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Lines of defence for combined assurance models: a structured literature review
Mini Dissertation (MPhil (Evidence-Based Management))--University of Pretoria, 2025
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University of Pretoria
2026
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| access_status_str | Open Access |
| author2 | Dyer, Troy |
| author_browse | Dyer, Troy |
| author_facet | Dyer, Troy |
| collection | Thesis |
| dc_rights_str_mv | © 2025 University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. |
| description | Mini Dissertation (MPhil (Evidence-Based Management))--University of Pretoria, 2025 |
| format | Thesis |
| id | oai:repository.up.ac.za:2263/109669 |
| institution | University of Pretoria (South Africa) |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-06-10T12:39:15.557Z |
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| provenance_str_mv | Harvested via OAI-PMH from UPSpace — University of Pretoria Institutional Repository |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publishDateRange | 2026 |
| publishDateSort | 2026 |
| publisher | University of Pretoria |
| publisherStr | University of Pretoria |
| record_format | dspace |
| source_str | UPSpace — University of Pretoria Institutional Repository |
| spelling | oai:repository.up.ac.za:2263/109669 Lines of defence for combined assurance models: a structured literature review Dyer, Troy ichelp@gibs.co.za Mamotheti, Sethopo UCTD Combined assurance Integrated assurance Three lines of defence Four lines of defence Five lines of defence Mini Dissertation (MPhil (Evidence-Based Management))--University of Pretoria, 2025 This structured literature review (SLR) evaluates the current state of knowledge on Combined Assurance (CA) by examining and integrating findings from peer-reviewed academic journals. Its objectives are to identify topics covered in CA research, and conceptual inconsistencies or ambiguities, revealing gaps that could enhance understanding, and assessing the maturity level of CA. Topics that emerged were identification of core components of CA and the main stakeholders involved, classifications of the stakeholders within the lines of defence framework, incorporation of lines of defence into various CA models, tools used to strengthen CA, the level of CA adoption in organizations, and the advantages CA provides. The continued use of the outdated Three Lines of Defence (TLoD) model, mixed opinions on the updated Three Lines Model (TLM) of whether it is an improvement or regression, and contradicting evidence of its effectiveness in the banking sector create ambiguity and inconsistencies around CA. Slow adoption of TLM, lack of consensus on board roles as line of defence, and resistance to internal audit leading CA efforts add to ongoing uncertainties. Research gaps include limited exploration beyond TLoD/TLM, a focus mainly on South Africa, lack of study focused on failure of CA to detect corporate scandals timely, and insufficient evaluation of CA’s role in providing assurance on unethical leadership risks. Most studies focus on outward-facing aspects, such as assurance on integrated reporting (IR), while giving little attention to inward-facing or internal perspectives. Although publications are increasing, CA remains underdeveloped. The SLR provides a thorough overview, identifies key trends, highlights gaps, and suggests directions for future research on CA. Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) MPhil (Evidence-Based Management) Unrestricted Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) SDG-16: Peace, justice and strong institutions 2026-04-21T08:48:05Z 2026-04-21T08:48:05Z 2026-05-05 2025 Mini Dissertation * A2025 http://hdl.handle.net/2263/109669 en © 2025 University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. application/pdf University of Pretoria |
| spellingShingle | UCTD Combined assurance Integrated assurance Three lines of defence Four lines of defence Five lines of defence Lines of defence for combined assurance models: a structured literature review |
| title | Lines of defence for combined assurance models: a structured literature review |
| title_full | Lines of defence for combined assurance models: a structured literature review |
| title_fullStr | Lines of defence for combined assurance models: a structured literature review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lines of defence for combined assurance models: a structured literature review |
| title_short | Lines of defence for combined assurance models: a structured literature review |
| title_sort | lines of defence for combined assurance models a structured literature review |
| topic | UCTD Combined assurance Integrated assurance Three lines of defence Four lines of defence Five lines of defence |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/2263/109669 |