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The 'pay to be paid' rule shipowner's bankruptcy and direct actions against P & I clubs
The insurance cover rendered by Protection & Indemnity Clubs ("P&I Clubs") is as essential for shipowners' business in the 21st century as it was for shipowners when the first of those insurance associations, the Shipowners' Mutual Protection Society, was established by Peter Tindall in 1855. 1...
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English English |
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Centre for Law and Society
2026
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| _version_ | 1867613707673010177 |
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| access_status_str | Open Access |
| author | Finnern, Christian |
| author2 | Hare, John |
| author_browse | Finnern, Christian Hare, John |
| author_facet | Hare, John Finnern, Christian |
| author_sort | Finnern, Christian |
| collection | Thesis |
| description | The insurance cover rendered by Protection & Indemnity Clubs ("P&I Clubs") is as essential for shipowners' business in the 21st century as it was for shipowners when the first of those insurance associations, the Shipowners' Mutual Protection Society, was established by Peter Tindall in 1855. 1 Thereby, he reacted upon the necessity to protect the shipowners of those days against the possibility of unlimited liability. Such a risk was probably due to a considerable potential increase of liability caused by the technological developments of the 19th century, in particular the newly developed possibilities of steam ships. Before this association was established, shipowners were not able to obtain insurance cover for the whole value of their vessel, because hull insurers accomplish no more than a 'limited public liability protection' covering only three-quarters of a claim; a shipowner therefore had to cover the last quarter by himself.2 The last quarter was in turn covered by virtue of his membership in one of the newly established associations. |
| format | Thesis |
| id | oai:open.uct.ac.za:11427/43259 |
| institution | University of Cape Town (South Africa) |
| language | English eng |
| last_indexed | 2026-06-10T12:40:25.976Z |
| license_str | Not specified — see source repository |
| provenance_str_mv | Harvested via OAI-PMH from UCTD — University of Cape Town Open Access Repository |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publishDateRange | 2026 |
| publishDateSort | 2026 |
| publisher | Centre for Law and Society |
| publisherStr | Centre for Law and Society |
| record_format | dspace |
| source_str | UCTD — University of Cape Town Open Access Repository |
| spelling | oai:open.uct.ac.za:11427/43259 The 'pay to be paid' rule shipowner's bankruptcy and direct actions against P & I clubs Finnern, Christian Hare, John The Westernhope Cape Town North of England Protection Association The insurance cover rendered by Protection & Indemnity Clubs ("P&I Clubs") is as essential for shipowners' business in the 21st century as it was for shipowners when the first of those insurance associations, the Shipowners' Mutual Protection Society, was established by Peter Tindall in 1855. 1 Thereby, he reacted upon the necessity to protect the shipowners of those days against the possibility of unlimited liability. Such a risk was probably due to a considerable potential increase of liability caused by the technological developments of the 19th century, in particular the newly developed possibilities of steam ships. Before this association was established, shipowners were not able to obtain insurance cover for the whole value of their vessel, because hull insurers accomplish no more than a 'limited public liability protection' covering only three-quarters of a claim; a shipowner therefore had to cover the last quarter by himself.2 The last quarter was in turn covered by virtue of his membership in one of the newly established associations. 2026-05-20T11:24:35Z 2026-05-20T11:24:35Z 2007 2026-05-20T10:10:24Z Thesis / Dissertation Masters LLM http://hdl.handle.net/11427/43259 en eng application/pdf Centre for Law and Society Faculty of Law University of Cape Town |
| spellingShingle | The Westernhope Cape Town North of England Protection Association Finnern, Christian The 'pay to be paid' rule shipowner's bankruptcy and direct actions against P & I clubs |
| thesis_degree_str | Master's |
| title | The 'pay to be paid' rule shipowner's bankruptcy and direct actions against P & I clubs |
| title_full | The 'pay to be paid' rule shipowner's bankruptcy and direct actions against P & I clubs |
| title_fullStr | The 'pay to be paid' rule shipowner's bankruptcy and direct actions against P & I clubs |
| title_full_unstemmed | The 'pay to be paid' rule shipowner's bankruptcy and direct actions against P & I clubs |
| title_short | The 'pay to be paid' rule shipowner's bankruptcy and direct actions against P & I clubs |
| title_sort | pay to be paid rule shipowner s bankruptcy and direct actions against p amp i clubs |
| topic | The Westernhope Cape Town North of England Protection Association |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/11427/43259 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT finnernchristian thepaytobepaidruleshipownersbankruptcyanddirectactionsagainstpampiclubs AT finnernchristian paytobepaidruleshipownersbankruptcyanddirectactionsagainstpampiclubs |