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Preventing water pollution by dairy by-products : risk assessment and comparison of legislation in Benin and South Africa
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2007.
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University of Pretoria
2013
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| _version_ | 1867613468178251776 |
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| access_status_str | Open Access |
| author2 | McCrindle, Cheryl Myra Ethelwyn |
| author_browse | McCrindle, Cheryl Myra Ethelwyn |
| author_facet | McCrindle, Cheryl Myra Ethelwyn |
| collection | Thesis |
| dc_rights_str_mv | © 2007, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria |
| description | Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2007. |
| format | Thesis |
| id | oai:repository.up.ac.za:2263/29141 |
| institution | University of Pretoria (South Africa) |
| last_indexed | 2026-06-10T12:36:37.472Z |
| license_str | Other — see source repository |
| provenance_str_mv | Harvested via OAI-PMH from UPSpace — University of Pretoria Institutional Repository |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateRange | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | University of Pretoria |
| publisherStr | University of Pretoria |
| record_format | dspace |
| source_str | UPSpace — University of Pretoria Institutional Repository |
| spelling | oai:repository.up.ac.za:2263/29141 Preventing water pollution by dairy by-products : risk assessment and comparison of legislation in Benin and South Africa McCrindle, Cheryl Myra Ethelwyn goutondjil@yahoo.fr Abul Goutondji, Leopoldine Elvire Sylviane Water pollution Legislation Haccp Dairy farming systems Risk assessment UCTD Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2007. The purpose of this paper is to study the application of HACCP principles in dairy production systems for mitigation of potential water related hazards by control measures and legislation applicable at farm level. HACCP logical sequence approach including some principles of environmental risk assessment was the method used for the present study (FAO/IDF, 2004;Horchner et al., 2006). Literature review, farms visits, interviews, informal questionnaires and confirmation on site of the gathered information were the prerequisites of the study. Four flow diagrams in SA and three in Benin were drawn to describe the 11 steps relating the activities of the seven types of dairy farming systems recorded altogether in these countries (FAO/IDF, 2004,McCrindle, 2007). From the flow diagrams, almost three groups of 30 potential hazards were identified. Biological, chemical and physical hazards were characterized and their effects described according to the source, pathways, mechanisms, of water pollution. It was noticed that water use during farming activities is linked to the number of animals and is an important factor to qualify the magnitude of the risk of water pollution. Critical Control Points (CCPs) were identified. In SA, national legislation includes legal prerequisites for commercial dairy farming systems (SA GOVERNMENT 2005, 2006, 2007). Although water resources policies, strategies, legislation and management are strongly established, their implementation does not clearly include dairy by-products. In Benin dairy production strategy and development started in 2000. Basic legislation relating water resources is being updated. In commercial farming systems (F1 and F2 in SA), F7 in Benin, biological and chemical potential hazards are the main threat to water quality. Direct or indirect source of contamination due to manure, feces, urine, chemicals and stock remedies, waste water, occurs through husbandry practices (milking), pasture and housing. In SA, farmers are aware of International dairy standards, norms and practices such as GAP, GMP and GHP even if the practices are not completely respected. HACCP is not well yet well implemented at producer level althougth some commercial dairy processors have started the implementation of the system (FEDICS, 2004, CEBENOR, 2007). Environmental care (CCP11 and CCP12) are the main critical control points recorded which are not mitigated by the national legislation in both countries. In regard to traditional farming systems (F3, F4) and in SA, (F5, F6) in Benin, national legislation does not include prerequisites for biological and physical hazards; these are the main threat of water pollution and are due to direct or indirect contamination through drinking and grazing. Chemical hazards are not important because inputs of stock remedies are low in these systems. Farmers are not aware of International dairy standards, norms and practices such as GAP, GMP and GHP which are fairly respected. HACCP is unknown at producer level. CCPs relating animal treatment and care are partly mitigated by the national legislation. Stock remedies, drugs residues and Pharmaceuticals are controlled in both countries although Benin faces the introduction of uncontrolled veterinary drugs through illegal frontiers. The majority of the CCPs are not completely mitigated by national legislation for traditional dairy farms in both countries. Paraclinical Sciences unrestricted 2013-09-07T14:57:31Z 2008-10-30 2013-09-07T14:57:31Z 2007-05-13 2008-10-30 2008-10-30 Dissertation Abul Goutondji, LES 2007, Preventing water pollution by dairy by-products : risk assessment and comparison of legislation in Benin and South Africa, MSc dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29141 > C116/eo http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29141 http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10302008-165039/ © 2007, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria application/pdf University of Pretoria |
| spellingShingle | Water pollution Legislation Haccp Dairy farming systems Risk assessment UCTD Preventing water pollution by dairy by-products : risk assessment and comparison of legislation in Benin and South Africa |
| title | Preventing water pollution by dairy by-products : risk assessment and comparison of legislation in Benin and South Africa |
| title_full | Preventing water pollution by dairy by-products : risk assessment and comparison of legislation in Benin and South Africa |
| title_fullStr | Preventing water pollution by dairy by-products : risk assessment and comparison of legislation in Benin and South Africa |
| title_full_unstemmed | Preventing water pollution by dairy by-products : risk assessment and comparison of legislation in Benin and South Africa |
| title_short | Preventing water pollution by dairy by-products : risk assessment and comparison of legislation in Benin and South Africa |
| title_sort | preventing water pollution by dairy by products risk assessment and comparison of legislation in benin and south africa |
| topic | Water pollution Legislation Haccp Dairy farming systems Risk assessment UCTD |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29141 http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10302008-165039/ |