hundred copies of an open-ended questionnaire were administered to randomly selected respondents. Two hundred shop owners with Anglicised names on their billboards were randomly selected and interviewed. Nine domains of discourse were examined: billboards, vehicles, business cards, wedding cards and „pray-for-us‟ letters, e-mail addresses, mementoes, official documents, television/newspapers and goods. The survey questionnaire was analysed through percentage frequency and distributions. Other documents were content-analysed. Four varieties of Anglicisms were identified in YPNs and YBNs namely, consanguinity-indicative Anglicisms, individualised Anglicisms, multiple culture-indicative Anglicisms, and Arabic-Yoruba Anglicised names. These Anglicisms underwent graphological, phonological and lexico-semantic changes. At the graphological level, the English letter “h” was inserted into word initial positions to realise the voiceless palato-alveolar fricative “/ʃ/”. At the phonological level, the English “cc” phonotactic form was imposed on the Yoruba bilabial plosive; and English consonants were transposed. At the lexico-semantic level, English affixes were deployed at word initial, medial and final positions. English sounds were imposed on blends of two or more Yoruba morphemes. Clipping took four forms: Clips with suffixation, clips without suffixation, clips with blending and clips with duplication. Initialling and Partial Acronymy exploited corresponding English orthographic and phonological elements. The Anglicisation of YPNs and YBNs produced the Englishness of the names. Bearers of Anglicised YPNs employed them for special reasons which revealed affection, familiarity, rapport, jocularity, prestige, elegance, and jollity. Users of Anglicised YBNs claimed they enhanced them socially and economically. Generally, YEBs preferred the Anglicised names to their indigenous names because they believed they had prestige and elegance. Varieties of Anglicisms at the graphological, phonological and lexico-semantic levels revealed a considerable alteration of Yoruba personal and business names. YEBs positive dispositions to the names, despite their eroding effect on Yoruba names and culture reflect a strong institutionalisation of English in Nigeria. 1 results 1
- Anglicisms 1 results 1
- Clash of interests between custodians of government Forest Reserves (FRs) in Ogun State and farmers operating within them, often results in conflicts causing disruption of socio-economic activities and sometimes loss of lives. Information on the causes and effects of these clashes would better inform policy makers and forestry professionals on workable and sustainable land-use practice. Therefore, factors responsible for such conflicts and their effects were investigated. Seven hundred and fifty farmers were randomly selected based on probability proportionate to size from 72 enclaves. This represents 30% of the total number of enclaves in the nine FRs in the State. In addition, 30% of staff of Ministries of Forestry and Agriculture (72 and 32 respectively) were randomly selected for questionnaire administration. Furthermore, 30% (32) of the timber contractors operating within the FRs were randomly selected for interview using an interview schedule. Data were collected on existence, causes and effects of conflicts, land hunger, accessibility to forestland and farming systems practised. Secondary data on the thrust of subsisting forestry and agricultural policies were obtained from the State Agricultural Policy, Federal land-use Act of 1978 and reports from the State Ministry of Forestry. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logit model at p<0.05. Among the farmers, descriptive statistics revealed that 74.3% had unauthorized access to FRs, 68.1% were resident within FRs while 55.4% utilized lands approved by government for farming. Furthermore, 68.7% of the farmers identified taungya system and shifting cultivation as the prevalent farming systems practised. An average of two forest land encroachment cases were reported at each of Arakanga and Edun stream FRs yearly in the last 10 years while an average of 24 forest land encroachment cases was reported yearly in the last 10 years in Omo FR. Also, results of logit regression analysis revealed that the location of FRs where farmers operate (odds ratio = 2.39), rights of farmers to use forestland for farming (odds ratio = 2.19) and farm size (odds ratio = 1.52) are factors that are likely to cause conflicts over the use of forest lands in Ogun state. Furthermore, descriptive analysis of timber contractors‟ response revealed that, 72.6% identified destruction of cash crops during timber exploitation as cause of conflicts between them and farmers. State Ministries of Forestry and Agriculture officials identified loss of forests (27% and 25.2%), species (25.5% and 24%) and lives (22.5% and 22%), as effects of conflicts in the FRs. The thrust of the extant agricultural land-use policy made no provision to UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY iv penalize forestland encroachers. Conflicts in the use of forest land ensued between farmers and timber contractors on one hand and farmers and forest custodians on the other. The existence of land hunger in the forest reserves host communities, unauthorized access to forest land and absence of provision for penalty in the extant agricultural land use policy for forest encroachers encouraged activities engendering conflicts over the use of forest land. Keywords: Land-use conflicts, Forest policy, Forest reserves, Land hunger Word count: 481 1 results 1
