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The use of formal Risk Analysis in Africa: extent, compliance with OIE guidelines and case studies
Dissertation (MSc (Animal – Human – Ecosystem Health))--University of Pretoria, 2016.
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1867613714419548160 |
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| access_status_str | Open Access |
| author2 | Etter, Eric Marcel Charles |
| author_browse | Etter, Eric Marcel Charles |
| author_facet | Etter, Eric Marcel Charles |
| collection | Thesis |
| description | Dissertation (MSc (Animal – Human – Ecosystem Health))--University of Pretoria, 2016. |
| format | Thesis |
| id | oai:repository.up.ac.za:2263/110125 |
| institution | University of Pretoria (South Africa) |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-06-10T12:40:31.851Z |
| license_str | Not specified — see source repository |
| provenance_str_mv | Harvested via OAI-PMH from UPSpace — University of Pretoria Institutional Repository |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publishDateRange | 2026 |
| publishDateSort | 2026 |
| record_format | dspace |
| source_str | UPSpace — University of Pretoria Institutional Repository |
| spelling | oai:repository.up.ac.za:2263/110125 The use of formal Risk Analysis in Africa: extent, compliance with OIE guidelines and case studies Etter, Eric Marcel Charles office@bastiaensen.co.za Abernethy, Darrell Bastiaensen, Patrick X.M. OIE Risk analysis SPS Animal product Trade Dissertation (MSc (Animal – Human – Ecosystem Health))--University of Pretoria, 2016. Many countries in Africa are working on delivery and inspection systems that would eventually allow them to certify animals and animal products for export onto the world markets, primarily those that pay high premiums for such commodities (for example Japan, EU, USA and Canada). Prospective exporting countries are however increasingly faced with adverse risk assessment reports from the importing countries (mainly related to animal and food borne diseases) which recommend against importing goods from these same countries. In addition to these trade-related import risk analyses, there are other nontrade related risk analysis methodologies and approaches, focusing on safeguarding animal and human health within countries and communities. These approaches are geared towards elucidating the possible introduction and dissemination of a hazard, and its consequences for animal health, food safety, human health and even the environment, biodiversity, biological threats or micro-biological genetic threats, such as the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. This study attempts to shed light on some aspects of risk analysis and in particular risk assessment, as it is conducted (or not) in Africa today. Based on a questionnaire survey (conducted through an online tool) and an analysis of the relevant critical competencies in Bastiaensen, Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) reports of evaluations conducted by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) in Africa to date, an attempt is made to establish what current practice is on the African continent and what is the compliance with WTO’s Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary (SPS) and OIE standards, also based on a brief review of selected risk assessment reports, submitted by participating countries (case studies). The results presented in this dissertation, whether based on the outcomes of the PVS Evaluations (from 44 countries) or on the responses to the questionnaire (from 22 countries), point to a dramatic lack of technical capacity and capability to conduct risk assessments, and more broadly: risk analysis, in compliance with OIE standards (and guidelines, as far as import risk analysis is concerned). This applies in terms of the number of countries which apply the methodology as well as the absolute numbers of risk assessment reports produced. A multiple factor analysis (MFA) conducted on data derived from the questionnaires, allowed for countries to be clustered based on similar contributing factors and for strong performance indicators to be identified. Only about a third of countries (36%) acknowledge having used OIE guidelines for the risk assessment(s) they have produced. This is in part confirmed by the four case studies, two of which were produced by international consultants, rather than national risk assessment units. The majority of risk assessments, whether conducted by African countries or trading partners, with respect to products from African countries, are qualitative, with very few quantitative reports having been identified, all conducted directly or indirectly by research institutions. An appreciable portion of the risk assessments conducted deal with wildlife, which is not surprising given the pivotal role some African countries play in the global wildlife trade and the relatively high contribution of Africa to the global market for game meat. The major recommendations emanating from both national respondents and international PVS experts, and confirmed by the outcomes of the MFA exercise, are to strengthen the human resources pool to conduct risk assessments, consider establishing dedicated risk assessment units, with clear terms of reference, clear job descriptions for staff and clear policies, procedures or protocols to guide decisions on if, when and how risk assessment should be conducted and how they should be documented and archived. This goes hand in hand with the need to (start) collecting data, from a variety of sources in-country and internationally and achieve some sort of electronic or automated data-management or storing system, allowing for a rapid and reliable exploitation of data when needed. Veterinary Tropical Diseases MSc (Animal – Human – Ecosystem Health) 2026-05-15T17:26:22Z 2026-05-15T17:26:22Z 17/02/02 2016 Dissertation http://hdl.handle.net/2263/110125 en application/pdf |
| spellingShingle | OIE Risk analysis SPS Animal product Trade The use of formal Risk Analysis in Africa: extent, compliance with OIE guidelines and case studies |
| title | The use of formal Risk Analysis in Africa: extent, compliance with OIE guidelines and case studies |
| title_full | The use of formal Risk Analysis in Africa: extent, compliance with OIE guidelines and case studies |
| title_fullStr | The use of formal Risk Analysis in Africa: extent, compliance with OIE guidelines and case studies |
| title_full_unstemmed | The use of formal Risk Analysis in Africa: extent, compliance with OIE guidelines and case studies |
| title_short | The use of formal Risk Analysis in Africa: extent, compliance with OIE guidelines and case studies |
| title_sort | use of formal risk analysis in africa extent compliance with oie guidelines and case studies |
| topic | OIE Risk analysis SPS Animal product Trade |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/2263/110125 |