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Pathology of west nile virus lineages 1 and 2 in mice and horses
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
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University of Pretoria
2014
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| _version_ | 1867613597596647424 |
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| access_status_str | Open Access |
| author2 | Venter, Marietjie |
| author_browse | Venter, Marietjie |
| author_facet | Venter, Marietjie |
| collection | Thesis |
| dc_rights_str_mv | © 2014 University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. |
| description | Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014. |
| format | Thesis |
| id | oai:repository.up.ac.za:2263/40816 |
| institution | University of Pretoria (South Africa) |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-06-10T12:38:40.521Z |
| license_str | Other — see source repository |
| provenance_str_mv | Harvested via OAI-PMH from UPSpace — University of Pretoria Institutional Repository |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateRange | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | University of Pretoria |
| publisherStr | University of Pretoria |
| record_format | dspace |
| source_str | UPSpace — University of Pretoria Institutional Repository |
| spelling | oai:repository.up.ac.za:2263/40816 Pathology of west nile virus lineages 1 and 2 in mice and horses Venter, Marietjie june.williams@up.ac.za Lawrence, J. Williams, June Heather BALBc mice Histopathology Horses Immunohistochemistry Lineages 1 and 2 Neurovirulent Pathology RT-PCR Ultrastructure West Nile virus (WNV) UCTD Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014. West Nile virus (WNV) is a widespread emerging zoonotic neurotropic flavivirus cycling naturally between mosquitos and birds. WNV causes disease in 20% of infections in the most susceptible incidental hosts which are horses and humans. Up to 40% of affected horses and 1- to approximately 50% of affected humans develop neurological signs and/or flaccid paralysis, in some cases fatal or severely debilitating, due to variable encephalitis, meningitis and poliomyelitis. Two predominant genetic lineages exist, 1 and 2, with neurovirulent lineage 1 strains recorded in the northern and western hemispheres, the milder lineage 1 Kunjin strain in Australia, and the lineage 2 strain endemic to southern Africa and Madagascar and considered, until recently, to have mainly mildly pathogenic strains. Since 2002 investigations into South African lineage 2 WNV strains showed that they resulted in severe neurological disease in horses and humans. From 2004 lineage 2 strains were recorded for the first time in southern Europe as a cause of neurological signs and death in birds, and increasingly, in horses and humans. In 2011 the mild lineage 1 Kunjin strain mutated to an equine neurovirulent strain in New South Wales, Australia, and in 2010 the first South African case of lineage 1 WNV was reported from the western Cape in a mare which showed severe neurological signs, abortion and death. Laboratory strains of mice are extremely susceptible to WNV and have been mostly used in experimental studies since the 1937 discovery of the virus in Uganda. In the early 2000s studies in mice showed that field strains of lineage 1 and 2 WNV ranged from mildly pathogenic to highly neurovirulent, however, the associated pathology of the lineage 2 infections was not studied. In the current study, the macroscopic and microscopic pathology of a South African human-neurovirulent field strain of lineage 2 WNV (SPU93/01) and the neurovirulent lineage 1 (NY99/385) strain were investigated and compared in mice used as controls in 2 WNV vaccine studies. The clinical signs, CNS and extra-CNS pathology were indistinguishable between the lineages and some lesions were comparable to those previously reported. Lineage 1 WNV equine pathology has been well described but that of lineage 2 only briefly previously described. The pathology in 6 naturally-occurring fatal lineage 2 WNV-infected horses with severe neurological signs, was investigated and compared with that of the single South African lineage 1 WNV field infection. Diagnoses were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR. Similarities and some slight differences in lesions were found in both mouse and horse studies when compared with lineage 1 pathology cases and with previous reports, and the neurovirulence of the lineage 2 field strains was confirmed. WNV immunohistochemistry (IHC) of all mouse tissues allowed speculation as to pathogenesis of intestinal lesions, but in equine CNS lesions was mostly negative. Ultrastructure of IHC positive cells showed rare WNV particles. In the horse cases rabies, equine herpes virus, and other arboviral co-infections were excluded and similarities and implications of gross lesions of African horsesickness to those often seen in WNV infections were discussed. gm2014 Medical Virology unrestricted 2014-07-17T12:08:08Z 2014-07-17T12:08:08Z 2014-04-25 2014 Dissertation Williams, JH 2014, Pathology of west nile virus lineages 1 and 2 in mice and horses, MSc dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd <http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40816> E14/4/279/gm http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40816 en © 2014 University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. application/pdf University of Pretoria |
| spellingShingle | BALBc mice Histopathology Horses Immunohistochemistry Lineages 1 and 2 Neurovirulent Pathology RT-PCR Ultrastructure West Nile virus (WNV) UCTD Pathology of west nile virus lineages 1 and 2 in mice and horses |
| title | Pathology of west nile virus lineages 1 and 2 in mice and horses |
| title_full | Pathology of west nile virus lineages 1 and 2 in mice and horses |
| title_fullStr | Pathology of west nile virus lineages 1 and 2 in mice and horses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pathology of west nile virus lineages 1 and 2 in mice and horses |
| title_short | Pathology of west nile virus lineages 1 and 2 in mice and horses |
| title_sort | pathology of west nile virus lineages 1 and 2 in mice and horses |
| topic | BALBc mice Histopathology Horses Immunohistochemistry Lineages 1 and 2 Neurovirulent Pathology RT-PCR Ultrastructure West Nile virus (WNV) UCTD |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40816 |