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The Iran-Iraq conflict : recent developments in the international law of naval engagements
Initial advances into Iranian territory were repulsed and by 1982 Iraq had withdrawn to previously recognised international boundaries. The war on land lapsed into statement with neither side being capable of launching a sufficiently strong offensive to terminate hostilities. Partly in retaliation f...
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
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Institute of Marine and Environmental Law
2023
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| _version_ | 1867613172223967232 |
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| access_status_str | Open Access |
| author | Orford, Toby Michael |
| author_browse | Orford, Toby Michael |
| author_facet | Orford, Toby Michael |
| author_sort | Orford, Toby Michael |
| collection | Thesis |
| description | Initial advances into Iranian territory were repulsed and by 1982 Iraq had withdrawn to previously recognised international boundaries. The war on land lapsed into statement with neither side being capable of launching a sufficiently strong offensive to terminate hostilities. Partly in retaliation for Iran's successful blockade of Iraqi shipping and partly in an attempt to cripple Iranian oil exports and undermine the enemy war effort, Iraq expanded the conflict onto the waters of the Persian Gulf. Exclusion zones were declared in the northern Gulf, and shipping calling at the Iranian oil terminal at Kharg Island singled out for unannounced missile attacks. Iraq has hit over 170 tankers in the Gulf war. Iran has made fewer attacks but most of these have occurred outside both the Iranian and Iraqi war zones. Neutral shipping calling at neutral Gulf ports are considered lawful targets for destruction. Recently Kuwaiti-bound' vessels have been hit. Neutral merchant shipping is being stopped and searched at the entrance to the Gulf. The United States, having committed itself to upholding the freedom of neutral navigation in the region, has transferred Kuwaiti tankers to US registration and is escorting the re-flagged vessels to protect them from Iranian interference and attack. The United Nations Security Council has passed Resolutions calling for an end to the hostilities and has denounced attacks on neutral shipping in international waters. No Chapter Vll procedures for collective security enforcement under the Charter have been invoked 6. and not one of the Resolutions is binding. |
| format | Thesis |
| id | oai:open.uct.ac.za:11427/38979 |
| institution | University of Cape Town (South Africa) |
| language | eng |
| last_indexed | 2026-06-10T12:31:54.917Z |
| license_str | Not specified — see source repository |
| provenance_str_mv | Harvested via OAI-PMH from UCTD — University of Cape Town Open Access Repository |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateRange | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Institute of Marine and Environmental Law |
| publisherStr | Institute of Marine and Environmental Law |
| record_format | dspace |
| source_str | UCTD — University of Cape Town Open Access Repository |
| spelling | oai:open.uct.ac.za:11427/38979 The Iran-Iraq conflict : recent developments in the international law of naval engagements Orford, Toby Michael War, Maritime (International law) Initial advances into Iranian territory were repulsed and by 1982 Iraq had withdrawn to previously recognised international boundaries. The war on land lapsed into statement with neither side being capable of launching a sufficiently strong offensive to terminate hostilities. Partly in retaliation for Iran's successful blockade of Iraqi shipping and partly in an attempt to cripple Iranian oil exports and undermine the enemy war effort, Iraq expanded the conflict onto the waters of the Persian Gulf. Exclusion zones were declared in the northern Gulf, and shipping calling at the Iranian oil terminal at Kharg Island singled out for unannounced missile attacks. Iraq has hit over 170 tankers in the Gulf war. Iran has made fewer attacks but most of these have occurred outside both the Iranian and Iraqi war zones. Neutral shipping calling at neutral Gulf ports are considered lawful targets for destruction. Recently Kuwaiti-bound' vessels have been hit. Neutral merchant shipping is being stopped and searched at the entrance to the Gulf. The United States, having committed itself to upholding the freedom of neutral navigation in the region, has transferred Kuwaiti tankers to US registration and is escorting the re-flagged vessels to protect them from Iranian interference and attack. The United Nations Security Council has passed Resolutions calling for an end to the hostilities and has denounced attacks on neutral shipping in international waters. No Chapter Vll procedures for collective security enforcement under the Charter have been invoked 6. and not one of the Resolutions is binding. 2023-09-29T12:02:56Z 2023-09-29T12:02:56Z 1988 2023-09-29T11:55:40Z Master Thesis Masters LLM http://hdl.handle.net/11427/38979 eng application/pdf Institute of Marine and Environmental Law Faculty of Law |
| spellingShingle | War, Maritime (International law) Orford, Toby Michael The Iran-Iraq conflict : recent developments in the international law of naval engagements |
| thesis_degree_str | Master's |
| title | The Iran-Iraq conflict : recent developments in the international law of naval engagements |
| title_full | The Iran-Iraq conflict : recent developments in the international law of naval engagements |
| title_fullStr | The Iran-Iraq conflict : recent developments in the international law of naval engagements |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Iran-Iraq conflict : recent developments in the international law of naval engagements |
| title_short | The Iran-Iraq conflict : recent developments in the international law of naval engagements |
| title_sort | iran iraq conflict recent developments in the international law of naval engagements |
| topic | War, Maritime (International law) |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/11427/38979 |
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