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DETERMINANTS OF INTRA-INDUSTRY TRADE BETWEEN ECOWAS AND EUROPEAN UNION
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SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACE WATER AND SEDIMENT OF OSUN RIVER IN SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA
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Diaspora is Not Like Home a Social And Economic History of Yoruba in Kano, 1912-1999
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Page will reload when a filter is selected or excluded.- Economic Community of West African States‘ (ECOWAS) total trade has reflected deficit in the last two decades. It was $1.42 billion in 1990, increased to $3.32 billion in 2000 and $6.24 billion in 2009. This trade imbalance in the ECOWAS region can be traced to the dominance of primary over manufactured products in the region‘s exports. However, the imbalance can be reversed with trade in similar products that is Intra-Industry Trade (IIT) between the region and her highest trade partner, (European Union (EU)). Empirical studies have examined IIT among developed countries (horizontal-IIT), while adequate attention has not been paid to it between developing and developed countries (vertical-IIT). This study, therefore, examined the extent and determinants of IIT in both final and intermediate products between ECOWAS and EU. The Augmented Gravity Model, based on Flam-Helpman‘s North-South trade framework, was estimated to determine the factors affecting vertical-IIT between ECOWAS and EU. The model considered income distribution in partner countries, factor endowment, product differentiation, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), relative country size, weighted distance, capital-labour ratio, exchange rate and tariff as determinants of vertical-IIT. The Grubel-Lloyd index, bounded by 0 and 1, was used to compute the dependent variable (extent of vertical-IIT). A closer to one Grubel-Lloyd index implied higher level of IIT. Data were collected from the World Integrated Trade Solution and World Development Indicators from 2001 to 2011. Fractional Logit Regression technique that took note of the nature of the dependent variable was estimated while controlling for heteroscedasticity. The estimations were done for both final and intermediate products. Hausman-test and LM-test were used to confirm the robustness of the model and statistical significance at P≤0.05. Vertical-IIT in both final and intermediate products between ECOWAS and EU were low. Average vertical-IIT in final products between the two regions increased from 0.1 in 2001 to 0.3 in 2011, while that of vertical-IIT in intermediate products increased from 0.1 in 2001 to 0.2 in 2011. Income distribution, factor endowment, products differentiation and FDI improved vertical-IIT in final products. Specifically, if these factors were increased by UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY iii 1.0%, vertical-IIT in final products would improve by 10.0% 4.0%, 4.0% and 11.1%, respectively. However, the coefficients of the weighted distance (-0.02) and tariff (-0.006) were indicative of inverse change in vertical-IIT in final products by 2.0% and 0.06% in response to 1.0% change in the two factors respectively. For the vertical-IIT in intermediate products, 1.0% change in factor endowment, product differentiation, income distribution and relative country size improved vertical-IIT by 5.9%, 2.2%, 4.1%, and 3.7%, respectively. The coefficients of FDI (0.19) implied that vertical-IIT in intermediate products increased by 19.0% in response to 1.0% change in FDI. Product differentiation and foreign direct investment have positive and significant impact on intra-industry trade in final and intermediate products between Economic Community of West African States and European Union. It is important, therefore, to attract more multinational firms into the region. Efforts should also be made to improve on the level of products differentiation in the region. Keywords: Intra-industry trade, Fractional logit model, Intermediate products, products differentiation. Word count: 495 1 results 1
- Fractional logit model 1 results 1
- Gross organic pollution 1 results 1
- Intermediate products 1 results 1
- Intra-industry trade 1 results 1
- Modelling 1 results 1
- Osun River 1 results 1