- Coping strategies 1 results 1
- Domestic energy 1 results 1
- Domestic power 1 results 1
- Energy Prices 1 results 1
- Englishness 1 results 1
- Forest policy 1 results 1
- Forest reserves 1 results 1
- Households 1 results 1
- In Nigeria, high cost of Domestic Energy (DE) has put untold hardship on households. Coping strategy is therefore imperative to meet household domestic cooking and heating needs. Investigating evolving strategies would better inform DE experts and policy makers. This study was therefore designed to investigate strategies devised by households in Northeastern Nigeria for coping with the escalating prices of DE. The domestic energy types considered in the study include Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), kerosene, electricity, coal, solar energy, animal dung, agricultural residues and wood energy. Other potential energy sources in Nigeria include volcanic and refuse fuel, tidal and wind energy and geothermal, which are yet to be exploited. Borno, Gombe and Taraba states were selected for the study through stratified random sampling that gave due cognisance to representative vegetation zone of Northeastern Nigeria. Twenty percent of the total number of Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Borno (27), Gombe (11) and Taraba (16) states respectively were randomly selected comprising urban, semi-urban and rural LGAs. Two wards were selected from each LGA making a total of 20 wards for the study. Four sets of questionnaire were administered, each on 25 household heads, six DE marketers, two heads of government forestry agencies and three community leaders in each ward. Information elicited focussed on DE price changes, factors determining choice of DE and coping strategies evolved by households between 2006 and 2007. Descriptive statistics, Chi-Square, Logistic regression and correlation tests were used to analyse the data at p≤0.05. Eighty two percent of the household heads were male, 81.7% were married, and 33.2% had secondary school education while 54.2% were farmers. The mean age of household heads was 42.0 ± 3.0 years while the mean monthly income was ₦11,228 ± 2,345:00. Fuelwood, (90.0%), kerosene, (74.4%), charcoal, (83.2%), electricity (49.2%) and, cooking gas (13.6%) were DE severally identifiable by community leaders. Factors determining choice of DE among households were cost (94.8%), regular availability (94.4%), and ease of use (81.8%). UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY iii Mean monthly expenditure on DE in the urban areas was N12,300.00 ± 1000.00 compared to N4,345.00 ± 525.00 for those in semi-urban and N932.00 ± 178.00 in the rural areas. Fuelwood was the most popular DE (81.3%), followed by electricity (14.0%) and kerosene 5.7%. Findings from DE marketers indicated that kerosene had the highest price increase from N17.00/litre to N53.6/litre (215.5%), followed by fuelwood N20.00/33% of a cord to N45.3/33% of a cord (126.7%), charcoal N200.0/16kg to N412.0/16kg (106%) and cooking gas N7,500.0/12kg cylinder to N13,350/12.5kg cylinder (78%) between 1999 to 2005. The favoured household coping strategies on DE were reduction in the rate of DE use (40.8%), cutting expenditure on other household needs (21.2%), and suspension of capital projects (13.1%). Substituting of fossil-based energy with biomass (13.1%) and keeping of domestic animals (11.8%). Adoption of coping strategies varies significantly among households’ characteristics. Gender and settlement type significantly influenced adoption of coping strategies. The price sensitive to adjust to price of fuelwood from that of kerosene are noticed in the semi-urban (r = 0.9729) and urban (r= 0.9623) areas of guinea savannah, urban areas of Sudan (r = 0.9616) followed by rural areas of guinea savannah (r = 0.9166), while the least price sensitive to adjust to prices of fuelwood from that of Kerosene are in the semi-urban (r = 0.7893) and urban (r = 0.7873) of Sahel zone areas and rural (r = 0.6670) areas of Sudan. Ninety three percent of heads of government forestry agencies attributed the upsurge in the use of fuelwood by households to high cost of fossil-based DE and viewed it as a threat to forest conservation. Fuelwood is the most popular alternative DE in the Northeastern Nigeria. This could have potential negative impact on the fragile savannah ecosystem. Increased efforts at afforestation will compliment fuelwood supply in the region and help in stabilizing the ecosystem. Key words: Domestic energy, Energy Prices, Coping strategies, Households, Northeastern Nigeria Word count: 490 1 results 1
- Land hunger 1 results 1
- Land-use conflicts 1 results 1
- Linguistic hybridization 1 results 1
- Northeastern Nigeria 1 results 1
- Post-colonial abuse of power and resistance 1 results 1
- Public power 1 results 1
- Sociolinguistic domestication 1 results 1
- Yorùbá - English bilinguals 1 results 1
- sub-Sahara African novels 1 results 1
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