- Osun River is important for domestic, recreational and other activities. It flows along a channel that may be polluted by inputs from industrial, agricultural and other anthropogenic activities thereby limiting its normal use for drinking, fishing, recreation and other purposes. Available literature on the river quality is limited in scope, frequency of sampling and duration of studies. Therefore, a study of the river and its tributaries was carried out to determine the spatial and temporal variations of physicochemical characteristics of its water and sediment. Surface water and sediments were sampled bimonthly from July 2006 to May 2008 at upstream and downstream points of the main river course and 31 tributaries. Sampling was by compositing at each point of 90 locations for surface water and 63 identified locations for sediment, where possible. Water samples were analysed for alkalinity, hardness, ammonia, anions, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), heavy metals and turbidity. Sediment samples were analysed for organic carbon, particle size and selected heavy metals using APHA methods. Location-based and overall data obtained were fitted into a time series model using a number cruncher statistical system, and applied to predict contaminant concentrations up to year 2018. The Pratti model was applied to determine locational pollution classes (Class 1-5) based on gross organic pollutants and ammonia. Statistical evaluation of data involved use of principal component analysis, analysis of variance and Student’s t-test at p = 0.05. The concentrations (mg/L) of alkalinity, hardness, ammonia, nitrate, phosphate and chloride were 93±130, 116±120, 4.2±6.6, 1.8±1.5, 0.15±0.23 and 54±110 respectively. Those of DO, BOD, COD, lead, copper, cadmium and zinc were 7.9±3.0, 6.9±7.5, 135±120, 0.003±0.004, 0.003±0.004, 0.002±0.003, 0.07±0.10 mg/L respectively and turbidity, 34±43 FTU. Values of parameters for upstream locations did not differ significantly from downstream points, indicating randomness of contaminant inputs. Turbidity, sulphate and DO were higher during the wet seasons while phosphate, nitrate and BOD were higher in the dry seasons. Metal levels correlated positively between water and sediment, with coefficients ranging between 0.75 for Cu and 0.99 for Co. Highest concentration factors in sediment were 233 (Pb) and 171 (Zn). Inter-element association in sediment was high only for Pb/Cu (r =+0.72). Two locations fitted into Class 4 (grossly polluted) of the Pratti scale, while thirty-one were Class 3 (slightly polluted) which was UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY iv indicative of pollution derived from mild industrial and agricultural impacts. Fifty-three locations were acceptable (Class 2), and four excellent (Class 1). Time series modelling fitted well for nitrate (R2= 0.79), phosphate (R2= 0.84) and BOD (R2= 0.71) data and gave their 2018 predicted values of 19.2, 18.1 and 21.9 mg/L respectively. Comparison with WHO guidelines indicated that 37.0% of sampling points for surface water were unfit for drinking mostly due to high turbidities, but suitable for irrigation. Metal levels in sediment were within international limits. Osun River and its tributaries have been adversely impacted upon by non-point pollutant inputs. Further deterioration in the near future was predicted, and heavy metal pollution is not yet a significant problem in the river basin. Keywords: Osun River, Gross organic pollution, Modelling, Spatial variation, Water quality. Word count: 500 1 results 1
- Spatial variation 1 results 1
- Water quality 1 results 1
- Yoruba migration to Kano was shaped both by social and economic reality of the British colonial rule and trajectories of the post-colonial state. In Kano, the wider opportunity for the advancement of commercial frontier attracted generations of Yoruba traders, artisans, entrepreneurs and professionals. This book articulates the historical process that led to the evolution as well as the consolidation of the Yoruba commercial diaspora in Kano. Three interconnected themes: migration, entrepreneurship and intergroup relations in a commercial diaspora were systematically pursued in this work. All through the trajectory, the book has reconstructed the historical metamorphosis of the Yoruba trading diaspora chronologically from colonial period to the post-colonial era and, by extension, part of the commercial history of modern Kano. In 1912, Yoruba commerce in Kano entered a- new phase from the socio-cultural bases already established in the pre-colonial economy. Linder the British rule, Yoruba identity in Kano was dramatically transformed to become “non-natives” or “strangers." The British used diverse measures including stereotype, criminalisation and ethnic segregation to control Yoruba migration to Kano. Resentment and criminalisation were used to segregate and exclude the Yoruba from the mainstream Kano society. In this respect.- ethnic relations were mediated by colonial encounter. Colonialism challenged the migrants’ identity and self-understanding. The r transformative effects of this challenge redefined inter-ethnic relations to produce new imbalances, crystallisation of communal identities and social cohesion. As such, inter-ethnic rivalry sustained the British rule and remained pervasive in the post-colonial context. The intriguing feature of ethnic segregation as model of state structure and development provided stimulus for diaspora identity. Despite the control measures, the groundnut export and urbanisation processes in Kano influenced the greater proportion of Yoruba migration within the framework of kinship linkages. But Yoruba traders encountered structural disadvantages in the commodity trade. Commercially, Yoruba women were among the active traders whose entrepreneurial activities linked the rural markets with the urban economy and stimulated income and distribution of Kano made goods. From 1985 and up to 1999, a downward trend was recorded in Yoruba enterprise in Kano due to economic contraction and urban crises. The methodology for this study was primarily empirical in approach: In-depth oral interviews, research visits to neighbourhoods, fact finding surveys made on individuals, organisations and institutions as data sources in an interactive manner. The emphasis on field experience and broader interviews across ethnic, occupational and gender categories facilitated the validation of data collected and interpretation ensured that the analysis was a product of communal reflections. In this study, it has been found that ethnicity was fundamental in social and economic networks through which commerce was undertaken. The overriding value of Yoruba ethnic identity in Kano was the creation of a socio-economic community that allocated productive resources in the employment of labour, capital mobilisation, entrepreneurship and social security. The recreation and reorganisation of ethnic associations were largely influenced by successful entrepreneurs who played significant leadership roles. However, social functions restricted entrepreneurial investment in commercial activities. The study has examined the survival strategy employed by the Yoruba in combating incorporation and exclusion prism that curtailed, challenged or encouraged their commercial activities. As a trading community, the Yoruba used their flexible identity, professional skills and religions (both Christianity and Islam) for commercial success. The special skills of the entrepreneurs and complimentary commercial roles of artisans had led to the transfer of technical skills, improved craft industry, urban development, stimulated income and growth of markets, and tho over increasing urban population that provided the much needed skilled labour tor tho expanding industries. Yoruba enterprise generated labour supply, provided employment and above all, contributed to the process of capital accumulation Indeed, the special skills and complementary commercial roles of the Yoruba Christians constituted an invaluable asset to their acceptance among the Muslim host community Many of the Yoruba Muslim migrant households have been complotely absorbed into the cultural and religious values of Kano. Closely connected to this, is the fact that, many of the unassimllatod younger gemmation of tho Muslim Yoruba Migrants developed a plural identity As n consequence, tho commercial diaspora produced a hybrid generation namely; the Kano Yoruba, who had a stronger sentiment for the hosl community. Empirically, the two ethnic groups (Hausa and Yoruba) still retain many of tho loan words borrowed from each other’s languages for Islamic, commercial, equestrian and sundry matters. These extensive social network and marital linkages had facilitated ethnic harmony and hospitality. A remarkable aspect of this study is the discussion on tho ambivalent Hausa and Yoruba relations namely: economic competition on one hand and cultural constraints of identity on the other hand. Yoruba commercial activities in Kano have occasioned stress and suspicion generated considerably by economic competition. Some of the riots in Kano from 1953 to 1999 were caused by socio-political problems with devastating consequences on Kano economy most especially, state of insecurity of investment, tho fear of looting, wanton destruction of lives and economic gains, and tho exodus of migrant artisans and entrepreneurs. Some of the Yoruba experienced economic dislocation. Hence, they liquidated their businesses and or relocated to their places of origin or other commercial cities in Nigeria. The study concludes that Yoruba enterprise in Kano contributed to the transmission of technical skills among different communities and the transformation of modern Kano as a commercial metropolis in Nigeria. Without family connections and support network in a competitive context, Yoruba diaspora became ethnically assertive in terms of associational life. Thus, in the process, diaspora identity restricted the prospect of integration of the migrants into the host community. 1 results 1
- products differentiation 1 results 1
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